Aims. Patient decision aids have previously demonstrated an improvement in the quality of the informed consent process. This study assessed the effectiveness of detailed written patient information, compared to standard verbal consent, in improving postoperative recall in adult orthopaedic trauma patients. Methods. This randomized controlled feasibility trial was conducted at two teaching hospitals within the South Eastern Sydney Local Health District. Adult patients (age ≥ 18 years) pending orthopaedic trauma surgery between March 2021 and September 2021 were recruited and randomized to detailed or standard methods of informed consent using a random sequence concealed in sealed, opaque envelopes. The detailed group received procedure-specific written information in addition to the standard verbal consent. The primary outcome was total recall, using a seven-point interview-administered recall questionnaire at 72 hours postoperatively. Points were awarded if the participant correctly recalled details of potential complications (maximum three points), implants used (maximum three points), and postoperative instructions (maximum one point). Secondary outcomes included the anxiety subscale of the Hospital and Anxiety Depression Scale (HADS-A) and visual analogue scale (VAS) for pain collected at 24 hours preoperatively and 72 hours postoperatively. Additionally, the Patient Satisfaction Questionnaire Short Form (PSQ-18) measured satisfaction at 72 hours postoperatively. Results. A total of 60 patients were randomized, 32 to the standard group and 28 to the detailed group. Patients in the detailed group had significantly higher total recall score compared to the standard group (mean difference 1.29 points (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.51 to 2.08); p = 0.002). There were no differences in HADS-A (mean difference 0.39 (95% CI -2.11 to 2.88); p = 0.757), VAS pain (mean difference 5.71 (95% CI -22.25 to 11.11); p = 0.499), or PSQ-18 (mean difference 0.499; 95% CI -1.6 to 3.42; p = 0.392). Conclusion. Detailed written tools are useful in improving postoperative recall in adult orthopaedic trauma patients. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2023;4(2):104–109

Aims

The aim of this study was to report long-term clinical outcomes of a modern convertible metal-backed glenoid (MBG) in total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA).

Aims. The aim of this retrospective study was to determine if there are differences in short-term clinical outcomes among four different types of matrix-associated autologous chondrocyte transplantation (MACT). Methods. A total of 88 patients (mean age 34 years (SD 10.03), mean BMI 25 kg/m. 2. (SD 3.51)) with full-thickness chondral lesions of the tibiofemoral joint who underwent MACT were included in this study. Clinical examinations were performed preoperatively and 24 months after transplantation. Clinical outcomes were evaluated using the International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) Subjective Knee Form, the Brittberg score, the Tegner Activity Scale, and the visual analogue scale (VAS) for pain. The Kruskal-Wallis test by ranks was used to compare the clinical scores of the different transplant types. Results. The mean defect size of the tibiofemoral joint compartment was 4.28 cm. 2. (SD 1.70). In total, 11 patients (12.6%) underwent transplantation with Chondro-Gide (matrix-associated autologous chondrocyte implantation (MACI)), 40 patients (46.0%) with Hyalograft C (HYAFF), 21 patients (24.1%) with Cartilage Regeneration System (CaReS), and 15 patients (17.2%) with NOVOCART 3D. The mean IKDC Subjective Knee Form score improved from 35.71 (SD 6.44) preoperatively to 75.26 (SD 18.36) after 24 months postoperatively in the Hyalograft group, from 35.94 (SD 10.29) to 71.57 (SD 16.31) in the Chondro-Gide (MACI) group, from 37.06 (SD 5.42) to 71.49 (SD 6.76) in the NOVOCART 3D group, and from 45.05 (SD 15.83) to 70.33 (SD 19.65) in the CaReS group. Similar improvements were observed in the VAS and Brittberg scores. Conclusion. Two years postoperatively, there were no significant differences in terms of outcomes. Our data demonstrated that MACT, regardless of the implants used, resulted in good clinical improvement two years after transplantation for localized tibiofemoral defects. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2021;10(7):370–379

