INTRODUCTION. Recently, as the number of total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is increasing, the number of revision TKA due to loosening or osteolysis is rapidly increasing. Large bone defect is one of the most critical issues during revision TKA. Therefore, early detection of bone loss around the TKA prosthesis before bone loss has been enlarged is very important. However, it is difficult to detect the loosening or ostolysis at the early stage around the femoral component even using fluoroscopically guided plain radiograph. A novel technique of tomography (Tomosynthesis; Shimazu Corporation, Kyoto, Japan) was introduced to detect the small bone loss. The purpose of this study was to examine, in a pig model of radiolucent line and osteolysis around TKA, the sensitivity and specificity of detection of radiolucent line and osteolysis using fluoroscopically guided plain radiographs and a novel technique of tomography. METHODS. Six cemented femoral components (PFC Sigma; DePuy, Warsaw, IN, USA) were implanted in pig knees. Two components were implanted with standard cement technique (Standard model). Two components were implanted with 2 mm-thick defect between the cement and bone (Radiolucent line model). Two components were implanted with cystic defects (mean size = 0.7 cm. 3. ) in femoral condyles (Osteolysis model). The simulated bone lesions were filled with agarose to simulate granuloma tissue and to reduce the air artifact around the bone lesions, which can interfere with imaging techniques (Figure 1). Fluoroscopically guided plain radiographs (63 kV, 360 mA, 50 msec) were taken in 4 postures (antero-posterior, lateral, and +/−45 degrees oblique views) for each specimen (Figure 2). For Tomosynthesis, 74 frames were acquired in the rate 30 frames/sec with fixed X-ray condition (65 kV 1.25 mAs) and were reconstructed (Figure 3). Seven blinded assessors experienced in clinical radiographic analysis examined. The sensitivities, specificities and accuracy of the two imaging techniques were compared. RESULTS. The mean sensitivity and specificity of Tomosynthesis were 85.4% and 87.2% (Table 1). Any bone defects (radiolucent lines or osteolysis) were not detected using fluoroscopically guided plain radiographs, because metal box for post-cam mechanism hinder the bone defect around the femoral condyles. DISCUSSION. This study demonstrates the uselessness of fluoroscopically guided plain radiographs for small bone defect around the femoral component. Tomosynthesis, a novel technique of tomography, showed much higher efficacy comparing to conventional fluoroscopically guided plain radiographs. Although the size of bone defect in this study (0.7 cm. 3. ) was much smaller than previous report (1.4 cm. 3. ) using CT (Solomon L, et al., J Arthroplasty in press), sensitivity of this study was higher than that of previous study using CT (75%). Tomosynthesis will be useful method for early detection of small periprosthetic bone defects around femoral component of TKA

Recent studies on animal models focused on the effect of preserving tendon remnant of rotator cuff on tendon healing. A positive effect by combining tendon remnant preservation and small bone vents on the greater tuberosity in comparison with standard tendon-to-bone repair has been shown. The purpose of the present clinical study was to evaluate the efficacy of biologic augmentation of arthroscopic rotator cuff repair by maintaining tendon remnant on rotator cuff footprint combined with small bone vents of the greater tuberosity. A retrospective study was conducted. All patients who underwent arthroscopic rotator cuff repair associated with small bone vents (nanofractures) and tendon footprint preservation were considered eligible for the study. Inclusion criteria were: diagnosis of full-thickness rotator cuff tear as diagnosed at preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and confirmed at the time of surgery; minimum 24-month of follow-up and availability of post-operative MRI performed not earlier than 6 months after surgery. Exclusion criteria were: partial thickness tears, irreparable tears, capsulo-labral pathologies, calcific tendonitis, gleno-humeral osteoarthritis and/or previous surgery. Primary outcome was the ASES score. Secondary outcomes were: Quick-DASH and WORC scores, and structural integrity of repaired tendons by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) performed six months after surgery. A paired t-test was used to compare pre- and postoperative clinical outcomes. Subgroup analysis was performed according to tear size. Significance was set at p < 0.05. The study included 29 patients (M:F = 15:14). Mean age (+ SD) of patients was 61.7 + 8.9 years. Mean follow-up was 27.4 ± 2.3 months. Comparison between pre- and postoperative functional scores showed significant clinical improvement (p < 0.001). Subgroup analysis for tear size showed significant differences in the QuickDASH score (0.04). Particularly, a significant difference in the QuickDASH score could be detected between medium and large tears (p=0.008) as well as medium and massive lesions (p=0.04). No differences could be detected between large and massive tears (p= 0.35). Postoperative imaging showed healed tendons in 21 out of 29 (72%) cases. Preservation of tendon remnant combined with small bone vents in the repair of medium-to-massive full-thickness rotator cuff tears provided significant improvement in clinical outcome compared to baseline conditions with complete structural integrity in 72% of the cases

