Lisfranc injuries were previously described as fracture-dislocations of the tarsometatarsal joints. With advancements in modern imaging, subtle Lisfranc injuries are now more frequently recognized, revealing that their true incidence is much higher than previously thought. Injury patterns can vary widely in severity and anatomy. Early diagnosis and treatment are essential to achieve good outcomes. The original classification systems were anatomy-based, and limited as tools for guiding treatment. The current review, using the best available evidence, instead introduces a stability-based classification system, with weightbearing radiographs and CT serving as key diagnostic tools. Stable injuries generally have good outcomes with nonoperative management, most reliably treated with immobilization and non-weightbearing for six weeks. Displaced or comminuted injuries require surgical intervention, with open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) being the most common approach, with a consensus towards bridge plating. While ORIF generally achieves satisfactory results, its effectiveness can vary, particularly in high-energy injuries. Primary arthrodesis remains niche for the treatment of acute injuries, but may offer benefits such as lower rates of post-traumatic arthritis and hardware removal. Novel fixation techniques, including suture button fixation, aim to provide flexible stabilization, which theoretically could improve midfoot biomechanics and reduce complications. Early findings suggest promising functional outcomes, but further studies are required to validate this method compared with established techniques. Future research should focus on refining stability-based classification systems, validation of weightbearing CT, improving rehabilitation protocols, and optimizing surgical techniques for various injury patterns to ultimately enhance patient outcomes. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2024;106-B(12):1431–1442

The February 2024 Trauma Roundup³⁶⁰ looks at: Posterior malleolus fractures: what about medium-sized fragments?; Acute or delayed total hip arthroplasty after acetabular fracture fixation?; Intrawound antibiotics reduce the risk of deep infections in fracture fixation; Does the VANCO trial represent real world patients?; Can a restrictive transfusion protocol be effective beyond initial resuscitation?; What risk factors result in avascular necrosis of the talus?; Pre-existing anxiety and mood disorders have a role to play in complex regional pain syndrome; Three- and four-part proximal humeral fractures at ten years.

The April 2023 Trauma Roundup³⁶⁰ looks at: Displaced femoral neck fractures in patients aged 55 to 70 years: internal fixation or total hip arthroplasty?; Tibial plateau fractures: continuous passive motion approves range of motion; Lisfranc fractures: to fuse or not to fuse, that is the question; Is hardware removal after clavicle fracture plate fixation beneficial?; Fixation to coverage in Grade IIIB open fractures – what’s the time window?; Nonoperative versus locking plate fixation in the proximal humerus; Retrograde knee nailing or lateral plate for distal femur fractures?

The Lisfranc fracture dislocation of the tarsometatarsal joint (TMTJ) is a complex injury with a reported incidence of 9.2 to 14/100,000 person-years. Lisfranc fixation involves dorsal bridge plating, transarticular screws, combination or primary arthrodesis. We aimed to identify predictors of poor patient reported outcome measures at long term follow up after operative intervention. 127 patients underwent Lisfranc fixation at our Level One Trauma Centre between November 2007 and July 2013. At mean follow-up of 10.7 years (8.0-13.9), 85 patients (66.92%) were successfully contacted. Epidemiological data including age, gender and mechanism of injury and fracture characteristics such as number of columns injured, direction of subluxation/dislocation and classification based on those proposed by Hardcastle and Lau were recorded. Descriptive analysis was performed to compare our primary outcomes (AOFAS and FFI scores). Univariate analysis and multivariate regression analysis was done adjusted for age and sex to compare the entirety of our data set. P<0.05 was considered significant. The primary outcomes were the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) Midfoot Score and the Foot Function Index (FFI). The number of columns involved in the injury best predicts functional outcomes (FFI, P <0.05, AOFAS, P<0.05) with more columns involved resulting in poorer outcomes. Functional outcomes were not significantly associated with any of the fixation groups (FFI, P = 0.21, AOFAS, P = 0.14). Injury type by Myerson classification systems (FFI, P = 0.17, AOFAS, P = 0.58) or open versus closed status (FFI, P = 0.29, AOFAS, P = 0.20) was also not significantly associated with any fixation group. We concluded that 10 years post-surgery, patients generally had a good functional outcome with minimal complications. Prognosis of functional outcomes is based on number of columns involved and injured. Sagittal plane disruption, mechanism and fracture type does not seem to make a difference in outcomes

Aims

Revision rates for ankle arthroplasties are higher than hip or knee arthroplasties. When a total ankle arthroplasty (TAA) fails, it can either undergo revision to another ankle replacement, revision of the TAA to ankle arthrodesis (fusion), or amputation. Currently there is a paucity of literature on the outcomes of these revisions. The aim of this meta-analysis is to assess the outcomes of revision TAA with respect to surgery type, functional outcomes, and reoperations.