Background. Surgical intervention for hallux valgus and hallux rigidus is an option for patients presenting with severe pain and deformity. Literature suggest that patients with high Pain Catastrophisation Scores (PCS) have poorer outcomes in spinal and to a lesser extent in arthroplasty surgery. There is however very little evidence pertaining to foot and ankle surgery. Aim. We aimed to study whether catastrophisation as measured by PCS influenced the outcomes following surgery for Hallux valgus and rigidus. Methodology. Ethical approval for this prospective portfolio study was obtained from NRES Committee South Central and Oxford. Approval was granted from the local R&D department prior to data collection. All patients listed for surgery for hallux pathology to the four senior authors were invited to participate. Recruitment into the study started in September 2017 and is ongoing. Pain catastrophising score (PCS), Manchester Oxford Foot Questionnaire (Mox-FQ), Visual analog scale (VAS) for pain and EQ-5D-3L questionnaires were completed Pre-op (baseline), and at 3, 6 and 12- months post-surgery. Results. 93 patients with minimum follow-up of 6 months were analysed using SPSS software. A P-value of less than 0.05 was considered significant. The mean age of the patients was 58.5 years and 83% were women. 70% of the patients had surgery for hallux valgus and rest for rigidus. Both PROMS and PCS improved significantly following surgical intervention. Patients with higher pre-operative PCS had a worse 6-month PROM score and more pain. Conclusion. This study confirms that pre-operative catastrophisation as demonstrated by a high PCS score has an adverse effect on outcomes following hallux surgery. Risk stratifying patients based on their Pre-op PCS scores may be a useful strategy to identify those at risk of poorer outcomes. We recommend that behavioural change interventions should be considered to try to improve outcomes in patients with pre-op PCS

Greater trochanteric pain syndrome is a painful condition characterised by pain around the greater trochanter usually affecting middle-aged women. The majority of patients will improve with conservative management such as physiotherapy and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs); however, if this fails then more invasive treatments including corticosteroids and surgery may be required. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is an autologous blood product, which has a higher concentration of growth factors postulated to provide enhanced healing and anti-inflammatory properties. The Hip Injections PRP Vs Placebo (HIPPO) trial aims to assess the ability of ultrasound-guided PRP injections to improve symptoms and function in patients with GTPS. 64 patients were enrolled and randomised to either the PRP or placebo (normal saline) treatment arm. Two patients decided to drop out of the trial. Clinical outcomes in both groups were evaluated and compared using the International Hip Outcome Tool-12 (iHOT12), Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) of pain, the modified Harris Hip Score (mHHS) and the presence or absence of complications at 3 and six months. The level of significance was set at p<0.05. Both groups received physiotherapy after the injections. The mean age was 57.5. There were 6 males and 56 females with M:F ratio of 1:9.3. Both groups were similar in terms of demography and preoperative scores. The iHOT12 score improved from 28.23 to 45.42 at three-months and decreased slightly to 42.44 at six-months in the Placebo group. The iHOT12 in the PRP group improved from 35.51 to 44.47 at three-months and decreased to 39.78 at six-months. Both groups showed improved VAS and mHHS at three-months compared to the baseline with no statistically significant difference between the two groups (p >0.05). The scores decreased at six-months however remained above the baseline. No complications were reported. Gender and age had no effect on outcomes. Both groups similarly improved from baseline. Physiotherapy can be considered as an important factor in patients' treatment. Further research should be conducted to investigate the role of physiotherapy in the treatment of GTPS

Introduction. Primary robotic-arm assisted total hip arthroplasty (THA) yields more accurate and reproducible acetabular cup placement, nonetheless, data is scarce in terms of outcomes. The purpose of the present study was to report on patient-reported outcomes (PROMs) in a large group of patients who underwent robotic-arm assisted THA. The authors hypothesized that (1) patients who underwent robotic-arm assisted primary THA would achieve favorable and significant improvement in PROMs, (2) an accurate and reproducible acetabular cup placement with respect to the defined SafeZones would be obtained, and (3) a low rate of THA dislocation would be observed. Methods. Prospectively collected data were retrospectively reviewed between April 2012 to May 2017. Primary THA using Mako Robotic-Arm [Mako Surgical Corp. (Stryker), Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA] with minimum two-year follow-up for the Harris Hip Score (HHS) and the Forgotten Joint Score-12 (FJS-12) were included. Exclusion criteria were: bodymass index (BMI) > 40 kg/m2, age < 21-year old, worker's compensation, or unwilling to participate. Visual analog scale (VAS) for pain and patient satisfaction were obtained. Intraoperative measurements for leg-length, global offset, acetabular inclination and version were documented. Results. 501 hips were included (57.29% females), follow-up was 43.99 ± 15.59 months. Average age was 58.70 ± 9.41 years, and the BMI was 28.41 ± 4.55 kg/m2. The group reported HHS of 90.87 ± 13.45, FJS-12 of 79.97 ± 25.87, VAS of 1.20 ± 2.06, and patient satisfaction of 8.85 ± 2.08. Intraoperative values for acetabular inclination and version were 40.0° ± 2.2 ° and 20.5° ± 2.4° respectively. Revision due to instability was 0.2%. Conclusions. Patients who received primary robotic-arm assisted THA reported excellent results at 44-month follow-up for multiple PROMs. Consistency in acetabular cup placement accuracy was achieved in regard to the Lewinnek and Callanan safe-zones