Aim. To describe the histopathology of the first and last debrided bone tissue in chronic osteomyelitis and answer the following research question; is the last debrided bone tissue viable and without signs of inflammation?. Method. In total, 15 patients with chronic osteomyelitis were allocated to surgical treatment using a one stage protocol including extensive debridement. Suspected infected bone tissue eradicated early in the debridement procedure was collected as a clearly infected sample (S1). Likewise, the last eradicated bone tissue was collected as a suspected non-infected sample (S2), representing the status of the bone void. In all cases, the surgeon debrided the bone until visual confirmation of healthy bleeding bone. The samples were processed for histology, i.e. decalcification and paraffin embedding, followed by cutting and staining with Haematoxylin and Eosin. Immunohistochemistry with MAC-387 antibodies towards the calprotectin of neutrophil granulocytes (NGs) was also performed and used for estimation of a neutrophil granulocyte (NG) score (0, 1, 2 or 3), by the method described for fracture related infections (1). Results. For the S1 samples the median NG score was 3 which is considered confirmatory for infection. However, following debridement the median NG score was significantly (p = 0.032) reduced to 2. Often NGs were seen as single cells, but in seven S1 samples and in one S2 sample massive NG accumulations were observed. The S1 samples showed a mix of granulation tissue, fibrosis, viable bone, and bone necrosis. The S2 samples contained viable bone tissue and occasionally (10/15) small fragments of necrotic bone or bone debris were seen. Furthermore, a large number of erythrocytes were observed in most S2 samples. Conclusions. The present study shows that the inflammatory response still existents after debridement, although the response fades from the center of infection. Therefore, sampling of debrided bone tissue for histology must be performed initially during surgery, to avoid underestimation of the inflammatory response, i.e. the NG score. The last debrided bone tissue cannot by definition be considered completely viable and caution should be made to remove blood (rinse) before intraoperative evaluation of the viability of debrided cancellous bone. Remnant necrotic bone fragments or debris could represent low-vascular hiding places for leftover bacteria. Application of local antibiotics might have a central role in clearing of these small non-viable bone pieces at the bone void interface

Glenoid replacement is a manual bone removal procedure that can be difficult for surgeons to perform. Surgical robotics have been utilized successfully in hip and knee orthopaedic procedures but there are no systems currently available in the shoulder. These robots tend to have low adoption rates by surgeons due to high costs, disruption of surgical workflow and added complexity. As well, these systems typically use optical tracking which needs a constant line-of-sight which is not conducive to a crowded operating room. The purpose of this work was developing and testing a surgical robotic system for glenoid replacement. The new surgical system utilizes flexible components that tether a Stewart Platform robot to the patient through a patient specific 3D printed mount. As the robot moves relative to the bone, reaction loads from the flexible components bending are measured by a load cell allowing the robot to “feel” its way around. As well, a small bone burring tool was attached to the robot to facilitate the necessary bone removal. The surgical system was tested against a fellowship-trained surgeon performing standard surgical techniques. Both the robot and the surgeon performed glenoid replacement on two different scapula analogs: standard anatomy and posterior glenoid edge wear referred to as a Walch B2. Six of each scapula model was tested by the robot and the surgeon. The surgeon created a pre-operative plan for both scapula analogs as a target for both methodologies. CT scans of the post-operative cemented implants were compared to the pre-operative target and implant position and orientation errors were measured. For the standard shoulder analogs the net implant position and orientation errors were 1.47 ± 0.48 mm and 2.57 ± 2.30° for the robot and 1.61 ± 0.29 mm and 5.04 ± 1.92° for the surgeon respectively. For the B2 shoulders, the net implant position and orientation errors were 2.16 ± 0.36 mm and 2.89 ± 0.88° for the robot and 3.01 ± 0.42 mm and 4.54 ± 1.49° for the surgeon respectively. The new tracking system was shown to be able to match or outperform the surgeon in most metrics. The surgeon tended to have difficulty gauging the depth needed as well as the face rotation of the implant. This was not surprising as the reaming tool used by the surgeon obscures the view of the anatomy and the spherical cutter hinders the ability to index the tool. The robot utilized only one surgical tool, the bone burr, precluding the need for multiple instruments used by the surgeon to prepare the glenoid bone bed. The force-space navigation method can be generalized to other joints, however, further work is needed to validate the system using cadaveric specimens

Bone defects are frequently observed in anterior shoulder instability. Over the last decade, knowledge of the association of bone loss with increased failure rates of soft-tissue repair has shifted the surgical management of chronic shoulder instability. On the glenoid side, there is no controversy about the critical glenoid bone loss being 20%. However, poor outcomes have been described even with a subcritical glenoid bone defect as low as 13.5%. On the humeral side, the Hill-Sachs lesion should be evaluated concomitantly with the glenoid defect as the two sides of the same bipolar lesion which interact in the instability process, as described by the glenoid track concept. We advocate adding remplissage to every Bankart repair in patients with a Hill-Sachs lesion, regardless of the glenoid bone loss. When critical or subcritical glenoid bone loss occurs in active patients (> 15%) or bipolar off-track lesions, we should consider anterior glenoid bone reconstructions. The techniques have evolved significantly over the last two decades, moving from open procedures to arthroscopic, and from screw fixation to metal-free fixation. The new arthroscopic techniques of glenoid bone reconstruction procedures allow precise positioning of the graft, identification, and treatment of concomitant injuries with low morbidity and faster recovery. Given the problems associated with bone resorption and metal hardware protrusion, the new metal-free techniques for Latarjet or free bone block procedures seem a good solution to avoid these complications, although no long-term data are yet available.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2024;106-B(10):1100–1110.

