INTRODUCTION

Standing spinal alignment has been the center of focus recently, particularly in the setting of adult spinal deformity. Humans spend approximately half of their waking life in a seated position. While lumbopelvic sagittal alignment has been shown to adapt from standing to sitting posture, segmental vertebral alignment of the entire spine is not yet fully understood, nor are the effects of DEGEN or DEFORMITY. Segmental spinal alignment between sitting and standing, and the effects of degeneration and deformity were analyzed.

Introduction

Hip osteoarthritis (OA) results in reduced hip range of motion and contracture, affecting sitting and standing posture. Spinal pathology such as fusion or deformity may alter the ability to compensate for reduced joint mobility in sitting and standing postures. The effects of postural spinal alignment change between sitting and standing is not well understood.

Introduction: Mechanical complications following lumbar fixation are due to the combination of various factors related to morphology, pathology, and surgery. The aim of this study was to provide a patient-specific Finite Element Model of the lumbar spine for the simulation of surgical strategies, and to use it as a predictive tool aiming to detect and reduce preoperatively the risks of mechanical complications.

Materials & Methods: A pre-existing 3D personalized FEM of the lumbar spine was used. Posterior implants and main degenerative pathologies were also modelled.

After in vitro validation based on 24 specimens and 4 different instrumentations, the model was used to simulate real cases. Applied loads were based on patient characteristics (weight, imbalance). Simulation results included mechanical stresses in the discs and within the implants.

Clinical consistency of the simulations was tested through the gathering of clinical data for 66 patients instrumented with lumbo-sacral rigid screw-rod systems. Two subsets were considered: “mechanical successes” (53), and “mechanical failures” (13, including 11 screw breakage and 2 screw loosening). Blind comparison was then performed between these observed clinical outcomes and numerical simulations results.

Results & Discussion: Among the 66 patients, simulation results highlighted specific behaviours for 9 patients for which mechanical loads on implants were significantly higher. All of these 9 patients were actual “mechanical failures”. None of the actual “mechanical successes” were associated with “abnormal” simulation results.

Conclusion: This is the first time finite element simulations helped predicting 9 failures out of 13 observed among a total of 66 patients. This is a promising step towards the possibility to use FEM as a clinically relevant simulation tool for surgery planning.

Analysis of balance is emerging as an important parameter in spinal deformity. Force plate technology permits a quantitative study of balance through centre of pressure (COP) measurement. COP measurements obtained from the force plate approximate the projected centre of gravity. In a standing subject the COP reflects the projected centre of gravity however repeatability and reliability of such analysis is lacking.

COP measurements were obtained from eight asymptomatic volunteers (mean age 32) with no history of back pain or previous spinal surgery. Each subject stood on a Zebris force plate platform for 30 seconds daily. 15 sets of data were acquired for each subject. For one subject, an additional 15 sets of data were collected on one day for comparison to the longitudinal data.

Intra- versus inter-subject reliability analysis revealed a Cronbach’s alpha value > 0.9 for the following COP movement parameters: distance travelled over 30 seconds, distance travelled in the first and last five seconds, and average speed. Comparison of the mean intra- versus inter-subject coefficients of variation revealed significant differences for all parameters (p< 0.004).

COP movement parameters are reliable in terms of intra-subject repeatability and can detect significant individual subject movement patterns. This suggests that COP movement patterns over time are idiosyncratic for each individual. While the repeatability of COP measurement has been established, the sensitivity to change with pathology and in response to treatment for spinal pathology remains to be evaluated.

Précis: Using full length x-rays and force plate technology, the purpose was first to investigate the relationship between the gravity line and spino-pelvic parameters on asymptomatic adult volunteers and then to analyse age related changes. Trunk inclination and pelvic parameters appears as the two key-factors of the GL location; with age the GL location regarding the heels does not change but trunk global inclination shifts forward, pelvic tilt increases, and the pelvis shifts toward the heels.

