Bone metastases from renal cell carcinoma are aggressive, osteolytic lesions that often require operative intervention for fracture prophylaxis, fracture fixation or palliation. The lesions are hypervascular and intraoperative bleeding is a serious challenge for the orthopaedic surgeon. The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of preoperative tumour embolization in reducing blood loss during operative management of renal cell carcinoma metastases to bone.

Patients were identified from a prospectively accumulated database (1996–2006). Inclusion criteria included operative management for renal cell metastasis to the pelvis or appendicular skeleton. Patients that were not embolised preoperatively due to renal insufficiency or obesity were excluded. Embolizations were performed the day of surgery by an interventional radiologist. Post-embolization runs were used to determine the percentage of blood flow reduction to the tumour. Variables analyzed included patient age, gender, location of tumour, surgical procedure, surgical time, number of units of packed red blood cells (PRBC) transfused, estimated intraoperative blood loss (EBL) and percentage embolised according to the post-embolization run. Student’s t-test was used to determine the effects of percentage embolization on EBL and number of units of transfused PRBCs.

Thirty-five cases (twenty-eight patients) met the inclusion criteria. There were twenty males and eight females with an average age of sixty-five years (range, forty-three to eighty-nine years). The most common metastatic sites were the femur (nineteen cases), humerus (seven cases) and pelvis (six cases). There were ten cases of intramedullary nailing and twenty-five cases of tumor resection and reconstruction. Average surgical time was 4.5 hours (range, 0.75–10 hours) and average EBL was 1.5 litres (range, 0.25–12 litres). Embolization that successfully blocked at least 75% of the blood flow to the tumour significantly decreased surgical EBL (3.2 vs 0.6 litres, P< 0.05) and units of PRBCs transfused (5.6 vs 1.9, P=0.05) compared to those that did not. Two embolization-associated complications occurred including one case of toe gangrene and one case of muscle ischemia.

Preoperative embolization significantly reduces blood loss and red blood cell transfusions resulting from surgical stabilization of renal cell metastases to bone. Close communication between the orthopaedic surgeon and interventional radiologist is imperative to maximise these benefits.

Giant cell tumor (GCT) of bone is an osteolytic tumor that is locally aggressive and potentially metastatic. The pathogenesis of GCT is poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to harvest and culture primary cell lines from clinical specimens of GCT of bone and identify specific bone degradation proteases (matrix metalloproteinases: MMP-2, MMP-9) produced by the neoplastic stromal cells in vitro.

With approval by the McMaster University Biohazards and Ethics Review Boards, we acquired consent from five patients with GCT of bone, and harvested specimens intraoperatively. The specimens were chopped in DMEM containing 10% Fetal Bovine Serum, 2 mM L-glutamine, 100 U/ml penicillin and 100 mg/ml streptomycin. The cell suspensions were incubated at thirty-seven degrees (5% CO2 and 95% air) and cultivated. The cells were grown to confluence and taken through several passages until only proliferative cells were present. Immunocytochemistry with TRAP (Tartrate Resistant Acid Phosphatase) was used to confirm the stem cell origin of the propagative cells. Protein electrophoresis with embedded gelatin was used for detecting protease activity (MMP-2, MMP-9) on cell lysates and medium. P-aminophenyl mercuric acetate (APMA) was used to activate and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) was used to block MMP-2 and MMP-9 activity. Our controls included serum free media, Human Osteosarcoma and Fibroblast cell lines.

Immunocytochemistry with TRAP confirmed that our propagative cells were not hematopoietic in origin but rather mesenchymal. Protein electrophoresis on cell lysates and medium identified the protease activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9 with lytic bands at appropriate molecular weights. APMA activated MMP-2 more than MMP-9, as indicated by increased relative density of bands. EDTA blocked the activity of both MMPs.

Our study confirmed the ability to cultivate the neoplastic stromal cells of GCT of bone from clinical specimens. Protein electrophoresis showed that activated MMP-2 and MMP-9 are secreted from the neoplastic stromal cells in vitro, suggesting a role for the tumor cells in bone destruction. These results are intriguing, as novel therapies in specific MMP inhibitors are currently underway for numerous disease processes.