Aims. The aim of this study was to develop a single-layer hybrid organic-inorganic sol-gel coating that is capable of a controlled antibiotic release for cementless hydroxyapatite (HA)-coated titanium orthopaedic prostheses. Methods. Coatings containing gentamicin at a concentration of 1.25% weight/volume (wt/vol), similar to that found in commercially available antibiotic-loaded bone cement, were prepared and tested in the laboratory for: kinetics of antibiotic release; activity against planktonic and biofilm bacterial cultures; biocompatibility with cultured mammalian cells; and physical bonding to the material (n = 3 in all tests). The sol-gel coatings and controls were then tested in vivo in a small animal healing model (four materials tested; n = 6 per material), and applied to the surface of commercially pure HA-coated titanium rods. Results. The coating released gentamicin at > 10 × minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for sensitive staphylococcal strains within one hour thereby potentially giving effective prophylaxis for arthroplasty surgery, and showed > 99% elution of the antibiotic within the coating after 48 hours. There was total eradication of both planktonic bacteria and established bacterial biofilms of a panel of clinically relevant staphylococci. Mesenchymal stem cells adhered to the coated surfaces and differentiated towards osteoblasts, depositing calcium and expressing the bone marker protein, osteopontin. In the in vivo small animal bone healing model, the antibiotic sol-gel coated titanium (Ti)/HA rod led to osseointegration equivalent to that of the conventional HA-coated surface. Conclusion. In this study we report a new sol-gel technology that can release gentamicin from a bioceramic-coated cementless arthroplasty material. In vitro, local gentamicin levels are in excess of what can be achieved by antibiotic-loaded bone cement. In vivo, bone healing in an animal model is not impaired. This, thus, represents a biomaterial modification that may have the potential to protect at-risk patients from implant-related deep infection. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2021;103-B(3):522–529

To date, the fixation of proximal humeral fractures with angular stable locking plates is still insufficient with mechanical failure rates of 18% to 35%. The PHILOS plate (DePuy Synthes, Switzerland) is one of the most used implants. However, this plate has not been demonstrated to be optimal; the closely symmetric plate design and the largely heterogeneous bone mineral density (BMD) distribution of the humeral head suggest that the primary implant stability may be improved by optimizing the screw orientations. Finite element (FE) analysis allows testing of various implant configurations repeatedly to find the optimal design. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether computational optimization of the orientation of the PHILOS plate locking screws using a validated FE methodology can improve the predicted primary implant stability. The FE models of nineteen low-density (humeral head BMD range: 73.5 – 139.5 mg/cm3) left proximal humeri of 10 male and 9 female elderly donors (mean ± SD age: 83 ± 8.8 years) were created from high-resolution peripheral computer tomography images (XtremeCT, Scanco Medical, Switzerland), using a previously developed and validated computational osteosynthesis framework. To simulate an unstable mal-reduced 3-part fracture (AO/OTA 11-B3.2), the samples were virtually osteotomized and fixed with the PHILOS plate, using six proximal screws (rows A, B and E) according to the surgical guide. Three physiological loading modes with forces taken from musculoskeletal models (AnyBody, AnyBody Technology A/S, Denmark) were applied. The FE analyses were performed with Abaqus/Standard (Simulia, USA). The average principal compressive strain was evaluated in cylindrical bone regions around the screw tips; since this parameter was shown to be correlated with the experimental number of cycles to screw cut-out failure (R2 = 0.90). In a parametric analysis, the orientation of each of the six proximal screws was varied by steps of 5 in a 5×5 grid, while keeping the screw head positions constant. Unfeasible configurations were discarded. 5280 simulations were performed by repeating the procedure for each sample and loading case. The best screw configuration was defined as the one achieving the largest overall reduction in peri-screw bone strain in comparison with the PHILOS plate. With the final optimized configuration, the angle of each screw could be improved, exhibiting significantly smaller average bone strain around the screw tips (range of reduction: 0.4% – 38.3%, mean ± SD: 18.49% ± 9.56%). The used simulation approach may help to improve the fixation of complex proximal humerus fractures, especially for the target populations of patients at high risk of failure

