Objectives. We have previously investigated an association between the genome copy number variation (CNV) and acetabular dysplasia (AD). Hip osteoarthritis is associated with a genetic polymorphism in the aspartic acid repeat in the N-terminal region of the asporin (ASPN) gene; therefore, the present study aimed to investigate whether the CNV of ASPN is involved in the pathogenesis of AD. Methods. Acetabular coverage of all subjects was evaluated using radiological findings (Sharp angle, centre-edge (CE) angle, acetabular roof obliquity (ARO) angle, and minimum joint space width). Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood leukocytes. Agilent’s region-targeted high-density oligonucleotide tiling microarray was used to analyse 64 female AD patients and 32 female control subjects. All statistical analyses were performed using EZR software (Fisher’s exact probability test, Pearson’s correlation test, and Student’s t-test). Results. CNV analysis of the ASPN gene revealed a copy number loss in significantly more AD patients (9/64) than control subjects (0/32; p = 0.0212). This loss occurred within a 60 kb region on 9q22.31, which harbours the gene for ASPN. The mean radiological parameters of these AD patients were significantly worse than those of the other subjects (Sharp angle, p = 0.0056; CE angle, p = 0.0076; ARO angle, p = 0.0065), and all nine patients required operative therapy such as total hip arthroplasty or pelvic osteotomy. Moreover, six of these nine patients had a history of operative or conservative therapy for developmental dysplasia of the hip. Conclusions. Copy number loss within the region harbouring the ASPN gene on 9q22.31 is associated with severe AD. A copy number loss in the ASPN gene region may play a role in the aetiology of severe AD. Cite this article: T. Sekimoto, M. Ishii, M. Emi, S. Kurogi, T. Funamoto, Y. Yonezawa, T. Tajima, T. Sakamoto, H. Hamada, E. Chosa. Copy number loss in the region of the ASPN gene in patients with acetabular dysplasia: ASPN CNV in acetabular dysplasia. Bone Joint Res 2017;6:439–445. DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.67.BJR-2016-0094.R1

The periacetabular osteotomy (PAO) is a well-described procedure for symptomatic acetabular dysplasia. For severe acetabular deformities, the efficacy of acetabular reorientation remains controversial and the literature on mid to long-term outcomes is limited. The purpose of this study was to analyze average 10-year clinical and radiographic results of the PAO for severe acetabular dysplasia. We retrospectively analyzed a consecutive series of patients undergoing PAO for severe acetabular dysplasia as defined by LCEA < 5˚. Patient demographics, radiographic measurements, modified Harris Hip score (MHHS), UCLA activity, SF-12, and Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) were assessed. Sixty-eight patients (82 hips; 54 females) with an average age 20.7 and BMI of 24.4 kg/m2 were included. Mean follow-up was follow up was 10.3 years. . The LCEA and ACEA improved a mean of 32.8˚ (8.4˚ to 24.4˚, p<0.0001) and 31.6˚ (−4.9˚ to 26.7˚, p< 0.0001), respectively. MHHS improved an average of 17.5 points (64.6 to 82.3, p<0.0001), WOMAC Pain subscore improved an average of 21.1 points (65.7 to 85.0, p = 0.004), and SF-12 physical improved 11.8 points (from 40.3 to 50.6, p = 0.006). Activity improved as indicated by a 1.5-point increase in the UCLA Activity score (6.4 to 7.9, p=0.005). Six hips (9.1%) converted to THA at average 6.8 years post-PAO. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis with THA as the endpoint was 92% at 15 years (95% confidence interval [CI] (81%–96%). Multivariable linear regression analysis revealed concurrent osteochondroplasty was associated with a decreased risk of PAO failure. PAO is an effective treatment for severe acetabular dysplasia. At average 10.3 years, clinical and radiographic outcomes demonstrate pain relief, improved hip function, and major deformity correction. We observed minimal clinical deterioration over time

