Aims. This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the in vivo ankle kinetic alterations in patients with concomitant chronic ankle instability (CAI) and osteochondral lesion of the talus (OLT), which may offer opportunities for clinician intervention in treatment and rehabilitation. Methods. A total of 16 subjects with CAI (eight without OLT and eight with OLT) and eight healthy subjects underwent gait analysis in a stair descent setting. Inverse dynamic analysis was applied to ground reaction forces and marker trajectories using the AnyBody Modeling System. One-dimensional statistical parametric mapping was performed to compare ankle joint reaction force and joint moment curve among groups. Results. The patients with OLT showed significantly increased dorsiflexion moment in the ankle joint compared with healthy subjects during 38.2% to 40.9% of the gait cycle, and increased eversion moment in the ankle joint compared with patients without OLT during 25.5% to 27.6% of the gait cycle. Compared with healthy subjects, the patients with OLT showed increased anterior force during 42% to 43% of the gait cycle, and maximal medial force (p = 0.005, ηp2 = 0.399). Conclusion. The patients with concomitant CAI and OLT exhibit increased dorsiflexion and eversion moment, as well as increased anterior and medial ankle joint reaction force during stair descent, compared with patients with CAI but without OLT and healthy subjects, respectively. Thus, a rehabilitative regimen targeting excessive ankle dorsiflexion and eversion moment may help to reduce ankle joint loading. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2024;13(12):716–724

The December 2024 Foot & Ankle Roundup³⁶⁰ looks at: Tibiotalar sector and lateral ankle instability; Isolated subtalar fusion and correction of progressive collapsing foot deformity; Diabetic control and postoperative complications following ankle fracture fixation; Are insoles of any benefit for plantar fasciitis?; Postoperative foot shape and patient-reported outcome following surgery for progressing collapsing foot deformity; Calcaneo-stop procedure for symptomatic flexible flatfoot in children.

Background. Lateral ankle instability is a common problem, but the precise role of the lateral ankle structures has not been accurately investigated. This study aimed to accurately investigate lateral ankle complex stability for the first time using a novel robotic testing platform. Method. A six degrees of freedom robot manipulator and a universal force/torque sensor were used to test 10 foot and ankle specimens. The system automatically defined the path of unloaded plantar/dorsi flexion. At four flexion angles: 20° dorsiflexion, neutral flexion, 20° and 40° of plantarflexion; anterior-posterior (90N), internal-external (5Nm) and inversion-eversion (8Nm) laxity were tested. The motion of the intact ankle was recorded first and then replayed following transection of the lateral retinaculum, Anterior Talofibular Ligament (ATFL) and Calcaneofibular Ligament (CFL). The decrease in force/torque reflected the contribution of the structure to restraining laxity. Data were analysed using repeated measures of variance and paired t-tests. Results. The ATFL was the primary restraint to anterior drawer (P< 0.01) and the CFL the primary restraint to inversion throughout range (P< 0.04), but with increased plantarflexion the ATFL's contribution increased. The ATFL had a significant role in resisting tibial external rotation, particularly at higher levels of plantarflexion, contributing 63% at 40° (P< 0.01). The CFL provided the greatest resistance to external tibial rotation, 22% at 40° plantarflexion (P< 0.01). The extensor retinaculum and skin did not offer significant restraint in any direction tested. Conclusion. This study shows accurately for the first time the significant role the ATFL and CFL have in rotational ankle stability. This significant loss in rotational stability may have implications in the aetiology of osteophyte formation and early degenerative changes in patients with chronic ankle instability. This is the first time the role of the lateral ankle complex has been quantified using a robotic testing platform

Aims

Osteochondral lesions of the talus (OLT) are a common cause of disability and chronic ankle pain. Many operative treatment strategies have been introduced; however, they have their own disadvantages. Recently lesion repair using autologous cartilage chip has emerged therefore we investigated the efficacy of particulated autologous cartilage transplantation (PACT) in OLT.

Introduction. Chronic ankle instability is a common condition that can be effectively treated with arthroscopic lateral ankle ligament reconstruction to restore ankle stability and function. The aim of this study was to assess the functional outcomes of arthroscopic lateral ligament reconstruction using the MOXFQ, VAS, and EQ5D patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs). Methods. This prospective series included 38 patients who underwent arthroscopic lateral ligament reconstruction for chronic ankle instability between December 2019 and April 2022. All patients completed the MOXFQ, VAS, and EQ5D PROMs preoperatively, as well as at6, and 12 months postoperatively. The MOXFQ is a disease-specific PROM that assesses foot and ankle function, while the VAS measures pain and the EQ5D evaluates health-related quality of life. Results. At the 12-month follow-up, the mean MOXFQ Index score had improved significantly from 53.3 ± 23.1 preoperatively to 16.0 ±21.1 (p < 0.001). Similarly, the mean VAS score had improved from 36.2 ± 22.4 preoperatively to 14.7 ± 15.0 (p < 0.001), and the meanEQ5D score had improved from 0.55 ± 0.26 preoperatively to 0.87 ± 0.12 (p < 0.001). No major complications were observed. Conclusion. Arthroscopic lateral ligament reconstruction is an effective treatment for chronic ankle instability, with significant improvements in clinical and health-related quality of life outcomes