Introduction. In recent years, there has been a growing interest, in many fields of medicine, in the use of bone adhesives that are biodegraded to non-toxic products and resorbed after fulfilling their function in contact with living tissue. Biomechanical properties of newly developed bone glue, such as adhesion to bone and elastic modulus were tested in our study. Material and methods. Newly developed injectable biodegradable “self-setting” bone adhesive prepared from inorganic tricalcium phosphate powder and aqueous solution of organic thermogelling polymers was used for ex-vivo fixing fractured pig femur. Ex-vivo biomechanical tests were performed on 45 fresh pig femurs. Control group consist of 10 healthy bones, tested group was created by 35 bones with artificial fractures in diaphysis – oblique (O) and bending wedge (BW) type of fracture. Tested group were divided to following 4 subgroups (sg); sg1 – O fracture (n=15) glued together with 3 different type of bone adhesives, sg2 BW fracture (n=5) glued together with bone adhesive (n=5); sg3 – BW fracture fixed with locking compression plate (LCP), n=5; sg4 – BW fracture fixed with LCP in combination with bone adhesive. Three-point bending force and shear compression tests were performed on linear electrodynamic test instrument (ElectroPuls E10000, Instron). Femurs from sg1, sg2 and sg4 were tested on Micro-CT before and after biomechanical testing. Results. Shear compression tests in sg1 without amino acids modification showed that it is needed force of 0.5 mPa to recreate fracture, however, modification with amino acids increased glue strength to 3 mPa. Three-point bending force test in sg2 showed reduced force of 250 N to recreate fracture, anyhow in sg4 force needed to initiate the fracture was increased up to 5000 N. Conclusion. Newly developed injectable biodegradable “self- setting” bone adhesive represents new possibility how to fix small bone fragments in comminuted fractures and simultaneous chance how to improve and accelerate bone healing process. Acknowledgement. Project no. AOTEU-R-2016-064 was supported by AOTRAUMA, Switzerland

Introduction. Although total hip arthroplasty is a very successful operation, complications such as: dislocation, aseptic loosening, and periprosthetic fracture do occur. These aspects have been studied in large populations for traditional stem designs, but not for more recent short stems. The design rationale of short stems is to preserve bone stock, without compromising stability. However, due to their smaller bone contact area, high peak stresses and areas of stress shielding could appear in the proximal femur, especially in the presence of atypical bone geometries. In order to evaluate this aspect, we quantified the stress distribution in atypical proximal femurs implanted with a commercially available calcar guided short stem. Methods. Geometrical shape variations in neck-shaft angle (NSA), neck-length (NL) and anteversion (AV), were determined three-dimensionally in the Mimics Innovation Suite (Materialise N.V., Leuven, Belgium) from a CT dataset of 96 segmented femurs. For each shape variation, the femurs that had the two lowest, two average and two highest values were included (18 femurs). Using scripting functionality in Mimics, CAD design files of the calcar guided Optimys short stem (Mathys, Bettlach, Switzerland) were automatically sized and aligned to restore the anatomical hip rotation center. Stem size and position were manually corrected by an orthopedic surgeon before finite element (FE) models were constructed using a non-manifold assembly approach (Figure 1). Material properties were estimated from the CT dataset and loads representing walking and stair climbing were applied [1]. Stress-shielding was evaluated by the change in average strain energy density pre- and post-operatively in three different regions (calcar, midstem, tip) each being subdivided in four quarters (medial, lateral, anterior, posterior) (Figure 2). Results. Stress shielding in the proximal femur was seen in all models, especially in the calcar-medial region. In that region, the largest variation in stress shielding was observed for the models with an atypical NSA, ranging from 57% to 96%. The lowest amount was found in a patient with an average NSA (124°), and the highest amount was found in a patient with a small NSA (109°) (Figure 2). In the models selected for their varying neck lengths, calcar-medial stress shielding increased from 69% (NL 53 mm) to 97% (NL 66 mm). Stress shielding was least sensitive to variations in AV, ranging from 79% to 92%. Similar patterns were observed for walking and stair climbing loads. Discussion. Stress shielding was smallest in femurs where the load-transfer between implant and bone was located more proximally, while higher levels of stress shielding occurred when the load transfer was more pronounced at the tip of the stem (Figure 3). Two femurs with an average NSA and NL showed substantially lower stress shielding than the 16 other femurs. This may suggest that the calcar guided Optimys short stem prevents stress shielding especially in average femurs, but less so in atypical femurs. Hence, a larger study population should be investigated to support this hypothesis. For any figures or tables, please contact the authors directly