Finite element analysis (FEA) has been applied for the biomechanical analysis of acetabular dysplasia, but not for biomechanical studies of periacetabular osteotomy (PAO) or those performing analysis taking into consideration the severity of acetabular dysplasia. This study aimed to perform biomechanical evaluation of changes in stress distribution following PAO and to determine the effect of the severity of developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) using three-dimensional FEA. A normal model was designed with a 25° center-edge (CE) angle and a 25° vertical-center-anterior margin (VCA) angle. DDH models were designed with CE and VCA angles each of 10, 0, or −10°. Post-PAO models were created by separating each DDH model and rotating the acetabular bone fragment in the anterolateral direction so that the femoral head was covered by the acetabular bone fragment, with CE and VCA angles each at 25°. Compared to the normal hip joint model, the DDH models showed stress concentration in the acetabular edge and contacting femoral head, and higher stress values; stress increased with decreasing CE and VCA angles. Compared to the DDH models, the post-PAO models showed near-normal patterns of stress distribution in the acetabulum and femoral head, with stress concentration areas shifted from the lateral to medial sides. Stress dispersion was especially apparent in the severe acetabular dysplasia models. PAO provided greater decreases in the maximum values of von Mises stress in the load-bearing area of the acetabulum and femoral head when applied to the DDH models of higher degrees of severity, although the values increased with increasing severity of DDH. PAO is expected to provide biomechanical improvement of the hip joint, although the results also suggest a limitation in the applicability of PAO for the patients with severe acetabular dysplasia

Aims. The aim of the current study was to assess the reliability of the Ottawa classification for symptomatic acetabular dysplasia. Methods. In all, 134 consecutive hips that underwent periacetabular osteotomy were categorized using a validated software (Hip2Norm) into four categories of normal, lateral/global, anterior, or posterior. A total of 74 cases were selected for reliability analysis, and these included 44 dysplastic and 30 normal hips. A group of six blinded fellowship-trained raters, provided with the classification system, looked at these radiographs at two separate timepoints to classify the hips using standard radiological measurements. Thereafter, a consensus meeting was held where a modified flow diagram was devised, before a third reading by four raters using a separate set of 74 radiographs took place. Results. Intrarater results per surgeon between Time 1 and Time 2 showed substantial to almost perfect agreement among the raters (κappa = 0.416 to 0.873). With respect to inter-rater reliability, at Time 1 and Time 2 there was substantial agreement overall between all surgeons (Time 1 κappa = 0.619; Time 2 κappa = 0.623). Posterior and anterior rating categories had moderate and fair agreement at Time 1 (posterior κappa = 0.557; anterior κappa = 0.438) and Time 2 (posterior κappa = 0.506; anterior κappa = 0.250), respectively. At Time 3, overall reliability (κappa = 0.687) and posterior and anterior reliability (posterior κappa = 0.579; anterior κappa = 0.521) improved from Time 1 and Time 2. Conclusion. The Ottawa classification system provides a reliable way to identify three categories of acetabular dysplasia that are well-aligned with surgical management. The term ‘borderline dysplasia’ should no longer be used. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res. 2020;9(5):242–249

Introduction. Acetabular dysplasia, also known as developmental dysplasia of the hip, has been shown to contribute to the onset of osteoarthritis. Surgical correction involves repositioning the acetabulum in order to improve coverage of the femoral head. However, ideal placement of the acetabular fragment can often be difficult due to inadequate visualization. Therefore, there has been an increased need for pre-operative planning and navigation modalities for this procedure. Methods. PubMed and EBSCO Host databases were queried using keywords (preoperative, pre-op, preop, before surgery, planning, plan, operation, surgery, surgical, acetabular dysplasia, developmental dysplasia of the hip, and Hip Dislocation, Congenital [Mesh]) from 1974 to March 2019. The search generated 411 results. We included all case-series, English, full-text manuscripts pertaining to pre-operative planning for congenital acetabular dysplasia. Exclusion criteria included: total hip arthroplasty (THA) planning, patient population mean age over 35, and double and single case studies. Results. A total of 12 manuscripts met our criteria for a total of 186 hips. Preoperative planning modalities described were: Amira (Thermo Fischer Scientific; Waltham, MA, USA) − 12.9%, OrthoMap (Stryker Orthopaedics; Mahwah, NJ, USA) − 36.5%, Amira + Biomechanical Guidance System (Johns Hopkins University) − 5.9%, Mills et al. method − 16.1%, Klaue et al. method − 16.1%, Armand et al. method − 6.5%, Tsumura et al. method − 3.8%, and Morrita et al. method − 2.2%. Virtual implementation of the Amira software yielded increases in femoral head coverage (p<0.05) and a significant decrease in lateral center edge angle (LCEA) (p<0.05). A significant decrease in post-surgical complications (0.0% navigated group vs. 8.7% non-navigated group, p<0.01) was found with usage of OrthoMap related planning. Conclusion. There was a notable lack of prospective studies demonstrating the efficacy of these modalities, with decreased post-surgical complications being the only added benefit of their use. Additionally, small sample sizes and lack of commercial availability for many of these programs further diminishes their applicability. Future studies are needed to compare computer assisted planning with traditional radiographic assessment of ideal osteotomy orientation. Furthermore, these programs must be readily accessible rather than be solely available to the researchers who wrote the program. For any figures or tables, please contact authors directly