Introduction: Although work by several authors has placed emphasis on global balance in the setting of spinal deformity, the relationship of spino-pelvic parameters related to this concept remains poorly defined. Using the force plate device and radiographic measurement, this study aimed to define the relationship between these parameters and the location of the gravity line (GL) in asymptomatic adult population.

Materials and Methods: 75 asymptomatic adult volunteers were recruited and subdivided by age (18–40, 41–60, > 61). Full-length free-standing AP and lateral radiographs were obtained with simultaneous assessment of the force plate gravity line (GL) location. The latter was projected on each x-ray to compute distance between anatomical components and GL and correlate its location with radiological parameters. Age related changes were investigated using ANOVA with Bonfer-roni-Dunn Post-Hoc test.

Results: Radiographic measurements revealed strong correlations between trunk global inclination and distance from S1 to the GL (r=0.7), sacral slope and pelvic incidence (r=0.78), distance from the bi-femoral head axis to the GL and S1 to the GL (r=0.73), and sacral slope and lordosis (r=0.89). With advancing age, the GL location with respect to the heels does not change and a global spino-pelvic regulatory mechanism appears to maintain this posture: trunk global inclination shifts forward, pelvic tilt increases, and the pelvis shifts toward the heels, increasing its distance from the GL.

Discussion: his study demonstrates the importance of pelvic parameters and trunk inclination in the regulation of the GL location. The relationship between the gravity line, pelvic parameters, and overall spinal alignment may emerge as essential in the evaluation of spinal deformity. Further investigation in this field may lead to a formula of balance that can assist in optimal planning of corrective procedures for spinal deformity.

Précis: Gravity Line (GL) measurement by forceplate offers key information on standing balance. In this study x-ray measurements and GL offsets were calculated in two adult: volunteer controls, sagittal plane deformity patients. The deformity group revealed significant pelvic retroversion and posterior sacral displacement regarding GL and heels. However, GL-heel and GL-femoral head offsets were similar indicating that sagittal plane deformity may induce posterior pelvic translation and retroversion in order to maintain an inherent ideal/fixed GL-heel relationship.

Introduction: Sagittal spinal imbalance in the adult remains poorly understood and challenging. Limitations of radiographic analysis have lead researchers to apply forceplate technology to enhance the study of spinal balance through evaluation of the gravity line (GL). The aim of this study was to investigate differences between asymptomatic adults and patients with sagittal spinal deformities, with a hypothesis that imbalance would lead to changes in the GL – spinal relationship.

Material and Method: This prospective study included 44 asymptomatic subjects (mean 57yo) and 40 patients with sagittal deformities (mean 65yo, inclusion criteria: L1-S1 lordosis< 258, Pelvic Tilt> 208, C7 plumbline> 5 cm). Coronal plane deformities were excluded. Full-length free-standing sagittal radiographs were obtained with simultaneous acquisition of the GL and heel position (by forceplate). Spino-pelvic radiographic parameters were calculated and distances (offsets) from the GL analysed. Group differences were evaluated by independent sample t-tests.

Results: Groups did not differ in age, thoracic kyphosis, offsets from femoral heads to heels, femoral heads to GL, and GL to heels. As per inclusion criteria the sagittal deformity group had greater mean C7 plumbline (8cm vs 0cm), increased pelvic tilt (27° vs 13°) and loss of lordosis (46° vs 58°). The sagittal deformity group also had greater pelvic incidence (60° vs 51°), anterior trunk inclination (−3° vs −11°), S1 displacement toward the heels (distance decreased, 87 vs. 46mm). All differences p< 0.001.

Discussion: The sagittal spinal deformity group revealed marked differences; the sacrum has a more posterior position in relation to the GL and heels. However, the GL to femoral head offset was not markedly influenced. The additional finding of no change in the GL to heel offset and rather fixed GL-femoral head offset appears to indicate that sagittal spinal deformity induces a posterior sacral translation and pelvic retroversion in order to maintain a fixed GL-heel relationship.