In orthopaedic surgery, as in many other surgical fields, there is a clear tendency towards the use of minimally invasive procedures. These techniques are increasingly being implemented almost routinely for procedures such as spine and pelvis surgery. However, for fracture treatment and for applications involving small bones, such as hand and foot surgery, these systems are hardly ever used. We introduce a new system for image based guidance in traumatology. We included 20 patients with a fracture of the fifth metatarsal. They were randomised on admission into two groups. Ten patients in the metatarsal group were operated conventionally and ten were operated with the assistance of a new image guidance system. This system is based on 2D-fluoro images which are acquired with a conventional c-arm and are transferred to the system workstation. After detecting marked tools, it can be used to display trajectories for K-wire guidance in the c-arm shot. The average duration of surgery (time from incision to suture) in the image-based group was 12.7 minutes ± 5.5 (min. 6, max. 23), in the conventional group it was 17 minutes ± 6.5 (min. 7, max. 28) (p=0.086). The average duration of radiation was 18 seconds ± 8.5 (min. 6, max 36) in the image-based group vs. 32.4 seconds ± 19.4 (min. 12, max. 66) in the conventional group (p=0.057). An average of 4.7 C-arm shots ± 2 (min 2, max 9) were necessary in the image-based group to position the K-wire. For the conventional group, 8.2 shots ± 2.3 (min 4, max 12) were used (p=0.0073). It took 1.6 trials ± 0.7 (min.1, max. 3) to position the K-wire for the image-based procedures, in the conventional group 2.7 trials ± 0.9 (min. 1, max 4) were necessary (p=0.0084). There were no malfunctions or adverse events in any of the image-based navigational cases. No screws needed to be replaced in the image-based group. In the conventional group, two screws were replaced intra-operatively because they were too short in the control c-arm shot, and the screw threads did not bridge the fracture gap completely, leading to insufficient compression. In this pilot study with only a small sample size, the image-based guidance system could be integrated into the existing surgical workflow and was used for applications, where existing navigation systems are not commonly used. The technology gives the surgeon additional information and can reduce the number of trials for perfect implant positioning. This potentially increases the safety of the surgical procedure and spares intact bone substance which is essential for the footing of implants in small bones and fragment fixation. Whether these factors contribute to a reduction in complications or revision rate must be confirmed in larger prospective studies

Introduction. Metal on metal bearings are used especially in hip resurfacing. On the one hand, small bone preserving implants can be used. On the other hand recent studies found a variety of local and systemic side effects, for instance the appearance of pseudotumors, that are explained by pathologic biological reaction of the metal wear debris. The detailed mechanisms are still not understood until now. Thus it was the aim of this study to investigate the local reaction of metal wear particles and metal ions in a murine model. The hypothesis was that mainly metal ions provoke adverse histopathological reactions in vivo. Material and Methods. Three groups, each with 10 Balb / c mice were generated. Group A: injection of a 50 µl metal ion suspension at a concentration of 200 µg / l in the left knee. Group B: injection of a 50 µl 0,1 vol% metal particle suspension into the left knee joint. Group C (control group): injection of a 50 µl of 0,1 vol% PBS-suspension in the left knee. Incubation for 7 days, followed by euthanasia of the animals by intracardiac pentobarbital. The left and right knee, the lungs, kidneys, liver and spleen were removed. Histologic paraffin sections in 2 microns thickness were made, followed by HE (overview staining) and Movat (Pentachrom staining) staining. The histologic analysis was a done by a light microscopic evaluation of the subdivided visual fields at 200× magnification. Results. In the metal ions group compared with the control group an increasing thickness of synovial membrane as a sign of an inflammatory process was detected. Cartilage and subchondral bone as well as the adjacent bone marrow remain largely unchanged. In the metal particle group a thickenend synovial membrane was found and chondral, bone and periarticular tissue necrosis. In addition, pseudotumors with a complete destruction of the femoral or tibial bone were found. Conclusion. The initial hypothesis has to be rejected. it can be postulated that the metal ions have a certain inflammatory and destructive activity, but in the end it is the metal wear particles that lead to adverse tissue necrosis and to osteolytic destructions associated with a pseudotumor genesis