Aims. Radiological residual acetabular dysplasia (RAD) has been reported in up to 30% of children who had successful brace treatment of infant developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH). Predicting those who will resolve and those who may need corrective surgery is important to optimize follow-up protocols. In this study we have aimed to identify the prevalence and predictors of RAD at two years and five years post-bracing. Methods. This was a single-centre, prospective longitudinal cohort study of infants with DDH managed using a published, standardized Pavlik harness protocol between January 2012 and December 2016. RAD was measured at two years’ mean follow-up using acetabular index-lateral edge (AI-L) and acetabular index-sourcil (AI-S), and at five years using AI-L, AI-S, centre-edge angle (CEA), and acetabular depth ratio (ADR). Each hip was classified based on published normative values for normal, borderline (1 to 2 standard deviations (SDs)), or dysplastic (> 2 SDs) based on sex, age, and laterality. Results. Of 202 infants who completed the protocol, 181 (90%) had two and five years’ follow-up radiographs. At two years, in 304 initially pathological hips, the prevalence of RAD (dysplastic) was 10% and RAD (borderline) was 30%. At five years, RAD (dysplastic) decreased to 1% to 3% and RAD (borderline) decreased to < 1% to 2%. On logistic regression, no variables were predictive of RAD at two years. Only AI-L at two years was predictive of RAD at five years (p < 0.001). If both hips were normal at two years’ follow-up (n = 96), all remained normal at five years. In those with bilateral borderline hips at two years (n = 21), only two were borderline at five years, none were dysplastic. In those with either borderline-dysplastic or bilateral dysplasia at two years (n = 26), three (12%) were dysplastic at five years. Conclusion. The majority of patients with RAD at two years post-brace treatment, spontaneously resolved by five years. Therefore, children with normal radiographs at two years post-brace treatment can be discharged. Targeted follow-up for those with abnormal AI-L at two years will identify the few who may benefit from surgical correction at five years’ follow-up. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2024;106-B(7):744–750

Hip dysplasia has traditionally been classified based on the lateral centre edge angle (LCEA). A recent meta-analysis demonstrated no definite consensus and a significant heterogeneity in LCEA values used in various studies to define hip dysplasia and borderline dysplasia. To overcome the shortcomings of classifying hip dysplasia based on just LCEA, a comprehensive classification for adult acetabular dysplasia (CCAD) was proposed to classify symptomatic hips into three discrete prototypical patterns of hip instability, lateral/global, anterior, or posterior. The purpose of this study was to assess the reliability of this recently published CCAD. One thirty four consecutive hips that underwent a PAO were categorized using a validated software (Hip2Norm) into four categories of normal, lateral/global, anterior or psosterior. Based on the prevalence of individual dysplasia and using KappaSize R package version 1.1, seventy four cases were necessary for reliability analysis: 44 dysplastic and 30 normal hips were randomly selected. Six blinded fellowship trained raters were then provided with the classification system and they looked at the x-rays (74 images) at two separate time points (minimum two weeks apart) to classify the hips using standard PACS measurements. Thereafter, a consensus meeting was held where a simplified flow diagram was devised before a third reading by four raters using a separate set of 74 radiographs took place. Intra-rater results per surgeon between Time 1 and Time 2 showed substantial to almost perfect agreement amongst the raters. With respect to inter-rater reliability, at time 1 and time 2, there was substantial agreement overall between all surgeons (kappa of 0.619 for time 1 and 0,623 for time 2). Posterior and anterior rating categories had moderate and fair agreement at time 1 and time 2, respectively. At time 3, overall reliability (kappa of 0.687) and posterior and anterior rating improved from Time 1 and Time 2. The comprehensive classification system provides a reliable way to identify three categories of acetabular dysplasia that are well-aligned with surgical management. The term borderline dysplasia should no longer be used