Aims. Arthroscopic microfracture is a conventional form of treatment for patients with osteochondritis of the talus, involving an area of < 1.5 cm. 2. However, some patients have persistent pain and limitation of movement in the early postoperative period. No studies have investigated the combined treatment of microfracture and shortwave treatment in these patients. The aim of this prospective single-centre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was to compare the outcome in patients treated with arthroscopic microfracture combined with radial extracorporeal shockwave therapy (rESWT) and arthroscopic microfracture alone, in patients with ostechondritis of the talus. Methods. Patients were randomly enrolled into two groups. At three weeks postoperatively, the rESWT group was given shockwave treatment, once every other day, for five treatments. In the control group the head of the device which delivered the treatment had no energy output. The two groups were evaluated before surgery and at six weeks and three, six and 12 months postoperatively. The primary outcome measure was the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) Ankle-Hindfoot Scale. Secondary outcome measures included a visual analogue scale (VAS) score for pain and the area of bone marrow oedema of the talus as identified on sagittal fat suppression sequence MRI scans. Results. A total of 40 patients were enrolled and randomly divided into the two groups, with 20 in each. There was no statistically significant difference in the baseline characteristics of the groups. No complications, such as wound infection or neurovascular injury, were found during follow-up of 12 months. The mean AOFAS scores in the rESWT group were significantly higher than those in the control group at three, six, and 12 months postoperatively (p < 0.05). The mean VAS pain scores in the rESWT group were also significantly lower than those in the control group at these times (p < 0.05). The mean area of bone marrow oedema in the rESWT group was significantly smaller at six and 12 months than in the control group at these times (p < 0.05). Conclusion. Local shockwave therapy was safe and effective in patients with osteochondiritis of the talus who were treated with a combination of arthroscopic surgery and rESWT. Preliminary results showed that, compared with arthroscopic microfracture alone, those treated with arthroscopic microfracture combined with rESWT had better relief of pain at three months postoperatively and improved weightbearing and motor function of the ankle. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2023;105-B(10):1108–1114

Regaining the walking ability is one of the main purposes of total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Improving the activities of daily living is a key of patient satisfaction after TKA. However, some patients do not gain enough improvement of ADL as they preoperatively expected, and thus are not satisfied with the surgery. The purpose of this study is to clarify the relationship between preoperative and postoperative physical functional status and whether preoperative scoring can predict the postoperative walking ability. Consecutive 136 patients who underwent total knee arthroplasty for osteoarthritis were prospectively assessed. The average age (±SD) was 74±7.7 and 74% of the patients was female. Berg Balance Scale (BBS) was assessed preoperatively and one year after the surgery. The time needed for 10m walking, muscle power for knee extension and flexion, visual analog scale (VAS) for pain in walking, and necessity of canes in walking were also assessed at one year after the surgery. Multivariate correlation analysis was performed for each parameter. Speaman rank correlation coefficient revealed that preoperative BBS was significantly correlated with the time needed for 10m walking (ρ=0.66, p<0.001). Logistic regression analysis also revealed that preoperative BBS is also correlated with the necessity for canes in walking one year after the surgery. The cut-off value of preoperative BBS for the necessity of canes in walking by ROC curve analysis was 48 points with 79% in sensitivity and 80% in specificity. The muscle powers were also weakly correlated with the walking ability at one year after the surgery, but VAS for pain was not. The study indicated that preoperative physical balance could predict the ability of walking one year after TKA regardless of the reduction of pain. It is suggested that surgery should be recommended before the physical balance function deteriorates to achieve the better walking ability after the TKA