Purpose: To determine predictive factors for alloge-neic blood transfusion to aid in development of blood conservation strategies for the Hamilton arthroplasty population

Methods: A prospectively collected, retrospective study of 828 patients, who did not donate blood, treated with either primary total knee or total hip arthroplasty from 1998 to 2002 at Hamilton Henderson Hospital was carried out. A univariate analysis was performed to establish the relationship between all independent variables and the need for postoperative transfusion. Variables that were determined to have a significant relationship were included in a multivariate analysis

Results: The univariate analysis revealed a significant relationship between the need for postoperative blood transfusion and preoperative hemoglobin levels (p=0.000), age (P=0.000), and gender (P=0.005). However, the multivariate analysis only revealed significant relationship between the need for transfusion and pre-operative hemoglobin (P=0.000) and age (P=0.014). Patients with preoperative hemoglobin of > 150 g/L had a 10% risk of transfusion. Patients with preoperative hemoglobin of 141–150 g/L has 2.5 times greater risk, 131–140 g/L 4 times greater risk, 121–130 g/L 6 times greater risk, and < 120 25 times greater risk than patients with preoperative hemoglobin > 150 g/L.

Conclusions: The preoperative hemoglobin level and age were shown to predict the need for blood transfusion after total joint arthroplasty. These results of this will help to create guidelines for the Blood Conservation Program in HHSC.

Purpose: To determine the surgical and functional outcome of an anatomically based approach to hip reconstruction for metastatic bone disease.

Methods: Records of 123 consecutive patients who underwent hip arthroplasty for metastatic bone disease were reviewed. Sixty one patients (63 hips) had pelvic involvement that required periacetabular reconstruction. Sixty two patients (64 hips) had proximal femoral involvement but no acetabular disease. Operative technique was guided by the extent of column and dome disease in addition to the extent of involvement of the femur. Demographic variables, functional data (ECOG scores) and survival data were analyzed.

Results: : The cohort included 94 females and 29 males, mean age 62 years (range, 39–85). Breast, lung and kidney were the most common primary sites. The average time from initial primary diagnosis to surgery was 42 months. The average time from initial primary diagnosis to surgery was significantly longer for those with breast cancer compared to those with other primary sites (65 vs. 21 months, P< 0.001). Average blood loss was 788 ml (range, 200–3800 ml) and average operative time was 2.3 hours (range, 2–6 hours). There were three perioperative deaths. Functional scores improved from an average of 2.7 preoperatively to 1.4 postoperatively (P< 0.05). Two patients required closed reduction, two required open trochanteric repair and one required ace-tabular revision. Median survival time was 15 months (range, 0–172 months). Patients with breast cancer enjoyed longer survival compared to patients with other primaries (21 vs. 9 months, P=0.02).

Conclusions: Despite the moderate risk of operative complications, an anatomically based approach to reconstruction of metastatic hip disease is effective in improving functional outcome and quality of life in many patients.

Introduction and Aims: Although cortical hypertrophy (CH) in total hip arthroplasty (THA) has been associated with thigh pain and loose femoral stems, its presence has been variable in the literature, and it is an implant-specific phenomenon. The relationship of bony change to clinical outcome has not previously been examined in ceramic THA.

Method: Hardened-bearing surfaces such as ceramics have the potential for altered patterns of force transmission into the femoral stem-bone interface, and as such could lead to altered bone remodelling. We investigate here the incidence and magnitude of CH at the Gruen zones, about the femoral stem of THA utilising ceramic-on-ceramic bearing surfaces without (n=36) or with (n=4) cement, and metal-polyethylene bearing surfaces without (n=40) or with (n=40) cement. Using multifactorial analysis, we examined the relationship of implant alignment, Harris and Oxford hip scores, and bone remodelling parameters.

Results: In this study of 120 patients, the hip scores and x-rays are examined in the first year after total hip arthroplasty (THA), in order to evaluate bone remodelling in relation to clinical outcomes. Ceramics had the highest incidence (25%) and mean size (1.5 mm) of CH, followed by metal-polyethylene (17%, < 1 mm). No cemented implants exhibited CH. There was no significant relationship of bone remodelling to one-year hip scores, although there were significantly reduced pain scores in cases that exhibited endosteal remodelling at one year. CH in ceramic hips appears to be a mechanical phenomenon that is not associated with pain, varus drift, subsidence, or altered clinical outcome. Cement may buffer the stresses seen by the femur, and hence the stimulus for CH appears to be simply mechanical, and is increased with hardened-bearing surfaces.

Conclusion: CH was more common in ceramic THA than metal-polyethylene, but was not associated with increased thigh pain or altered function. CH did not occur when cement was used, and as such we argue for a mechanical origin of the phenomenon, via altered load transmission into the femur through hardened-bearing surfaces.