Background. Hip dysplasia has traditionally been classified based on the lateral center edge angle (LCEA). A recent meta-analysis demonstrated no definite consensus and a significant heterogeneity in LCEA values used in various studies to define hip dysplasia and borderline dysplasia. To overcome the shortcomings of classifying hip dysplasia based on just LCEA, a comprehensive classification for adult acetabular dysplasia (CCAD) was proposed to classify symptomatic hips into three discrete prototypical patterns of hip instability; lateral/global, anterior, or posterior. The purpose of this study was to assess the reliability of this recently published CCAD. Methods. One hundred thirty-four consecutive hips that underwent a PAO were categorized using a validated software (Hip2Norm) into four categories of normal, lateral/global, anterior or posterior. Based on the prevalence of individual dysplasia and using KappaSize R package version 1.1, seventy-four cases were necessary for reliability analysis: 44 dysplastic and 30 normal hips were randomly selected. Five surgeons (3 fellowship trained in hip preservation) did a first reading (Time 1) to classify the hips, followed by four raters for a second reading (Time 2) minimum two weeks apart. Thereafter, a consensus meeting was held where a simplified flow diagram was devised before a third reading by four raters using a separate set of 74 radiographs took place. Results. There was substantial and almost perfect intra-rater agreement for 4 surgeons between Time 1 and Time 2. At time 1 and time 2, there was substantial agreement overall between all surgeons; however, posterior and anterior rating categories had moderate and fair agreement at time 1 and time 2, respectively. At time 3, overall reliability and posterior and anterior rating improved from Time 1 and Time 2. Conclusion. This comprehensive classification system provides a reliable way to identify three categories of acetabular dysplasia that are well-aligned with surgical management. The term borderline dysplasia should no longer be used

It is generally agreed that in acetabular dysplasia the acetabulum lies excessively anteverted. Although this is true for the majority of hips, we have found that in some patients with dysplastic hips, the acetabulum lies unexpectedly in retroversion. Aim: To investigate the proportion of dysplastic hips which are retroverted. Method: We studied the radiographs of over seven hundred patients with dysplastic hips and who had had a periacetabular osteotomy in the period 1984–1998. We excluded patients with neuromuscular dysplasia, Perthes disease of the hip, post-traumatic dysplasia and proximal focal femoral deficiency. We selected 232 radiographs of patients with congenital acetabular dysplasia. A number of parameters were measured including, lateral centre edge angle, anterior centre-edge angle, acetabular index of weight bearing surface, femoral head extrusion index and acetabular index of depth to width. Also recorded was acetabular version and congruency between femoral head and acetabulum. Results: The lateral centre-edge angle of Wiberg had a mean value of 6.4° (SD 8.9°), the mean anterior centre-edge angle was 1.3° (SD 13.5°) and the acetabular index of weight bearing surface of the acetabulum had a mean value of 24.5° (SD 9.7°). The majority (192, 82.8%) of acetabula were anteverted as might be expected. However, a significant minority (40,17.2%) were retroverted. The mean anterior centre-edge angle in retroverted hips was 6.7° (SD 9.4°) compared with 0.4° (SD 13.3°) in anteverted hips. Conclusion: The authors have shown that in a typical group of patients with congenital acetabular dysplasia, significant enough to warrant periacetabular osteotomy, the majority of hips as expected have anteverted acetabula. However, a significant minority are retroverted. This finding has an important bearing in the performance of the osteotomy

Background: Hip dysplasia is a complex developmental process. Untreated acetabular dysplasia is the most common cause of secondary hip osteoarthiritis. With increased interest in redirectional pelvic osteotomies, the role of the shelf procedure needs to be re-defined. Aim of the study: to investigate the effectiveness of the shelf procedure in adults with symptomatic acetabular dysplasia by assessing the functional and radiological outcome at a minimum of five years follow-up. Material and Methods: Seventy-six consecutive adults with symptomatic acetabular dysplasia treated with acetabular shelf augmentation, have been followed up for an average period of 11 years (range: 6–14). The mean age was thirty-three years (range: 17–60 years). The Oxford hip score (OHS) was used for clinical assessment. Centre-edge angle (CEA) and acetabular angle (AA) were measured to determine femoral head coverage. Osteoarthiritis severity was based primarily on the width of the joint space using the De Mourgues classification. Survivorship analyses using conversion to THR as an endpoint were performed. logrank test was used to compare the outcome of the shelf against the variables of age, preoperative osteoarthiritis, preoperative and postoperative AA, CEA angles. Results: The shelf procedure improved the mean preoperative CEA from 11° (range: 20° to 17°) to 50° postoperatively (range: 30° to 70°) and the mean preoperative AA from 52° (range: 46° to 64°) to 32° postoperatively (range: 18° to 57°). The Mean OHS was 34.6 (hip score maximum: 48). Thirty percent of hips needed THR at an average duration of 7.3 years. Survival analysis using conversion to THR as an endpoint was 86% (CI, 76%–95%) at five years and 46% (CI, 27%–65%) at ten years. The survival in the 44 patients with only slight or no joint space narrowing was 97% (CI, 93%–100%) at 5 years and 75% (CI, 51%–100%) at 10 years. This was significantly higher (p= 0.0007) than the survival in the 32 patients with moderate or severe osteoarthiritis, which was 76% (CI, 55%–89%) at 5 years and 22% (CI, 5%–38%) at 10 years. There was no significant relationship between survival and age (p= 0.37), pre and postoperative centre-edge angle (p= 0.39), or acetabular angle (p= 0.85). Conclusion: Shelf acetabuloplasty is a reliable, safe procedure offering medium-term symptomatic relief for adults with acetabular dysplasia. The best results were achieved in patients with slight or no joint space narrowing