Abstract. Introduction. To compare the efficacy of adductor canal blocks (ACB) and periarticular anesthetic injections (PAI) with bupivacaine in total knee arthroplasty. Methods. 90 patients undergoing primary total knee arthroplasty under spinal anesthesia were randomized to 1 of 3 groups: ACB alone (15 mL of 0.5% bupivacaine), PAI alone (50 mL of 0.25% bupivacaine with epinephrine) and ACB + PAI. Primary outcome in this study was the visual analog scale (VAS) pain score in the immediate postoperative period. Secondary outcomes included postoperative opioid use, activity level during physiotheraphy, length of hospital stay and ROM. Results. Mean VAS pain score was significantly higher with ACB alone, compared with the score after use of ACB+PAI, on POD1 and POD3. Total opioid consumption through POD3 was significantly higher when ACB alone had been used compared with PAI alone and ACB+PAI. Opioid consumption in the ACB-alone group was significantly higher than that in the ACB + PAI group on POD2 and POD3 and significantly higher than that in the PAI alone group on POD2. There was no significant difference in opioid consumption between the patients treated with PAI alone and those who received ACB + PAI. The activity level during physiotherapy on POD0 was significantly lower after use of ACB alone than after use of PAI alone or ACB + PAI. Conclusion. Higher pain scores after total knee arthroplasty done with an ACB and without PAI, suggesting that ACB alone is inferior for perioperative pain control. There were no significant differences between ACB alone, PAI alone and ACB + PAI inparameters measured

This study used model-based radiostereometric analysis (MBRSA) to compare migration of a recently introduced cementless hip stem to an established hip stem of similar design. Novel design features of the newer hip stem included a greater thickness of hydroxyapatite coating and a blended compaction extraction femoral broach. Fifty-seven patients requiring primary total hip arthroplasty (THA) were enrolled at a single centre. Patients were randomized to receive either an Avenir collarless stem and Trilogy IT cup (ZimmerBiomet) or a Corail collarless stem and Pinnacle cup (DePuy Synthes) via a posterior or lateral approach. Both stems are broach-only femoral bone preparation. RSA beads (Halifax Biomedical) were inserted into the proximal femur during surgery. Patients underwent supine RSA imaging a 6 weeks (baseline), 6, 12, and 24 months following surgery. The primary study outcome was total subsidence of the hip stem from baseline to 24 months as well as progression of subsidence between 12 and 24 months. These values were compared against published migration thresholds for well-performing hip stems (0.5mm). The detection limit, or precision, of MBRSA was calculated based on duplicate examinations taken at baseline. Patient reported outcome measures were collected throughout the study and included the Oxford-12 Hip Score (OHS), EuroQoL EQ-5D-5L, Hip Osteoarthritis Score (HOOS) as well as visual analogue scales (VAS) for thigh pain and satisfaction. Analysis comprised of paired and unpaired t-tests with significance set at p≤0.05. Forty-eight patients (30 males) were included for analysis; 7 patients received a non-study hip stem intra-operatively, 1 patient suffered a traumatic dislocation within three weeks of surgery, and 1 patient died within 12 months post-surgery. RSA data was obtained for 45 patients as three patients did not receive RSA beads intra-operatively. Our patient cohort had a mean age of 65.9 years (±;7.2) at the time of surgery and body mass index of 30.5 kg/m2 (±;5.2). No statistical difference in total stem migration was found between the Avenir and Corail stems at 12 months (p=0.045, 95%CI: −0.046 to 0.088) and 24 months (p=0.936, 95% CI: −0.098 to 0.090). Progression of subsidence from 12-24 months was 0.011mm and 0.034mm for the Avenir and Corail groups which were not statistically different (p=0.163, 95%CI: −0.100 to 0.008) between groups and significantly less than the 0.5mm threshold (pNo statistically significant differences existed between study groups for any pre-operative function scores (p>0.05). All patients showed significant functional improvement from pre- to post-surgery and no outcome measures were different between study groups with exception of EQ-5D-5L health visual analogue scale at 12 months which showed marginally superior (p=0.036) scores in the Avenir group. This study was not powered to detect differences in clinical outcomes. This study has demonstrated no statistical difference in subsidence or patient-reported outcomes between the Corail hip stem and the more recently introduced Avenir hip stem. This result is predictable as both stems are of a triple-tapered design, are coated with hydroxyapatite, and utilize a broach-only bone preparation technique. Both stem designs demonstrate migration below 0.5mm suggesting both are low-risk for aseptic loosening in the long-term

