Introduction. High Tibial Osteotomy has become an increasingly popular management option for patients with painful medial compartment osteoarthritis. The Fujisawa method used to calculate the angle of correction is well-documented but there have been no studies to look at the reliability and accuracy of web-based systems to calculate this angle. Patients and Methods. Patients undergoing valgus high tibial osteotomy between October 2004 and February 2010 who had full-length lower-limb views on the Picture Archiving and Communications System (PACS). The Fujisawa angle and length of osteotomy were calculated by the surgeon and two Orthopaedic registrars who had been appropriately trained. Results. Thirty X-rays were reviewed in 28 patients. Mean difference between measurements was 0.43 mm (SD 2.45) There was a statistically significant correlation between all three raters (P < 0.001). The greatest correlation was between the Consultant and the more senior trainee (r=0.86) with the lowest correlation between the Consultant and the more junior trainee (r=0.70). Concordance correlation coefficient between raters varied from 0.81 to 0.63. Bland-Altman plot of agreement between the Consultant and senior trainee was excellent showing only two values lying outside 1.96 SD. Discussion. Comparison of measurements between raters showed increased accuracy with greater experience of the measurement technique. Despite this we show high correlation between raters with measurement accuracy of all raters found within clinically acceptable limits (< 1mm). Conclusion. Measurement of tibial osteotomy using the fujisawa method on a web-based X-ray interpretation system is accurate and reliable

Dynamometric measurement of the grasp strength is commonly used in wrist assessment. On the other hand measurement of the pronation-supination (PS) strength has been few studied. The longitudinal forearm rotation needs integrity of the two radioulnar joints and of the antebrachial interosseous membrane. The strength developed during PS assesses also trophicity of pronator and supinator muscles. A PS dynamometer (Baseline ®, AREX) is now available for such measurements. The aims of this study were: 1) to study the best way to neutralize the shoulder movements of abduction-adduction, 2) to find the values of PS Strength in a healthy population, and 3) to study correlations between this PS force and several biometric items. A first series of measurements des PS strength was performed thanks to the Baseline dynamometer in 8 people, in association with two devices neutralizing the shoulder movements of abduction-adduction, in repeated campaigns allowed the authors to determine and keep the better one for optimal measurements following campaigns. To assess the normal values of PS Strength in a healthy population, 38 healthy volunteers from both genders and different ages, classified according their age class, from three different forearm position: neutral, from 90 ° of supination and 90 ° of pronation. Finally, statistical analysis looked for correlations between PS strength and some biometric data. Manipulations beginning from a neutral position of forearm were the most reliable. The mean strength within the whole studied sample (76 wrists, 17 male, 21 female) was 10.6 N.m (standard deviation SD 3.26) for the supination and 13.9 N.m (standard deviation 4.19) for the supination. The dominant side exhibited a PS strength superior by 7.5% to that of the non-dominant side. Male gender, the height and weight of the body, forearm circumference displayed positive relationships with PS strength. Mean values of PS strength, measured from a neutral forearm rotation and with the best device to neutralize the shoulder movements, in a healthy population of 38 volunteers, allowed the authors establishing reference values. They will allow precise comparisons between the values found in patients suffering from forearm and/or wrist pathology and the healthy population, taking into account the age, gender and hand dominance

The most important issue in the assessment of fracture healing is to acquire information about the restoration of the mechanical integrity of bone. Echo tracking (ET) can noninvasively measure the displacement of a certain point on the bone surface under a load. Echo tracking has been used to assess the bone deformation angle of the fracture healing site. Although this method can be used to evaluate bending stiffness, previous studies have not validated the accuracy of bending stiffness. The purpose of the present study is to ensure the accuracy of bending stiffness as measured by ET. A four-point bending test of the gap-healing model in rabbit tibiae was performed to measure bending stiffness. Echo tracking probes were used to measure stiffness, and the results were compared with results of stiffness measurements performed using laser displacement gauges. The relationship between the stiffness measured by these two devices was completely linear, indicating that the ET method could precisely measure bone stiffness