Aim. Reconstruction of composite soft-tissue defects with extensor apparatus deficiency in patients with periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) of the knee is challenging. We present a single-centre multidisciplinary orthoplastic treatment concept based on a retrospective outcome analysis over 20 years. Method. One-hundred sixty-seven patients had PJI after total knee arthroplasty. Plastic surgical reconstruction of a concomitant perigenicular soft-tissue defect was indicated in 49 patients. Of these, seven presented with extensor apparatus deficiency. Results. One patient underwent primary arthrodesis and six patients underwent autologous reconstruction of the extensor apparatus. The principle to reconstruct missing tissue ‘like with like’ was thereby favoured: Two patients with a wide soft-tissue defect received a free anterolateral thigh flap with fascia lata; one patient with a smaller soft-tissue defect received a free sensate, extended lateral arm flap with triceps tendon; and three patients received a pedicled medial sural artery perforator gastrocnemius flap, of which one with Achilles tendon. Despite good functional results 1 year later, long-term follow-up revealed that two patients had to undergo knee arthrodesis because of recurrent infection and one patient was lost to follow-up. In parts, results have been published under doi: 10.7150/jbji.47018. Conclusions. A treatment concept and its rationale, based on a single-centre experience, is presented. It differentiates between various types of soft-tissue defects and shows reconstructive options following the concept to reconstruct ‘like with like’. Despite good results 1 year postoperatively, PJI of the knee with extensor apparatus deficiency remains a dreaded combination with a poor long-term outcome

Aims. This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to compare open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) with primary arthrodesis (PA) in the treatment of Lisfranc injuries, regarding patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs), and risk of secondary surgery. The aim was to conclusively determine the best available treatment based on the most complete and recent evidence available. Methods. A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Cochrane Controlled Register of Trials (CENTRAL), EMBASE, CINAHL, PEDro, and SPORTDiscus. Additionally, ongoing trial registers and reference lists of included articles were screened. Risk of bias (RoB) and level of evidence were assessed using the Cochrane risk of bias tools and the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) tool. The random and fixed-effect models were used for the statistical analysis. Results. A total of 20 studies were selected for this review, of which 12 were comparative studies fit for meta-analysis, including three randomized controlled trials (RCTs). This resulted in a total analyzed population of 392 patients treated with ORIF and 249 patients treated with PA. The mean differences between the two groups in American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS), VAS, and SF-36 scores were -7.41 (95% confidence interval (CI) -13.31 to -1.51), 0.77 (95% CI -0.85 to 2.39), and -1.20 (95% CI -3.86 to 1.46), respectively. Conclusion. This is the first study to find a statistically significant difference in PROMs, as measured by the AOFAS score, in favour of PA for the treatment of Lisfranc injuries. However, this difference may not be clinically relevant, and therefore drawing a definitive conclusion requires confirmation by a large prospective high-quality RCT. Such a study should also assess cost-effectiveness, as cost considerations might be decisive in decision-making. Level of Evidence: I. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2021;2(10):842–849

Lisfranc injuries are uncommon and can be challenging to manage. There is considerable variation in opinion regarding the mode of operative treatment of these injuries, with some studies preferring primary arthrodesis over traditional open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF). We aim to assess the clinical and radiological outcomes of the patients treated with ORIF in our unit. This is a retrospective study, in which all 27 consecutive patients treated with ORIF between June 2013 and October 2018 by one surgeon were included with an average follow-up of 2.4 years. All patients underwent ORIF with joint-sparing surgery by a dorsal bridging plate (DBP) for the second and third tarsometatarsal (TMT) joint, and the first TMT joint was fixed with trans-articular screws. Patients had clinical examination and radiological assessment, and completed American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) midfoot score and Foot Function Index (FFI) questionnaires. Our early results of 22 patients (5 lost to follow-up) showed that 16 (72%) patients were pain free, walking normally without aids, and wearing normal shoes and 68% were able to run or play sports. The mean AOFAS midfoot score was 78.1 (63–100) and the average FFI was 19.5 (0.6–34). Radiological assessment confirmed that only three patients had progression to posttraumatic arthritis at the TMT joints though only one of these was clinically symptomatic. Good clinical and radiological outcomes can be achieved by ORIF in Lisfranc injuries with joint-sparing surgery using DBP