INTRODUCTION. Lumbar total disc replacement (TDR) is an alternative treatment to avoid fusion related adverse events, specifically adjacent segment disease. New generation of elastomeric non-articulating devices have been developed to more effectively replicate the shock absorption and flexural stiffness of native disc. This study reports 5 years clinical and radiographic outcomes, range of motion and position of the center of rotation after a viscoelastic TDR. Material and methods. This prospective observational cohort study included 61 consecutive patients with monosegmental TDR. We selected patients with intermediate functional activity according to Baecke score. Hybrid constructs had been excluded. Only cases with complete clinical and radiological follow-up at 3, 6, 12, 24 and 60 months were included. Mean age at the time of surgery was 42.8 +7.7 years-old (27–60) and mean BMI was 24.2 kg/m² +3.4 (18–33). TDR level was L5-S1 in 39 cases and L4-L5 in 22 cases. The clinical evaluation was based on Visual Analog Scale (VAS) for pain, Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) score, Short Form-36 (SF36) including physical component summary (PCS) and mental component summary (MCS) and General Health Questionnaire GHQ28. The radiological outcomes were range of motion and position of the center of rotation at the index and the adjacent levels and the adjacent disc height changes. Results. There was a significant improvement in VAS (3.3±2.5 versus 6.6±1.7, p<0.001), in ODI (20±17.9 versus 51.2±14.6, p<0.001), GHQ28 (52.6±15.5 versus 64.2±15.6, p<0.001), SF 36 PCS (58.8±4.8 versus 32.4±3.4, p<0.001) and SF 36 MCS(60.7±6 versus 42.3±3.4, p<0.001). Additional surgeries were performed in 5 cases. 3 additional procedures were initially planified in the surgical program: one adjacent L3-L5 ligamentoplasty above a L5S1 TDR and two L5S1 TDR cases had additional laminectomies. Fusion at the index level was secondary performed in 2 L4L5 TDR cases but the secondary posterior fusion did not bring improvement. In the 56 remaining patients none experienced facet joint pain. One patient with sacroiliac pain needed local injections. Radiological outcomes were studied on 56 cases (exclusion of 5 cases with additional surgeries). The mean location centers of the index level and adjacent discs were comparable to those previously published in asymptomatic patients. According to the definition of Ziegler, all of our cases remained grade 0 for disc height (within 25% of normal). Discussion. The silent block design of LP-ESP provides an interesting specificity. It could be the key factor that makes the difference regarding facets problems and instability reported with other implants experimentally or clinically. Unfortunately no other comparative TDR series are available yet in the literature. Conclusion. This series reports significant improvement in mid-term follow up after TDR which is consistent with previously published studies but with a lower rate of revision surgery and no adjacent level disease pathologies. The radiographic assessment of the patients demonstrated the quality of functional reconstruction of the lumbar spine after LP ESP viscoelastic disc replacement

Aim. To examine the mid-term survival, clinical and patient reported outcomes of the silastic 1. st. metatarsophalangeal joint replacement for the treatment of end stage hallux rigidus. Methods. We reviewed 83 consecutive silastic arthroplasties performed in 79 patients for end stage hallux rigidus. There were 3 men and 76 women; mean age 63 years (range 45–78 years). No patient was lost to follow up. Average follow-up was 5.3 years (1.1–11.3 years). The EQ 5D–5L Health index, Manchester-Oxford Foot Questionnaire (MOXFQ), visual analogue scale (VAS) of pain and overall satisfaction rate (Likert scale) were collected for patient reported outcomes. Results. 2 patients required revision; 1 for early infection (2 months) and 1 for stem breakage (10 years 1 month). 5 patients reported lateral metatarsalgia, 2 patients reported neuropathic pain, 6 patients developed superficial infection which fully responded to oral antibiotics, and 1 patient developed interphalangeal joint pain. 2 patients died in the cohort. Pre-operative mean MOXFQ was 44, mean EQ5D Index was 0.564 and VAS was 6.97. At mean follow-up of 5.3 years, the mean MOXFQ was 12.7 (0–57), the mean EQ5D Index was 0.851 (−0.02–1) and the mean VAS was 1.67 (0–8). The mean range of motion was 35° (30° dorsiflexion and 5° plantarflexion). The overall satisfaction rate was 90.2%. The implant survival rate was 97.6%. Conclusions. The silastic big toe arthroplasty offers excellent clinical mid term survival and functional outcomes and could be considered as an attractive alternative to traditional fusion for end stage hallux rigidus