Introduction. Acetabular dysplasia is typically characterised by insufficient antero-superior femoral head coverage. It is postulated (yet unproven) that patients with dysplasia compensate by reducing pelvic tilt (anterior pelvic rotation), effectively retroverting their acetabulum to improve antero-superior cover. We aimed to 1) define pelvic tilt (PT) in patients with bilateral and unilateral dysplasia, and 2) quantify PT changes following a successful periacetabular osteotomy (PAO). Patients/Materials and Methods. We retrospectively reviewed 16 patients (14 females) who underwent successful, bilateral, staged, PAOs (32 PAOs). These cases were matched for age and gender with 32 unilaterally dysplastic hips that underwent successful PAO for a similar degree of acetabular dysplasia as per pre-operative imaging. Supine and AP radiographs pre-PAO and at latest follow-up were used to measure centre-edge-angle (CEA) and Tönnis-angle (TA). PT was measured using two validated methods (Sacro-Femoral-Pubic (SFP) angle and Pubic-Symphysis to Sacro-Iliac (PS-SI) Index with excellent correlation (ρ=0.8, p<0.001). Results. Post-operatively, the TA/CEA improved from 20°±8/11°±9 to 5°±5/33°±6, respectively, with similar improvements between the unilateral and bilateral hips (p=0.9). PT pre-operatively was similar between unilaterally (8°±5) and bilaterally dysplastic hips (7°±5) (p=0.87). The change in PT was −1°±3; changing by >5° (all increased) in 6 patients (13%; 3 with unilateral PAOs and 3 with bilateral PAOs). Discussion. Patients with unilateral and bilateral hip dysplasia demonstrate similarities in PT. In 87% of cases PT remained the same following PAO, therefore was unlikely to have been compensatory. PT increased in 13% of cases post-PAO illustrating that a change in PT is possible and suggesting that the reduced tilt pre-PAO may have been compensatory to improve functional femoral head coverage in these patients. Conclusion. This is the first clinical and radiological evidence that patients with bilateral or unilateral dysplasia demonstrate similar pre- and post-operative PT, which remains unchanged in almost 90% of cases

The purpose of this study was to examine a cohort of patients with minor acetabular dysplasia features in order to identify the preoperative clinical characteristics and imaging findings that differentiate patients with hip instability from patients with impingement. A retrospective cohort study of patients with borderline acetabular dysplasia was performed. All patients were identified by prospective radiographic evaluation with an LCEA between 20° and 25°. Multivariate statistical analyses were used to identify independent predictors of disease type. Of the 143 hips in the cohort, 39.2% (n=56) had the diagnosis of instability, while 60.8% (n=87) had the diagnosis of impingement. The cohort included 109 females (76.2%) and 34 males (23.8%). Hips with instability had a lower LCEA (21.8° vs. 22.8°; p<0.001), lower ACEA (23.3° vs. 26.6°; p=0.002), a higher AI (11.8° vs. 8.5°; p<0.001), and a lower maximum alpha angle (54.4° vs. 61.1°; p=0.001). The odds of instability increased 1.7 times for each one-degree decrease in LCEA, 1.4 times for each one-degree decrease in ACEA, and 1.1 times for each one-degree increase in acetabular inclination (all p0.003). Female sex was strongly associated with instability. The instability subgroup had greater range of motion (IRF, 22.7° vs. 12.4°, p<0.001) and total arc of motion (IRF+ERF, 61.2° vs. 47.4°, p<0.001). We identified predictors of diagnosis including: acetabular inclination (1.49, p<0.001), ACEA (0.89, p=0.007), crossover sign (0.27, p=0.014), preoperative mHHS (0.96, p=0.014), IRF (1.10, p=0.001), and age (0.88, p=0.001). Patients with symptomatic instability tend to have increased acetabular inclination, decreased ACEA, greater functional limitations, younger, greater IRF, while hips with impingement demonstrate the opposite trends