Accurate measurement of the alignment of the tibia is important both clinically and in research. The conventional method of measuring the angle of malunion after a fracture of the shaft of the tibia is potentially inaccurate because the mechanical axis of the normal bone may not pass down the centre of the medullary canal. An alternative method is described in which a radiograph of the opposite tibia is used as a template. A sample of 56 sets of standard radiographs of healed fractures of the shaft of the tibia was evaluated. The 95% limits of agreement between this and the conventional method were wide, being −6.2° to +5.5° for coronal angulation and −6.7° to +8.1° for sagittal angulation. These results suggest that the conventional method is inaccurate. The new method has good inter- and intraobserver reliability

Background:

Little is known about the forces carried by the Taylor Spatial Frame (TSF) hexapod fixator. Our aim was to measure the TSF resultant force and how this changed during the consolidation phase.

The most important issue in the assessment of fracture healing is to acquire information about the restoration of the mechanical integrity of bone. Many researchers have attempted to monitor stiffness either directly or indirectly for the purpose of assessing strength, as strength has been impossible to assess directly in clinical practice. The purpose of this study was thus to determine the relationship between bending stiffness and strength using mechanical testing at different times during the healing process. Unilateral, transverse, mid-tibial osteotomies with a 2-mm gap were performed in 28 rabbits. The osteotomy site was stabilized using a double-bar external fixator. The animals were divided into four groups (n=7/group/time point; 4, 6, 8 and 12 weeks). A series of images from micro-computed tomography of the gap was evaluated to detect the stage of fracture healing and a 4-point bending test was performed to measure stiffness and strength. Formation of cortex and medullary canal at the gap was seen in the 12-week group and would represent the remodeling stage. In addition, the relationship between stiffness and strength remained almost linear until at least 12 weeks. However, stiffness recovered much more rapidly than strength. Strength was not fully restored until the later stages of fracture healing. However, the current study demonstrated that stiffness could be monitored as a surrogate marker of strength until at least the remodeling stage.

Limb length disparity is a frequent complication after hip surgery inducing many surgeon-patients conflicts. To date no study has been able to precisely quantify such limb length disparity. EOS® system, currently validated to measure lower limb parameters, allows from two bi-dimensional numerical orthogonal radiographies in standing position to obtain a tri-dimensional reconstruction of lower limbs. A computerized system achieves the parameters calculation.

The aim of this study is to precisely measure the limb length disparities and the other hip parameters following total hip arthroplasty surgical procedure, by using a standard X-rays and using EOS® three-dimensional reconstructions.

Twenty-eight patients programmed for total hip arthroplasty have been included (i.e. thirty lower limbs). Two independent performers have carried out twice the measures either on standard X-rays and using three-dimensional reconstructions of the lower limb disparities prior and after the surgical procedure.

The inter and intra-observer reproducibility for the measure of the lower limb disparities have been of the EOS® measures have been respectively of 0.854 and 0.865 and for the standard X-rays of 0.717 and 0.726.

Mean length disparity observed was before Total Hip Arthroplasty of −0.328 cm (0.705; −1.266/0.530) and was of 0.088 mm (1.326; −1.635/0.632) after. We are able to decrease the lower limbs disparity in 69.1% and for the average of 0,416cm.

Using EOS® system has allowed assessing with greater precision the possibility to restore equal lower limb length.

This assessment has permitted introducing a new planning procedure including EOS® imaging associated to the fusion of the prosthetic tri-dimensional image in order to achieve adequate lower limb length.