Introduction. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate postoperative improvement and high satisfaction rates after a surgical approach that includes arthroscopic labral repair only, in patients with borderline dysplasia, without instability. Methods. Between September 2009 and December 2011, patients less than 50 years old who underwent hip arthroscopy for symptomatic intra-articular hip disorders, with a lateral center-edge (CE) angle between 20 and 25, were included in this study. Patients with Tönnis grade 2 or greater, hip joint space narrowing, severe hip dysplasia (CE〈20), hip joint instability and Legg-Calve-Perthes disease were excluded. Patient-reported outcome scores, including the modified Harris Hip Score (mHHS), Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis index (WOMAC), and visual analog scale (VAS) for pain were obtained in all patients preoperatively and at 1, 2, and 3 years postoperatively. Results. A total of 36 patients met the criteria to be included in the study. Of these, 32 (88.8%) patients were available for follow-up. There was a significant improvement in mHHS from 67.19±7.66 to 82.69±6.95 (P<0.001), and WOMAC score from 58.90±5.77 to 77.90±6.38 (P<0.001). There was a significant improvement in VAS scores from 5.8 to 2.9 (P<0.001). There was a significant improvement in range of motion, flexion from 108.44±7.77 to 115.31±6.08 (P<0.001) and external rotation from 29.06±5.74 to 33.13±4.88 (P<0.001). Conclusions. The current study demonstrates favorable results in borderline dysplasia hip without instability at minimum 3-year follow-up for an arthroscopic approach that includes labral repair. Labrum is the main key-stone structure, which should be preserved in borderline dysplasia hip for functional and pain improvement. Also the prognosis of treatment is probably forecasted more by the nature of stability and the intra-articular pathology rather than simply the presence or absence of radiographic finding of borderline dysplasia

Introduction and Objective. Wide awake local anaesthetic no tourniquet (WALANT) is being used for a wide variety of hand and wrist surgery. It has recently been used in distal radius fracture fixation. The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to assess the effectiveness of the WALANT technique in open reduction internal fixation. Materials and Methods. Pubmed, Embase, and Scopus databases were searched on 02/03/21 with the following search terms: radius, WALANT, local anesthetic, wide awake surgery. The primary outcome measure was conversion to general anaesthetic and mean intra-operative visual analogue scale (VAS) pain scores. Secondary measures were operative times, mean intraoperative blood loss, post-operative functional and radiological outcomes. Results. 110 articles were identified; eight studies were deemed eligible with 212 in the WALANT group and 247 in the comparative groups of regional anaesthesia and general Anaesthesia (GA). Two patients in the WALANT group required conversion to general anaesthesia due to anxiety rather than pain. Intra-operative VAS pain scores in the WALANT and regional anaesthetic group were 1.75 and 2.86 respectively (p<0.001). There was no statistically significant difference in Q-DASH scores, range of motion or radiological outcomes. There was a slight increase in mean blood loss in the WALANT group compared with those given a GA or regional anaesthetic with tourniquet (22.5ml vs 12.15ml, p<0.001). Conclusions. The WALANT technique is a viable option for anaesthetic when performing distal radius fracture fixation. It is well tolerated, giving similar post-operative outcomes to other anaesthetic methods. It is a potentially useful technique in a centre with an underresourced anaesthetic department or for patients who may not tolerate regional and general anaesthetic methods. Adequate patient counselling prior to the procedure should be performed with appropriate patient selection

Purpose. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate postoperative improvement and high satisfaction rates after a surgical approach that includes arthroscopic labral repair only, in patients with borderline dysplasia, without instability. Methods. Between September 2009 and December 2011, patients less than 50 years old who underwent hip arthroscopy for symptomatic intra-articular hip disorders, with a lateral center-edge (CE) angle between 20 and 25, were included in this study. Patients with Tönnis grade 2 or greater, hip joint space narrowing, severe hip dysplasia, hip joint instability and Legg-Calve-Perthes disease were excluded. Patient-reported outcome scores, including the modified Harris Hip Score (mHHS), Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis index (WOMAC), and visual analog scale (VAS) for pain were obtained in all patients preoperatively and at 1, 2, and 3 years postoperatively. Results. A total of 36 patients met the criteria to be included in the study. Of these, 32 (88.8%) patients were available for follow-up. There was a significant improvement in mHHS from 67.19 ± 7.66 to 82.69 ± 6.95 (P<0.05), WOMAC score from 58.90 ± 5.77 to 77.90 ± 6.38 (P<0.05), and VAS scores from 5.8 ± 0.88 to 2.9 ± 0.62 (P<0.05). There was a also improvement in range of motion, flexion from 108.44 ± 7.77 to 115.31 ± 6.08 (P<0.05) and external rotation from 29.06 ± 5.74 to 33.13 ± 4.88 (P<0.05). Conclusions. The current study demonstrates favorable results in borderline dysplasia hip without instability at minimum 3-year follow-up for an arthroscopic approach that includes labral repair. Labrum is the main key-stone structure, which should be preserved in borderline dysplasia hip for functional and pain improvement