Abstract. The lateral ligaments of the ankle composed of the anterior talofibular (ATFL), calcaneofibular (CFL) and posterior talofibular ligaments (PTFL), are amongst the most commonly injured ligaments of the human body. Although treatment methods have been explored exhaustively, healing outcomes remain poor with high rates of re-injury, chronic ankle instability and pain persisting. The introduction and application of tissue engineering methods may target poor healing outcomes and eliminate long-term complications, improving the overall quality of life of affected individuals. For any surgical procedure or tissue-engineered replacement to be successful, a comprehensive understanding of the complete anatomy of the native structure is essential. Knowledge of the dimensions of ligament footprints is vitally important for surgeons as it guides the placement of bone tunnels during repair. It is also imperative in tissue-engineered design as the creation of a successful replacement relies on a thorough understanding of the native anatomy and microanatomical structure. Several studies explore techniques to describe ligament footprints around the body, with limited studies describing in-depth footprint dimensions of the ATFL, CFL and PTFL. Techniques currently used to measure ligament footprints are complex and require resources which may not be readily available, therefore a new methodology may prove beneficial. Objectives. This study explores the application of a novel technique to assess the footprint of ankle ligaments through a straightforward inking method. This method aims to enhance surgical technique and contribute to the development of a tissue-engineered analogue based on real anatomical morphometric data. Methods. Cadaveric dissection of the ATFL, CFL and PTFL was performed on 12 unpaired fresh frozen ankles adhering to regulations of the Human Tissue (Scotland) Act. The ankle complex with attaching ligaments was immersed in methylene blue. Dissection of the proximal and distal entheses of each ligament was carried out to reveal the unstained ligament footprint. Images of each ligament footprint were taken, and the area, length and width of each footprint were assessed digitally. Results. The collective area of the proximal entheses of the ATFL, CFL and PTFL measures 142.11 ± 12.41mm2. The mean areas of the superior (SB) and inferior band (IB) of the distal enthesis of the ATFL measured 41.72 ± 5.01mm2 and 26.66 ± 3.12mm2 respectively. The footprint of the distal enthesis of the CFL measured 146.07 ± 14.05mm2, while the footprint of the distal PTFL measured 126.26 ± 8.88mm2. The proximal footprint of the ATFL, CFL and PTFL measured 11.06 ± 0.69mm, 7.87 ± 0.43mm and 10.52 ± 0.63mm in length and 8.66 ± 0.50mm, 9.10 ± 0.92mm and 14.41 ± 1.30mm in width on average. The distal footprint of the ATFL (SB), ATFL (IB), CFL and PTFL measured 10.92 ± 0.81 mm, 8.46 ± 0.46mm, 13.98 ± 0.93mm and 11.25 ± 0.95mm in length and 7.76 ± 0.59mm, 7.51 ± 0.64mm, 18.98 ± 1.15mm and 24.80 ± 1.25mm in width on average. Conclusions. This methodology provides an effective approach in the identification of the footprint of the lateral ligaments of the ankle to enhance surgical precision and accuracy in tissue-engineered design. Declaration of Interest. (b) declare that there is no conflict of interest that could be perceived as prejudicing the impartiality of the research reported:I declare that there is no conflict of interest that could be perceived as prejudicing the impartiality of the research project

The June 2023 Foot & Ankle Roundup³⁶⁰ looks at: Nail versus plate fixation for ankle fractures; Outcomes of first ray amputation in diabetic patients; Vascular calcification on plain radiographs of the ankle to diagnose diabetes mellitus; Elderly patients with ankle fracture: the case for early weight-bearing; Active treatment for Frieberg’s disease: does it work?; Survival of ankle arthroplasty; Complications following ankle arthroscopy.

Ligament integrity is directly associated with ankle stability. Nearly 40% of ankle sprains result in chronic ankle instability, affecting biomechanics and potentially causing osteoarthritis. Ligament replacement could restore stability and avoid this degenerative pathway, but a greater understanding of ankle ligament behaviour is required. Additionally, autograft or allograft use is limited by donor-site morbidity and inflammatory responses respectively. Decellularised porcine grafts could address this, by removing cellular material to prevent acute immune responses, while preserving mechanical properties. This project will characterise commonly injured ankle ligaments and damage mechanisms, identify ligament reconstruction requirements, and investigate the potential of decellularised porcine grafts as a replacement material. Several porcine tendons were evaluated to identify suitable candidates for decellularisation. The viscoelastic properties of native tissues were assessed using dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), followed by ramp to ‘sub-rupture’ at 1% strain/s, and further DMA. Multiple samples (n=5) were taken along the graft to assess variation along the tendon. When identifying suitable porcine tendons, a lack of literature on human ankle ligaments was identified. Inconsistencies in measurement methods and properties reported makes comparison between studies difficult. Preliminary testing on porcine tendons suggested there is little variation in viscoelastic properties along the length of tendon. Testing also suggested strain rates of 1%/s sub-rupture was not large enough to affect viscoelastic properties (no changes in storage or loss moduli or tanẟ). Further testing is underway to improve upon low initial sample numbers and confirm these results, with varying strain rates to identify suitable sub-rupture sprain conditions. This work highlights need for new data on human ankle ligaments to address knowledge gaps and identify suitable replacement materials. Future work will generate this data and decellularise porcine tendons of similar dimensions. Collagen damage will be investigated using histology and lightsheet microscopy, and viscoelastic changes through DMA