Revision hip surgery is about simplification. As such, a single revision stem makes sense. The most important advantage of Tapered Conical Revision (TCR) stem is versatility - managing ALL levels of femoral bone loss (present before revision or created during revision). The surgeon and team quickly gain familiarity with the techniques and instruments for preparation and implantation and subsequently master its use for a variety of situations. This ability to use the stem in a variety of bone loss situations eliminates intraoperative shuffle (changes in the surgical plan resulting in more instruments being opened), as bone loss can be significantly underestimated preoperatively or may change intraoperatively. Furthermore, distal fixation can be obtained simply and reliably. Paprosky 1 femoral defects can be treated with a primary-type stem for the most part. All other femoral defects can be treated with a TCR stem. Fully porous coated stems also work for many revisions but why have two different revision stem choices available when the TCR stems work for ALL defects?. TCR stems can be modular or monolithic but there are common keys to success. First and foremost, proper exposure is essential to assess bone defects and to safely prepare the femur. An extended osteotomy is often useful. Reaming distally to prepare a cone for fixation of the conical stem is a critical requirement to prevent subsidence (true for all revision stems). Restoration of hip mechanics (offset, leg length and stability) is fundamental to the clinical result. TCR stems have instrumentation and techniques that ensure this happens, since all this occurs AFTER distal stability is achieved. Modular TCR versions have some advantages. The proximal body size and length can be adjusted AFTER stem insertion if the stem goes deeper than the trial. Any proximal/distal bone size mismatch can be accommodated. If the surgeon believes that proximal bone ingrowth is important to facilitate proximal bone remodeling, modular TCR stems can more easily accomplish this. Further, proximal bone contact and osseointegration will protect the modular junction from stress and possible risk of fracture. Monolithic TCR versions also have some advantages. Modular junction mechanical integrity cannot accommodate smaller bone sizes. Shorter stem lengths are not available in modular versions, and shorter TCR stems are an option in many revision cases. The possibility of modular junction corrosion is eliminated and fracture of the stem at that junction, of course, is not possible. The monolithic stem option is less expensive as well. Consider Modular TCR stems in your learning curve, if you feel proximal bone osseointegration is important and if proximal/distal size mismatch is present. Consider Monolithic TCR stems after your learning curve to reduce cost, when a short stem works, and if a small stem is needed. Both Modular and Monolithic stems can be used for ALL cases with equal quality of result

Dual mobility (DM) cups have 2 points of articulation – between the shell and the polyethylene (external bearing) and between the polyethylene and the femoral head (internal bearing). Primary motion occurs at the inner bearing while the outer bearing moves only in cases of extreme range of motion. Dislocation is a top reason for revision surgery and a major cost burden on society. Instability is also a significant problem after revision THA. While a variety of factors are important in hip stability, DM cups provide the safety of larger femoral heads in virtually all patients. These larger heads increase jump distance (the distance the femoral must travel before dislocation occurs) and they also increase ROM before impingement occurs. ROM and impingement are competing with each in primary THA. Especially in the flexible female with small bone structure, their increased ROM significantly increases the risk of impingement during physiologic activities. While not necessarily leading to dislocation, subluxation can occur resulting in pain. Further, ongoing impingement reduces the longevity of the PE. The ability to increase head size and head-neck ration with the DM cups in these patients is both an immediate and long-term advantage. PE thickness still can compromise the integrity of the liner. DM cups have thicker PE, especially in the smaller size cups than standard PE inserts. Even with the dual articulation, PE wear in DM cups are less, or at worst, equivalent to standard cups while at the same time providing adequate PE thickness for PE integrity and longevity

Introduction. Acetabular reconstruction of a total hip arthroplasty (THA) for a case with severe bone loss is most challenging for surgeon. Relatively high rate of failure after the reconstruction surgery have been reported. We have used Kerboull-type acetabular reinforcement devices with morsellised or bulk bone allografts for these cases. The purpose of this study was to examine the midterm results of revision THA using Kerboull-type acetabular reinforcement devices. Patients and methods. We retrospectively reviewed 20 hips of revision THA (20 patients) between February 2002 and August 2010. The mean age of the patients at the time of surgery was 67.4 years (range 45–78). All of the cases were female. The mean duration of follow-up was 6.5 years (range 2.1–10.4). The reasons of revision surgeries were aseptic loosening in 10 hips, migration of bipolar hemiarthroplasty in 8 hips, and rheumatoid arthritis in 2 hips. We classified acetabular bone defects according to the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS) classification; we found two cases of Type II and eighteen cases of Type III. In terms of bone graft, we performed both bulk and morsellised bone grafts in 6 hips and morsellised bone grafts only in 14 hips. We assessed cup alignment using postoperative computed tomography (CT) and The post-operative and final follow-up radiographs were compared to assess migration of the implant. We measured the following three parameters: the angle of inclination of the acetabular device (Fig. 1); the horizontal migration (Fig. 2a); and vertical migration (Fig. 2b). Substantial migration was defined as a change in the angle of inclination of more than 3 degrees or migration of more than 3 mm. The pre- and postoperative hip functions were evaluated using the Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) hip score. Results. The mean cup inclination and anteversion were 38.4 degrees and 10.6 degrees, respectively. The mean change in the angle was 1.9 degrees in inclination of the device. The average horizontal migration was 1.0 mm, and the vertical migration was 2.0 mm. Only one hip showed substantial migration with breakage of the device. This failure case represented a large amount of posterior pelvic tilt in standing position postoperatively. The mean JOA hip score was increased from 46.7 to 74.8. Discussion. Poor outcome using Kerboull-type reinforcement plate with morsellised bone graft only has been demonstrated by many reports. In these literatures, bulk bone graft was recommended particularly in the case of large bone defect such as larger than half of the rounded plate of the device or more than 2 cm of thickness. In our case series, acetabular reconstruction using a Kerboull- type acetabular reinforcement device and bone graft gives satisfactory mid-term results even with morsellized bone graft only. One possible interpretation is that most of our cases had relatively small bone defect according to the staging of severity of the superior segmental bone loss made by Kawanabe et al. We suggest that the progressive posterior pelvic tilt should be considered to be a risk of poor outcome of the acetabular reconstruction using this device. To view tables/figures, please contact authors directly