Hemi shoulder arthroplasty is a rather successful procedure although revision surgery due to secondary glenoid erosion is reported in more than 25%. The downside of common shoulder arthroplasty is that in a deltopectoral approach the subscapularis tendon needs to be detached for exposure of the humeral head. Refixation of subscapularis tendon is associated with a retear rate of 4%, furthermore with progressing fatty muscle infiltration and loss of function. In case of revision surgery a second subscapularis tendon detachment is even more associated with worse function. Thus, arthroscopic humeral head resurfacing is an expedient alternative for minimal invasive humeral head arthroplasty without compromising subscapularis function. The purpose of this study was to report first clinical and subjective results after arthroscopic-assisted resurfacing of the humeral head. For this prospective case series, 24 patients (7 females, 17 males; mean age 59 years, range 42–73 years) undergoing arthroscopic-assisted partial shoulder resurfacing with the partial eclipse prosthesis were included in the study. Clinical conditions and subjective assessments were evaluated before surgery and annually thereafter using the Constant score (CS), active range of motion (ROM), visual analog scale (VAS) for pain, and the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons scale (ASES). Radiological outcomes and major complications were monitored. The mean CS for all patients improved significantly from 51 points preoperatively to 83 points 12 months after surgery (p=0.005). Trends towards increasing ROMs were detected. Subjective scores significantly improved from baseline to the 1-year follow-up (VAS: from 6.4 to 2.5, p=0.010; ASES: from 47 to 76, p=0.026). The majority of patients (88%) stated that they would undergo the procedure again. Revisions were indicated in 17% due to progression of osteoarthritis. Arthroscopic-assisted partial humeral head resurfacing as a minimal invasive procedure with the advantages of bone stock preservation and intact subscapularis tendon allowed immediate postoperative active mobilization and provided significant improvements in subjective outcome. In case of revision surgery a primary situation was encountered with postoperative results comparable to primary arthroplasty

Aims. The aim of this study was to examine whether tourniquet use can improve perioperative blood loss, early function recovery, and pain after primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA) in the setting of multiple-dose intravenous tranexamic acid. Methods. This was a prospective, randomized clinical trial including 180 patients undergoing TKA with multiple doses of intravenous tranexamic acid. One group was treated with a tourniquet during the entire procedure, the second group received a tourniquet during cementing, and the third group did not receive a tourniquet. All patients received the same protocol of intravenous tranexamic acid (20 mg/kg) before skin incision, and three and six hours later (10 mg/kg). The primary outcome measure was perioperative blood loss. Secondary outcome measures were creatine kinase (CK), CRP, interleukin-6 (IL-6), visual analogue scale (VAS) pain score, limb swelling ratio, quadriceps strength, straight leg raising, range of motion (ROM), American Knee Society Score (KSS), and adverse events. Results. The mean total blood loss was lowest in the no-tourniquet group at 867.32 ml (SD 201.11), increased in the limited-tourniquet group at 1024.35 ml (SD 176.35), and was highest in the tourniquet group at 1,213.00 ml (SD 211.48). The hidden blood loss was lowest in the no-tourniquet group (both p < 0.001). There was less mean intraoperative blood loss in the tourniquet group (77.48 ml (SD 24.82)) than in the limited-tourniquet group (137.04 ml (SD 26.96)) and the no-tourniquet group (212.99 ml (SD 56.35); both p < 0.001). Patients in the tourniquet group showed significantly higher levels of muscle damage and inflammation biomarkers such as CK, CRP, and IL-6 than the other two groups (p < 0.05). Outcomes for VAS pain scores, limb swelling ratio, quadriceps strength, straight leg raising, ROM, and KSS were significantly better in the no-tourniquet group at three weeks postoperatively (p < 0.05), but there were no significant differences at three months. No significant differences were observed among the three groups with respect to transfusion rate, thrombotic events, or the length of hospital stay. Conclusion. Patients who underwent TKA with multiple doses of intravenous tranexamic acid but without a tourniquet presented lower total blood loss and hidden blood loss, and they showed less postoperative inflammation reaction, less muscle damage, lower VAS pain score, and better early knee function. Our results argue for not using a tourniquet during TKA. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2020;9(6):322–332