Aims. The aims of this study were to identify means to quantify coronal plane displacement associated with distal radius fractures (DRFs), and to understand their relationship to radial inclination (RI). Methods. From posteroanterior digital radiographs of healed DRFs in 398 female patients aged 70 years or older, and 32 unfractured control wrists, the relationships of RI, quantifiably, to four linear measurements made perpendicular to reference distal radial shaft (DRS) and ulnar shaft (DUS) axes were analyzed: 1) DRS to radial aspect of ulnar head (DRS-U); 2) DUS to volar-ulnar corner of distal radius (DUS-R); 3) DRS to proximal capitate (DRS-PC); and 4) DRS to DUS (interaxis distance, IAD); and, qualitatively, to the distal ulnar fracture, and its intersection with the DUS axis. Results. In the study (fracture) and control groups, respectively, the mean values were: RI, 17.2° (SD 7.2°; -7° to 35°) and 25.6° (SD 2.6°; 21° to 30°); DRS-U, 13.5 mm (SD 1.7; 4.9 to 20.8) and 15.3 mm (SD 0.72; 13.8 to 16.3); DUS-R, 13.4 mm (SD 2.1; 4.8 to 18.5) and 12.0 mm (SD 0.99; 9.7 to 13.9); DRS-PC (positive value radial to DRS, negative value ulnar), 0.14 mm (SD 5.4; -10.9 to 22.7) and -6.1 mm (SD 1.6; -10.6 to -2.3); and IAD, 25.3 mm (SD 2.5; 17.6 to 31.1) and 27.1 mm (SD 1.5; 24.5 to 31.0). All means were significantly different between the study and control groups. RI correlated strongly with DRS-PC. Ulnar styloid fracture intersection with the DUS axis, reflective of ulnar translation of both radial and ulnar shafts, was associated with significantly lower RI. Conclusion. After DRF, the relationship of the proximal capitate to the DRS axis in the coronal plane correlates with the final radial inclination. Additionally, ulnar styloid intersection with the DUS axis is associated with even lower radial inclination. DRF reduction should seek to restore the normal coronal relationship of both radial and ulnar shafts to their distal counterparts. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2023;105-B(6):688–695

Increasing the accuracy of information provided through X-Rays maximises pre-operative planning. Aim of this project is to determine the necessity of calibration probes that would improve the accuracy of pre-operative templating. This is a retrospective study involving leg length and pelvis X-Rays performed across the NHS Lanarkshire from 01/03/2023 until 31/04/2024. A total of 87 leg length X-Rays were identified, 18 had a calibration probe present. Leg length was measured on each and the X-Rays were calibrated against the existing probe. In 66.7% of cases there was a major leg length discrepancy of over 2cm between the pre-calibrated and post-calibrated X-Rays. Pelvic X-Rays of 80 patients that underwent total hip replacement were reviewed. Preoperative templating was compared to the implants inserted. An average of 1.94 discrepancy in the size of the acetabular implant was identified whilst in 30 cases the size of the femoral stem was incorrect by at least 1 size. Magnification of 119.7% on X-Rays was found to provide the most accurate templating. Seventy seven cases of pelvic X-Rays before and after hip hemiarthroplasty were also reviewed. The implant head was templated incorrectly in 74% of cases and the stem in 51%. It was identified that pelvic X-Ray magnification of 121.7% would provide the most accurate results. X-Rays with no calibration probes provide inaccurate measurements leading to faulty preoperative planning. Standardised use of a calibration sphere is strongly suggested and whenever that is not available, we suggest magnification of 121%

Midfoot arthrodesis is the conventional surgical intervention for midfoot arthritis. Arthrodesis aims to stabilise, realign and fuse the affected joints, providing patients with improved pain and function. Current research neglects the measurement of patient reported outcomes. This study aimed to investigate objective, and patient reported outcomes of midfoot arthrodesis. The secondary aim was to identify variables predicting the development of non-union. An automated search of online patient records identified 108 eligible patients (117 feet). The rates of union, re-operations, and complications were calculated using radiographs and medical records. Logistic regression was used to model variables influencing the odds of non-union. All living patients were posted a Manchester Oxford Foot Questionnaire (MOx-FQ), a patient reported outcome assessment. Pre-operative MOx-FQ results were available in a minority of cases. Students t-test was used to compare pre- and post-operative MOx-FQ scores. The rate of union achieved was 74%. The rate of re-operations was 35%. The rate of complications was 14%. Bone grafts and staple fixation independently impacted the odds of non-union. Bone grafts decreased the odds of non-union, whilst staple fixation increased the odds. This finding agrees with the opinion of other researchers. We recommend the use of bone grafts, and the avoidance of fixation with staples. Previous attempts have been made to assess patient outcomes. However, this study is the first to use the MOx-FQ, a validated questionnaire. Therefore, this study establishes a baseline for improvements in patient reported outcomes