To investigate the proportion of dysplastic hips which are retroverted. We studied the radiographs of over seven hundred patients with dysplastic hips who had had a periacetabular osteotomy in the period 1984–1998. We excluded patients with neuromuscular dysplasia, Perthes’ disease of the hip, post-traumatic dysplasia and proximal focal femoral deficiency. We selected 232 radiographs of patients with congenital acetabular dysplasia. A number of parameters were measured including lateral centre-edge angle, anterior centre-edge angle, acetabular index of weight-bearing surface, femoral head extrusion index and acetabular index of depth to width. Also recorded were acetabular version and congruency between femoral head and acetabulum. The lateral centre-edge angle of Wiberg had a mean value of 6.4° (SD 8.9°), the mean anterior centre-edge angle was 1.3° (SD 13.5°) and the acetabular index of weight-bearing surface of the acetabulum had a mean value of 24.5° (SD 9.7°). The majority (192, 82.8%) of acetabula were anteverted as might be expected. However, a significant minority (40, 17.2%) were retroverted. The mean anterior centre-edge angle in retroverted hips was 6.7° (SD 9.4°) compared with 0.4° (SD 13.3°) in anteverted hips. The authors have shown that, in a typical group of patients with congenital acetabular dysplasia significant enough to warrant periacetabular osteotomy, the majority of hips as expected have anteverted acetabula. However, a significant minority are retroverted. This finding has an important bearing on the performance of the osteotomy. We have also found that most if not all the information required prior to and following periac-etabular osteotomy can be obtained from an orthograde view of the pelvis

Introduction: Persistent acetabular dysplasia is a recognized cause of premature hip arthritis. Treatment options include joint preservation (acetabuloplasty/osteotomy) or salvage procedures (THR). Presence of a deficient acetabulum and an elevated acetabular centre make THR technically demanding with uncertain outcome. Shelf ace-tabuloplasty is a viable option, however, most reports in the literature focus on results in children and adolescents. Aim: To investigate the functional and radiological outcome of shelf acetabuloplasty in adults with significantly symptomatic acetabular dysplasia. Material and Methods: 77 consecutive shelf procedures (68 patients) with an average follow-up of 10.9 years (range: 6–17) were reviewed. The Oxford hip score (OHS) was used for clinical assessment. Centre-edge angle (CEA) and acetabular angle (AA) were measured as indicators of joint containment. Results: The average age at surgery was 33 years (range: 17–60). At the time of last follow-up; the mean OHS was 34 (maximum score: 48). Mean postoperative CEA was 59 (Pre-operatively: 16.2 degrees) while mean postoperative AA was 31 (Pre-operatively: 47.5 degrees). Thirty percent of hips needed THR at an average duration of 7.3 years. Pre-operative arthritis was present in 32 hips out of which 17 (53 percent) needed THR. Out of the remaining 45 hips, only 6 (13 percent) needed THR. No correlation was found between the acetabular indices and the outcome. Conclusion: Shelf-acetabuloplasty offers symptomatic relief to adults with acetabular dysplasia and can delay the need for THR for over 10 years. Best results with shelf-acetabuloplasty were achieved in patients without preoperative arthritis

Purpose. Patients with acetabular dysplasia demonstrate altered biomechanics during gate and other activities. We hypothesized that these patients exhibit a compensatory increase in the anterior pelvic tilt during gait. Materials & Methods. Twelve patients were included in this prospective radiographic and gait analysis study prior to the PAO. All were women. The mean age was 27 years (+/− 8 yrs). Tonnis grade was zero in nine, and one in three hips. All patients performed multiple one-minute walking trials on the level, the incline, and the decline treadmill surfaces in an optical motion capture lab. Anterior pelvic tilt is reported in (+), while the posterior pelvic tilt is reported in (–) values. Results. Radiographic Data. : The mean alpha angle measured from the Dunn and the frog lateral images was 63.0º±17.4, and 54.7º±16.4, respectively. The mean LCEA was 14.9°±6.1, and the mean anterior center edge angle was 18.3°±8.9. the mean acetabular version at 1, 2, and 3 o'clock were 12.1°±11.6, 29.2°±9.9, and 23.3°±7.4, respectively. Intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) for these measurements were 0.934, 0.895, and 0.971, respectively. The mean femoral anteversion, as measured on the 3D CT scan was 21.3°±16.1. The mean hip flexion range was 107.1°± 7.2. The mean pelvic tilt was 88.7 mm ± 14.4 using the PS-SI distance with an ICC of 0.998. Gait Data. : Baseline measurements were done in the standing position. On the leveled surface, 5 patients had anterior (+) while 7 had posterior (−) pelvic tilt. The mean posterior pelvic tilt was 1.0° with the range of −2.8° to +0.67°. On the inclined surface, all patients had posterior (−) pelvic tilt. The mean pelvic tilt was −4.9° with the range of −6.4° to −3.1°. On the declined surface, 8 patients had anterior (+) while 4 patients had posterior (−) pelvic tilt. The mean pelvic tilt was −0.39° with the range of −1.9° to +1.0°. The pelvic tilt was negatively correlated with the PS-SI distance on all three surfaces with the Spearman coefficients of −0.27, −0.04, and −0.18 on the 3 different surfaces, respectively. Conclusion. Our results demonstrated that the patients with hip dysplasia exhibit variable degrees of the pelvic tilt while walking on different surface inclinations. Weak negative correlation with the standing pelvic tilt measurements from the radiographs suggests that those patients with more anterior standing pelvic tilt tend to have greater compensatory posterior tilt during gait