Introduction. The objective of this study was to determine if a synthetic bone substitute would provide results similar to bone from osteoporotic femoral heads during in vitro testing with orthopaedic implants. If the synthetic material could produce results similar to those of the osteoporotic bone, it could reduce or eliminate the need for testing of implants on bone. Methods. Pushout studies were performed with the dynamic hip screw (DHS) and the DHS Blade in both cadaveric femoral heads and artificial bone substitutes in the form of polyurethane foam blocks of different density. The pushout studies were performed as a means of comparing the force displacement curves produced by each implant within each material. Results. The results demonstrated that test material with a density of 0.16 g/cm. 3. (block A) produced qualitatively similar force displacement curves for the DHS and qualitatively and quantitatively similar force displacement curves for the DHS Blade, whereas the test material with a density of 0.08 g/cm. 3. (block B) did not produce results that were predictive of those recorded within the osteoporotic cadaveric femoral heads. Conclusion. This study demonstrates that synthetic material with a density of 0.16 g/cm. 3. can provide a good substitute for cadaveric osteoporotic femoral heads in the testing of implants. However we do recognise that no synthetic material can be considered as a definitive substitute for bone, therefore studies performed with artificial bone substrates may need to be validated by further testing with a small bone sample in order to produce conclusive results

Crosby and Colleagues described 24 scapula fractures in 400 reverse shoulder arthroplasties and classified scapula fractures after reverse shoulder arthroplasty into 3 types. Type 1 – true avulsion fracture of acromion related to a thinned out acromion (post-acromioplaty or cuff arthropathy). A small bone fragment dislodges during reduction of RSA. Type 2 – Acromial fracture due to Acromio-clavicular (AC) joint arthrosis. They feel the lack of movement at the AC joint leads to stresses across the acromion and cause it to fracture. They recommend AC joint resection and ORIF of acromion, if the acromion is unstable. Type 3 – true scapula spine fracture caused by the superior screw acting as a stress riser. This fracture occurs about 8 months after the arthroplasty and is a true stress fracture requiring open reduction and internal fixation. Of 123 reverse shoulder arthroplasties performed from Jan 2003 to Feb 2011, a total of 6 scapula fractures were encountered post-surgery. Three were acromial fractures and three were scapula spine fractures all related to trauma. The fractures of the spine occurred between 6 months and 4 years post arthroplasty. We feel the fractures were traumatic but did occur through the posterior or superior screws from the metaglen. where stress risers developed for a fracture to occur. We found that using a sliding osteotomy of the spine of the scapula to bridge the defect of the scapula and a double-plating technique using two plates at 90 degrees to each other provides a satisfactory outcome after 3–6 months where patients can start actively elevating again. This method of treatment will be presented

Summary Statement. An alternative way to assess three dimensional skin motion artefacts of kinematic models is presented and applied to a novel kinematic foot model. Largest skin motion is measured in the tarsal region. Introduction. Motion capture systems are being used in daily clinical practise for gait analysis. Last decade several kinematic foot models have been presented to gain more insight in joint movement in various foot pathologies. No method is known to directly measure bone movement in a clinical setting. Current golden standard is based on measurement of motion of skin markers and translation to joint kinematics. Rigid body assumptions and skin motion artefacts can seriously influence the outcome of this approach and rigorous validation is required before clinical application is feasible. Validation of kinematic models is currently done via comparison with bone pin studies. However, these studies can only assess major bones in a highly invasive way; another problem is the non-synchronous measurement of skin markers and bone pins. Recently the Glasgow Maastricht kinematic foot model, which comprises all 26 foot segments, has been presented. To validate the model we propose a novel non-invasive method for the assessment of skin motion artefact, involving loaded CT data. Patients & Methods. 25 subjects (healthy and pathological feet) have undertaken CT scans. These CT-scans have been obtained in 1 unloaded and 3 varying loading conditions. CT-slices are 3D reconstructed and segmented. The principal axes of the segmented bones were derived from the surface points of the bones. These principal axes are used to compute bone orientation. Subsequently, coordinate systems of bones in the different loading conditions were matched. Markers were translated and rotated to orientations of their corresponding bones. Maximal distance between markers is calculated per subject to asses the influence of skin motion. Results. Preliminary results of 9 subjects show largest positional differences for markers associated with the cuneiform lateralis (5.7 ± 3.2 mm) and cuneiform intermedium (7.7 ± 3.7 mm). Smallest positional differences are found on the hallux proximalis (0.9 ± 0.34mm). Spatial resolution is too small to accurately calculate orientation of smaller bones, therefor distal phalanges 2–5 are not taken into account in the analysis. Discussion/Conclusion. Skin motion is a major cause of inaccuracy in gait analysis. This is the first study presenting an automated non-invasive method to calculate the 3D orientation of skin markers with respect to the coordinate system of the corresponding bone(s). Largest skin motion is measured in the tarsal region. Future work will be in calculation of the effect of skin motion in the accuracy of joint angle calculation