Aims. Malreduction of the syndesmosis has been reported in up to 52% of patients after fixation of ankle fractures. Multiple radiological parameters are used to define malreduction; there has been limited investigation of the accuracy of these measurements in differentiating malreduction from inherent anatomical asymmetry. The purpose of this study was to identify the prevalence of positive malreduction standards within the syndesmosis of native, uninjured ankles. Methods. Three observers reviewed 213 bilateral lower limb CT scans of uninjured ankles. Multiple measurements were recorded on the axial CT 1 cm above the plafond: anterior syndesmotic distance; posterior syndesmotic distance; central syndesmotic distance; fibular rotation; and sagittal fibular translation. Previously studied malreduction standards were evaluated on bilateral CT, including differences in: anterior, central and posterior syndesmotic distance; mean syndesmotic distance; fibular rotation; sagittal translational distance; and syndesmotic area. Unilateral CT was used to compare the anterior to posterior syndesmotic distances. Results. A difference of anterior to posterior syndesmotic distance > 2 mm was observed in 89% of ankles (n = 190) on unilateral CT assessment. Using bilateral CT, we found that 35% (n = 75) of normal ankles would be considered malreduced by current malreduction parameters. In 50 patients (23%), only one parameter was anomalous, 18 patients (8%) had two positive parameters and seven patients (3%) had three. Difference in fibular rotation had the lowest false positive rate of all parameters at 6%, whereas posterior syndesmotic distance difference had the highest at 15%. Conclusion. In this study, 35% of native, uninjured syndesmoses (n = 75) would be classified as malreduced by current diagnostic standards on bilateral CT and 89% had an asymmetric incisura on unilateral CT (n = 190). Current radiological parameters are insufficient to differentiate mild inherent anatomical asymmetry from malreduction of the syndesmosis. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2021;103-B(1):178–183

Aims. Outcome measures quantifying aspects of health in a precise, efficient, and user-friendly manner are in demand. Computer adaptive tests (CATs) may overcome the limitations of established fixed scales and be more adept at measuring outcomes in trauma. The primary objective of this review was to gain a comprehensive understanding of the psychometric properties of CATs compared with fixed-length scales in the assessment of outcome in patients who have suffered trauma of the upper limb. Study designs, outcome measures and methodological quality are defined, along with trends in investigation. Materials and Methods. A search of multiple electronic databases was undertaken on 1 January 2017 with terms related to “CATs”, “orthopaedics”, “trauma”, and “anatomical regions”. Studies involving adults suffering trauma to the upper limb, and undergoing any intervention, were eligible. Those involving the measurement of outcome with any CATs were included. Identification, screening, and eligibility were undertaken, followed by the extraction of data and quality assessment using the Consensus-Based Standards for the Selection of Health Measurement Instruments (COSMIN) criteria. The review is reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) criteria and reg. istered (PROSPERO: CRD42016053886). Results. A total of 31 studies reported trauma conditions alone, or in combination with non-traumatic conditions using CATs. Most were cross-sectional with varying level of evidence, number of patients, type of study, range of conditions and methodological quality. CATs correlated well with fixed scales and had minimal or no floor-ceiling effects. They required significantly fewer questions and/or less time for completion. Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) CATs were the most frequently used, and the use of CATs is increasing. Conclusion. Early studies show valid and reliable outcome measurement with CATs performing as well as, if not better than, established fixed scales. Superior properties such as floor-ceiling effects and ease of use support their use in the assessment of outcome after trauma. As CATs are being increasingly used in patient outcomes research, further psychometric evaluation, especially involving longitudinal studies and groups of patients with specific injuries are required to inform clinical practice using these contemporary measures. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2018;100-B:693–702