Introduction. Acetabular dysplasia is associated with an increased risk of hip pain and early development of osteoarthritis (OA). The Bernese peri-acetabular osteotomy (PAO) is the most well-established technique in the Western world for the treatment of symptomatic acetabular dysplasia. This case-control study aims to assess whether the severity of acetabular dysplasia has an effect on outcome following Peri-Acetabular Osteotomy (PAO) and/or the ability to achieve desired acetabular correction. Patients/Materials & Methods. A prospective, multicentre, longitudinal cohort of consecutive PAOs was reviewed. Of the available 381 cases, 61 hips had pre-PAO radiographic features of lesser-dysplasia [Acetabular-Index (AI)<15° and Lateral-Centre-Edge-Angle (LCEA)>15°) and comprised the ‘study-group’. ‘Study-Group’ was matched for all factors known to influence outcome post-PAO [age, gender, BMI, Tönnis-grade and joint congruency (p=0.6–0.9)] with a ‘Comparison-Group’ of pronounced dysplasia (n=183). Clinical outcomes, complications and the ability to achieve optimum correction (LCEA: 25°–40°/AI: 0°–+10°) were compared. Results. At a mean follow-up of 4(±1.5) years, 3 hips had a THA and 13 underwent further procedures; 21 major complications occurred. The mean improvement in HOOS was 28(±23). No differences in complication- or re-operation- rates were detected between study- and comparison groups (p=0.29). Lesser-dysplastic hips had inferior HOOS compared to pronounced dysplastic hips, both pre- (52Vs.59) and post-operatively (73Vs.78); however, similar improvements were seen. Amongst the lesser dysplastic hips, those that required a femoral osteochondroplasty at PAO had significantly inferior pre-operative HOOS (48±18), compared to those that didn't require an osteochondroplasty (60±17) (p=0.04). Increased ability to achieve optimum acetabular correct was seen (80Vs59%, p=0.4) in the lesser dysplastic hip. Discussion. A PAO is safe and efficacious in the treatment of lesser dysplasia. The mildly dysplastic hips with cam deformity that required concurrent FOCP and PAO, were the most symptomatic. Future studies should aim to optimize diagnosis and management in this challenging, combined deformity cohort

For the treatment of the acetabular dysplasia in the early childhood the spherical periacetabular osteotomy of the ilium is a well-recognized procedure. 52 hips of 35 patients treated with a periacetabular osteotomy between 1969 and 1985 we followed-up after 14 to 31 years. At the time of operation the average age was 2,8 years. The measurement of the anterio-posterior radiographs showed a normalization of the acetabular roof obliquity in 79% of the cases. However, there were only 46% of the cases with a normal center-edge angle. 42% had a medium pathologic angle of 20 to 30 °. In 12 % we saw severe pathology with angles smaller than 20. Fife cases (10%) presented radiologic signs of osteoarthritis and three a slight incongruence between head and acetabulum. Rare cases of postoperative complications are presented. The low incidence of radiographic osteoarthritis supports the view that the spherical periacetabular osteotomy is an appropriate surgical procedure to treat acetabular dysplasia in early childhood

Introduction: We performed cementless total hip arthroplasty (THA) with autogenous bone block grafting on 18 hips in 15 patients with marked acetabular dysplasia and investigated the correlations of clinical results with the placement of the acetabular and femoral components. Methods: There were 13 women and 2 men who had a mean duration of follow-up of 3.3 years (range, 2 to 4.3 years). According to the classification of Crowe et al, four hips in group I, three hips in group II, one hip in group III and 10 hips in group IV. The resected femoral head was used as a graft for the superior-lateral region of the true acetabulum. Clinical results were determined according to the hip joint function criteria of the Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA). Results: The mean preoperative JOA hip score was 44 points and that at follow up was 77 points. The distance from the Kohler line to the medial margin of the acetabu-lar component averaged 6.1 mm on the radiograph. Two patients required revision. In both patients, lateral insertion of the acetabular component of 8 and 15 mm respectively from the Kohler line had resulted in loosening of the cup. Of the 18 patients, femoral component had been placed in neutral position in 9, who had better clinical results than those of the others. The grafted bones united in all patients. Discussion: The present study indicates that lateral insertion of the the acetabular component in THA should be avoided in patients with marked acetabular dysplasia