The use of spinal anesthesia with adjuvant intra-thecal opioids has been commonly used in total knee arthroplasty without documented clinical benefit. It has been associated with a potential increase in side effects, including nausea, vomiting, pruritus, urinary retention and oxygen usage. This double-blinded RCT investigated whether the addition of epimorph to spinal anesthesia in patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty resulted in superior pain control and decreased narcotic consumption without also causing an increase in postoperative complication rates. We performed a prospective double-blind trial in patients undergoing primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Patients were randomised to receive either spinal anesthesia alone or spinal anesthesia with epimorph (150 ug). All patients received infiltration of a local anesthetic cocktail intraoperatively. Both the study patients and staff measuring outcomes were blinded to the experimental treatment received during data collection. Postoperatively, visual analogue scale (VAS) for pain was recorded at 6, 12, 18, 24, 36 and 48hrs and a final value at 1 week. Narcotic use, Foley insertion, oxygen requirements, nausea, vomiting and pruritus were recorded during the course of hospitalisation. Forty-one patients were randomised into each of the spinal with epimorph and spinal alone treatment arms. The groups showed no significant differences in BMI, age, and gender distribution. In the first 12 hours postoperatively there was no difference in VAS for pain between the two groups, however there were significantly lower pain scores in the spinal alone patients at 18 hours (p=0.002), 24 hours (p=0.04) and 48 hours (p = 0.03) compared to the spinal with epimorph group. Narcotic usage was greater in the spinal group during the first 6 hours postoperatively, but beyond this time point narcotic usage was similar between the two groups. Additionally, there was a statistically significant increase in rate of complications with spinal epimorph including nausea (p=0.037) and pruritus (p=0.024). The incidence of urinary retention was greater in the spinal epimorph group, however this did not reach statistical significance. This study demonstrates no clinical benefit with the addition of intra-thecal opioids to spinal anesthetic in primary TKA. In addition to a failing to reduce VAS pain scores and overall narcotic consumption, increased complication rates were seen. For these reasons, this study does not support the use of epimorph in addition to spinal anesthesia for pain control in TKA

Aim. The present study was designed to evaluate the implantation of alginate beads containing human mature allogenic chondrocytes for the treatment of symptomatic cartilage defects in the knee. Methods. A biodegradable, alginate-based biocompatible scaffold containing human mature allogenic chondrocytes was used for the treatment of chondral and osteochondral lesions in the knee. Twenty-one patients were clinically prospectively evaluated with use of the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) and a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for pain preoperatively and at 3, 6, 9, 12, 24 and 36 months of follow-up. Results. A statistically significant clinical improvement became apparent after 6 months and patients continued to improve during the 36 months of follow-up. Adverse reactions to the alginate/fibrin matrix seeded with the allogenic cartilage cells were not observed. Two of the procedures failed. One of the patients had loosening of the periosteal flap, which was attributed to a failure of the surgical procedure. The other failure case was the result of the poor quality and quantity of the repair tissue itself. Discussion. The results of this pilot study show that the alginate-based scaffold containing human mature allogenic chondrocytes is feasible for the treatment of symptomatic cartilage defects in the knee. The described technique provides clinical outcomes equal to those of other cartilage repair techniques

Aims. Single-shot adductor canal block (ACB) after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) for postoperative analgesia is a common modality. Patients can experience breakthrough pain when the effect of ACB wears off. Local anaesthetic infusion through an intra-articular catheter (IAC) can help manage breakthrough pain after TKA. We hypothesized that combined ACB with ropivacaine infusion through IAC is associated with better pain relief compared to ACB used alone. Methods. This study was a prospective double-blinded placebo-controlled randomized controlled trial to compare the efficacy of combined ACB+ IAC-ropivacaine infusion (study group, n = 68) versus single-shot ACB+ intra-articular normal saline placebo (control group, n = 66) after primary TKA. The primary outcome was assessment of pain, using the visual analogue scale (VAS) recorded at 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours after surgery. Secondary outcomes included active knee ROM 48 hours after surgery and additional requirement of analgesia for breakthrough pain. Results. The study group (mean visual analogue scale (VAS) pain score of 5.5 (SD 0.889)) experienced significant reduction in pain 12 hours after surgery compared to the control group (mean VAS 6.62 (SD 1.356); mean difference = 1.12, 95% confidence interval (CI) -1.46 to 0.67; p < 0.001), and pain scores on postoperative day (POD) 1 and POD-2 were lower in the study group compared to the control group (mean difference in VAS pain = 1.04 (-1.39 to -0.68, 95% CI, p < 0.001). Fewer patients in the study group (0 vs 3 in the control group) required additional analgesia for breakthrough pain, but this was not statistically significant. The study group had significantly increased active knee flexion (mean flexion 86.4° (SD 7.22°)), compared to the control group (mean 73.86° (SD 7.88°), mean difference = 12.54, 95% CI 9.97 to 15.1; p < 0.014). Conclusion. Combined ACB+ ropivacaine infusion via IAC is a safe, reproducible analgesic modality after primary TKA, with superior analgesia compared to ACB alone. Further large volume trials are warranted to generate evidence on clinical significance on analgesia after TKA. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2021;2(12):1082–1088