Objectives. Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) are often used to evaluate the outcome of treatment in patients with distal radial fractures. Which PROM to select is often based on assessment of measurement properties, such as validity and reliability. Measurement properties are assessed in clinimetric studies, and results are often reviewed without considering the methodological quality of these studies. Our aim was to systematically review the methodological quality of clinimetric studies that evaluated measurement properties of PROMs used in patients with distal radial fractures, and to make recommendations for the selection of PROMs based on the level of evidence of each individual measurement property. Methods. A systematic literature search was performed in PubMed, EMbase, CINAHL and PsycINFO databases to identify relevant clinimetric studies. Two reviewers independently assessed the methodological quality of the studies on measurement properties, using the COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments (COSMIN) checklist. Level of evidence (strong / moderate / limited / lacking) for each measurement property per PROM was determined by combining the methodological quality and the results of the different clinimetric studies. Results. In all, 19 out of 1508 identified unique studies were included, in which 12 PROMs were rated. The Patient-rated wrist evaluation (PRWE) and the Disabilities of Arm, Shoulder and Hand questionnaire (DASH) were evaluated on most measurement properties. The evidence for the PRWE is moderate that its reliability, validity (content and hypothesis testing), and responsiveness are good. The evidence is limited that its internal consistency and cross-cultural validity are good, and its measurement error is acceptable. There is no evidence for its structural and criterion validity. The evidence for the DASH is moderate that its responsiveness is good. The evidence is limited that its reliability and the validity on hypothesis testing are good. There is no evidence for the other measurement properties. Conclusion. According to this systematic review, there is, at best, moderate evidence that the responsiveness of the PRWE and DASH are good, as are the reliability and validity of the PRWE. We recommend these PROMs in clinical studies in patients with distal radial fractures; however, more clinimetric studies of higher methodological quality are needed to adequately determine the other measurement properties. Cite this article: Dr Y. V. Kleinlugtenbelt. Are validated outcome measures used in distal radial fractures truly valid?: A critical assessment using the COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments (COSMIN) checklist. Bone Joint Res 2016;5:153–161. DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.54.2000462

Aims

The aim of this study was to investigate the association between fracture displacement and survivorship of the native hip joint without conversion to a total hip arthroplasty (THA), and to determine predictors for conversion to THA in patients treated nonoperatively for acetabular fractures.

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There is a lack of published evidence relating to the rate of nonunion seen in occult scaphoid fractures, diagnosed only after MRI. This study reports the rate of delayed union and nonunion in a cohort of patients with MRI-detected acute scaphoid fractures.

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Despite limited clinical scientific backing, an additional trochanteric stabilizing plate (TSP) has been advocated when treating unstable trochanteric fractures with a sliding hip screw (SHS). We aimed to explore whether the TSP would result in less post operative fracture motion, compared to SHS alone.

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Ankle fracture fixation is commonly performed by junior trainees. Simulation training using cadavers may shorten the learning curve and result in a technically superior surgical performance.

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To evaluate if, for orthopaedic trainees, additional cadaveric simulation training or standard training alone yields superior radiological and clinical outcomes in patients undergoing dynamic hip screw (DHS) fixation or hemiarthroplasty for hip fracture.

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The purpose of this study was to develop a convolutional neural network (CNN) for fracture detection, classification, and identification of greater tuberosity displacement ≥ 1 cm, neck-shaft angle (NSA) ≤ 100°, shaft translation, and articular fracture involvement, on plain radiographs.

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Frailty greatly increases the risk of adverse outcome of trauma in older people. Frailty detection tools appear to be unsuitable for use in traumatically injured older patients. We therefore aimed to develop a method for detecting frailty in older people sustaining trauma using routinely collected clinical data.