The Acetabular Dysplasia creates serious technical problems for the insertion of acetabular socket. In first, cup must have a good primary stable fixation in a shallow acetabulum. In second, smaller cups are usually required in dysplasia hip, but small sockets must have thick polyethylene wall. And in third, cup design must ensuring easy reconstruction of the anterolateral bone defect. In our opinion, all these problems can be achieved by using of cementless acetabular Robert Mathys (RM) cups. Materials and Methods. In the period from 1996 to 2000 168 patients with ace-tabular dysplasia were operated with titanium powder coated RM cups. The patients age was from 18 to 75 years old (average 43,5). In 77 patients with type I dysplasia (AAOS classification) a primary stable fixation of the acetabular component in a good position without of filling bone defect was achieved. In 53 patient with type II dysplasia stable fixation was supplemented by closing of a cup by filler bone grafts in a place of bone defect. In case of type III dysplasia (38 patients) with very shallow acetabulum and extensive bone defects initial stabilization was achieved by the press-fit one or two anchoring pegs and insertion cancellous screws. In type III dysplasia the massive bone transplant was fixed by additional screws. The features of a design of a cup allowed to stop on the small socket sizes without danger of use implant with critically thin polyethylene wall. It considerably improved a covering of a cup. Results. In 166 patients (98,8 %) a good medium-term results (2–6 years) were obtained. The radiologic controls have shown that the prostheses underwent good osteointegration. 2 patients (1,2%) needed revision. Of them one patient had a infected complication, one other had an aceptic necrosis of acetabulum and secondary cup migration. In all other patients no osteolisis was observed. The good primary fixation of the RM cup decreased the risk of aseptic loosing of the autologous bone graft. The temporal partial (not more than 1/3) bone graft resorption was find in 33,9 % at the type II and 42,1 % at the type III dysplasia. After 2 years in all cases we observed improvement of the bone stock quality at the site of bone grafting. Conclusions. The features of a design of RM cup allow to use implants of the small size. The application for cup fixation pegs and screws allows to receive its reliable primary stability even at expressed acetabular dysplasia. The good primary stability and ease of application of bone grafts allows to achieve with RM cup of an overall objective of operation - maximal restoration of anatomy and biomechanics of the dysplastic hip joint

Management of symptomatic residual acetabular dysplasia in adolescence and early adulthood remains a major therapeutic challenge. At our unit the two senior authors review all patients preoperatively and simultaneously perform each procedure. In the four years from 1998 forty-three Bernese osteotomies were performed in 40 patients with residual acetabular dysplasia. The mean average age at surgery was 21 years (range 12 – 43 years) and there were 34 female patients. The indication for surgery was symptomatic hip dysplasia (all idiopathic but for one male with a history of slipped capital femoral epiphysis) presenting with pain and restricted ambulation. 4 patients had previous surgery on the affected hip (2 Salter’s osteotomy, one Shelf procedure and one proximal femoral osteotomy). 27.5% of patients had symptomatic bilateral disease. 42% of patients had Severin class IV or V dysplasia at presentation. 100% of patients had preservation of the hip joint at last follow-up evaluation (mean 2.4 years), with excellent results in 82%, an average post-operative Harris hip score of 96, and an average d’Aubigne hip score of 16.1. The mean post-operative improvements in radiographic measures were as follows: Anterior centre edge angle +19.4°, Lateral centre angle +25.8°, Acetabular Index – 10.7°. Head to Ischial distance – 7.3mm. Surgical operative time decreased from 128 minutes to 43 minutes from the first to the most recent case. Average blood loss has reduced from 1850mls to 420mls over the four years experience. Predonation of 2 units of blood requested from all patients with baseline hemoglobin of > 12g/dl. When combined with intraopera-tive cell salvage the need for transfusion of homologous blood has been eliminated. All complications occurred in the first 9 patients: (one major – iliac vein injury requiring no further treatment; four moderate – lateral cutaneous nerve injuries; four minor – asymptomatic heterotopic ossification). Our experience confirms that the Ganz periacetabular osteotomy is an efficacious procedure for the treatment of the residually dysplastic hip, providing excellent clinical results, where early intervention is the key to improved outcome. It is a technically demanding procedure with a significant early learning curve and we believe that a two