Chronic lateral ankle instability (CLAI) is treated operatively, whereas acute ligament injury is usually treated nonoperatively. Such treatments have been widely validated. Apoptosis is known to cause ligament degeneration; however, few reports have focused on the possible role of apoptosis in degeneration of ruptured lateral ankle ligaments. The aim of our study is to elucidate the apoptosis that occurs within anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL) to further validate current CLAI treatments by adducing molecular and cellular evidence. Between March 2019 and February 2021, 50 patients were prospectively enrolled in this study. Ruptured ATFL tissues were collected from 21 CLAI patients (group C) and 17 acute ankle fracture patients (group A). Apoptotic cells were counted using the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end-labeling (TUNEL) assay. Western blotting for caspases 3, 7, 8, and 9 and cytochrome c, was performed to explore intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect caspases 3, 7, 8, and 9 and cytochrome c, in ligament vessel endothelial cells. More apoptotic cells were observed in group C than group A in TUNEL assay. Western blotting revealed that the apoptotic activities of group C ligaments were significantly higher than those of group A (all p < 0.001). Immunohistochemistry revealed increased expression of caspases 3, 7, 8, and 9, and cytochrome c, in group C compared to group A. The ATFL apoptotic activities of CLAI patients were significantly higher than those of acute ankle fracture patients, as revealed biochemically and histologically. Our data further validate current CLAI treatments from a molecular and cellular perspective. Efforts should be made to reverse or prevent ATFL apoptosis in CLAI patients

Aims

Orthopaedic surgery requires grafts with sufficient mechanical strength. For this purpose, decellularized tissue is an available option that lacks the complications of autologous tissue. However, it is not widely used in orthopaedic surgeries. This study investigated clinical trials of the use of decellularized tissue grafts in orthopaedic surgery.

Aims

This systematic review aimed to summarize the full range of complications reported following ankle arthroscopy and the frequency at which they occur.

The February 2023 Foot & Ankle Roundup³⁶⁰ looks at: Joint inflammatory response in ankle and pilon fractures; Tibiotalocalcaneal fusion with a custom cage; Topical application of tranexamic acid can reduce blood loss in calcaneal fractures; Risk factors for failure of total ankle arthroplasty; Pain catastrophizing: the same as pain forecasting?.

Evaluating musculoskeletal conditions of the lower limb and understanding the pathophysiology of complex bone kinematics is challenging. Static images do not take into account the dynamic component of relative bone motion and muscle activation. Fluoroscopy and dynamic MRI have important limitations. Dynamic CT (4D-CT) is an emerging alternative that combines high spatial and temporal resolution, with an increased availability in clinical practice. 4D-CT allows simultaneous visualization of bone morphology and joint kinematics. This unique combination makes it an ideal tool to evaluate functional disorders of the musculoskeletal system. In the lower limb, 4D-CT has been used to diagnose femoroacetabular impingement, patellofemoral, ankle and subtalar joint instability, or reduced range of motion. 4D-CT has also been used to demonstrate the effect of surgery, mainly on patellar instability. 4D-CT will need further research and validation before it can be widely used in clinical practice. We believe, however, it is here to stay, and will become a reference in the diagnosis of lower limb conditions and the evaluation of treatment options.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2021;103-B(5):822–827.

Purpose. To evaluate the clinical results of arthroscopic repair and open Ahlgren Larsson method in patients with chronic lateral ankle instability. Methods. We retrospectively evaluated 87 patients who were operated in our clinic between 2010 and 2018 with the diagnosis of chronic lateral ankle instability. 16 patients with osteochondral lesion, 5 patients with rheumatoid arthritis, 4 patients with ankle fractures of the same side, 2 patients with a history of active or previous malignancy were excluded. Preoperative and postoperative clinical evaluations were performed with AOFAS ankle-hindfoot score, FAOS and VAS scores. Results. Sixty patients with chronic lateral ankle instability were evaluated. 28 patients, treated with Ahlgren-Larsson method and 32 patients, treated with arthroscopic repair. 36 of the patients were female and 24 were male; the mean age of the arthroscopy group was 44 ± 9; the mean age of the open surgery group was 46 ± 11. There was no significant difference between the groups in terms of demographic features (age, sex, VKI). Postoperative clinical improvement was observed in both groups. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups in terms of functionality. However, there was a statistically significant difference in pain and satisfaction of VAS in favor of arthroscopy group. Conclusions. Ahlgren-Larsson method and arthroscopic repair technique are safe and effective for chronic lateral ankle instability. Arthroscopic technique may be preferred for pain and patient satisfaction as it is less invasive and less morbid