Purpose. The surgical treatment of scaphoid fractures consists of reduction of the fracture followed by stable internal fixation using a headless compression screw. Proper positioning of the screw remains technically challenging and therefore computer assisted surgery may have an advantage. Navigation assisted surgery requires placement and registration of stable reference markers which is technically impossible in a small bone like the scaphoid. Custom made wrist-positioning devices with built-in reference markers have been developed for this purpose. The purpose of this study was to evaluate a different method of navigation assisted scaphoid fracture fixation. Temporary stabilisation with a pin of the scaphoid to the radius enables placement of the reference markers on the radius. Our hypothesis was that this method will achieve precise fracture fixation, superior to the standard free hand technique. Methods. In 20 identical saw bone models with mobile scaphoids, the scaphoid was stabilised to the radius using one Kirschner wire (KW). An additional KW representing the fixating screw was placed either using the Mazor Renaissance Robotic System (MAZOR Surgical Technologies, Israel) or standard free hand technique. CT scans were performed prior to fixation and after fixation in order to plan the location of the KW and compare this planned location with the final result. Results. No significant difference was found between the measures of KW location between groups and in comparison with the planned location, including entry and exit points of the KW, length of KW through the scaphoid (mean axis length of 28.7 mm [SD 1.5] with the robot system versus 29.6 mm [SD 2.1] with the free hand technique) and difference in angle of fixation with the planned axis of fixation (mean of 1.7 degrees [SD 5.5] with the robot versus 3.8 degrees [SD 5.6] free hand). Significant differences were found between exposure to radiation (mean of 0.07 Rad [SD 0.04] with the robot system versus 13.9 Rad [SD 18.4] with the free hand technique; p=0.04) and the number of attempts in placing the KW (mean of 1.1 attempts [SD 0.32] with the robot versus 8 attempts [SD 6.65] free hand; p=0.01). Conclusion. Computer assisted fixation of a scaphoid fracture was found to be as accurate as the free hand technique, after fixation of the scaphoid to the radius, without the need for a custom splint. It was also shown to be superior by decreasing the exposure to radiation and number of attempts of KW placement

Aims

This study is a prospective, non-randomized trial for the treatment of fractures of the medial malleolus using lean, bioabsorbable, rare-earth element (REE)-free, magnesium (Mg)-based biodegradable screws in the adult skeleton.

INTRODUCTION. Despite a large percentage of total knee arthroplasty failures occurs for disorders at the patello-femoral joint (PFJ), current navigation systems report tibio-femoral (TFJ) kinematics only, and do not track the patella. Despite this tracking is made difficult by the small bone and by its full eversion during surgery, a new such technique has been developed, which includes a new tracker, new corresponding surgical instrumentation also for patellar resurfacing, and all relevant software. The aim of this study is to report an early experience in patients of these measurements, i.e. TFJ and PFJ kinematics. METHODS. These measurements were taken in the first ten patients, affected by primary gonarthrosis and implanted with a resurfacing posterior-stabilised prosthesis in the period July 2010 – May 2011. A standard knee navigation system was enhanced by a specially-designed patellar tracker, mounted with a cluster of three light emitting diodes. Standard procedures for femoral and tibial bone preparation were performed according to the navigation system, and the patellar was resurfaced. Relevant resection planes were taken by an instrumented verification probe. Final position of the three components and lower limb alignment were also acquired. Joint kinematics was deduced from the anatomical survey, which included anatomical landmarks on the patellar posterior aspect, and according to established recommendations and original proposals. RESULTS. In addition to the standard assessment of TFJ kinematics, patellar tracking was performed successfully in all cases without complications, resulting in a maximum of 30 min longer operations. PFJ kinematics (see figure) after replacement and resurfacing showed a mean (± standard deviation, over the patients) range of flexion, tilt and medio-lateral shift respectively of 66.9° ± 8.5° (mean of minimum flexion ÷ of maximum flexion, 15.6° ÷ 82.5°), 8.0° ± 3.1° (−5.3° ÷ 2.8°), and 5.3 ± 2.0 mm (−5.5 ÷ 0.2 mm). Statistically significant correlations were found between the internal/external rotation of the femoral component and the range of PFJ tilt (p=0.05; R=0.64); in three patients, medio-lateral PFJ shift seemed to be affected by the medio-lateral position of the femoral component. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. Data obtained from our preliminary experience support the relevance, feasibility and efficacy of patellar tracking in navigated knee arthroplasty by means of a standard knee navigation system, suitably extended to track also the patellar motion. Patellar-based measurement provides for a more comprehensive assessment of the whole knee function, not only for the resurfacing but also for a best possible positioning of the femoral and tibial components