With increasing numbers of total joint arthroplasties being performed, peri-prosthetic fracture incidence is rising, and operative management remains the gold standard. Short-term survivorship up to 12 months has been well-documented but medium to long-term is almost unknown. We present survivorship review from a district general hospital, undertaking 800 primary hip and knee arthroplasties per year. Patients with peri-prosthetic fractures and background total knee replacements were identified using our computer database between 2006–2011. All patients were operated on our site; methods used include open reduction, internal fixation (ORIF) using Axsos (Stryker Newbury) locking plates (28), intra-medullary nailing (1) or complex revision (6) depending on fracture and patient factors and surgeon's preference. Mortality was assessed at 30 days, 12 months and 5 years. Thirty-four patients were identified with a 7:1 female to male ratio and mean age of 76. 75% of patients had their primary arthrodesis at our hospital. There was only 1 plate failure noted requiring revision plating. Mortality at 30 days, 12 months and 5 years were 3.2, 12.5% and 50% respectively. When compared to the literature our time interval from index surgery to fracture is considerably longer (115 vs 42 months). Further multi-centre reviews are required to further asses this unexpected finding. Overall mortality is better than our hip fracture cohort, suggesting that good results can be achieved in District Hospital. The longer-term results are encouraging and can act as a guide for patients with this injury. We recommend that patients are managed in consultant-led, multi-disciplinary teams

Aims

The aim of this retrospective study was to compare the functional and radiological outcomes of bridge plating, screw fixation, and a combination of both methods for the treatment of Lisfranc fracture dislocations.

Background. Subtalar nonunion has a detrimental effect on patients' function, and pose a significant challenge for surgeons particularly in the setting of higher risk factors. Methods. We retrospectively analyzed a consecutive series of 49 subtalar nonunions between October 2001 and July 2013. Patient records and radiographs were reviewed for specific patient demographics and comorbidities, subsequent treatments, revision fusion rate, use of bone graft, complications, and clinical outcome. Results. Forty-nine patients with a mean age of 49 years (range 23–80) were included. Sixteen (32%) were heavy smokers (>1 pack per day) and five (10%) had diabetes. Forty one (84%) of the nonunions were symptomatic and underwent a revision procedure at a mean of 16 months (range 2.8 to 57) from the time of the primary arthrodesis. Four of these patients required a triple arthrodesis at the time of revision. Bone graft was used in all cases, and in 25 cases (61%) additional adjuvant orthobiologics. Thirty-two (78%) of the patients achieved a solid arthrodesis at a mean of 3.4 months (range 1.4 to 7.6). Patients who were diabetic and smokers as a group had a 68% rate of union. Of the nine nonunions following a revision arthrodesis, five were in the setting of a prior ankle arthrodesis, three were complicated by a deep infection, and one had no obvious risk factors. Four of the repeat nonunions elected to not undergo an additional procedure, two had a successful third attempt at arthrodesis, one had an additional nonunion followed by a successful fourth attempt at arthrodesis, one had a successful tibiotalocalcaneal arthrodesis, and one ultimately required a below-knee amputation. Discussion. Management of subtalar nonunions pose a significant challenge with a low rate of arthrodesis at 78% fusion rate, but which can be achieved with rigid fixation and utilization of bone graft and orthobiologics

Ankle replacements have improved significantly since the first reported attempt at resurfacing of the talar dome in 1962. We are now at a stage where ankle replacement offers a viable option in the treatment of end-stage ankle arthritis. As the procedure becomes more successful, it is important to reflect and review the current surgical outcomes. This allows us to guide our patients in the treatment of end-stage ankle arthritis. What is the better surgical treatment – arthrodesis or replacement?

Gunshot injuries to the shoulder are rare and difficult to manage. We present a case series of seven patients who sustained a severe shoulder injury to the non-dominant side as a result of a self-inflicted gunshot wound. We describe the injury as ‘suicide shoulder’ caused by upward and outward movement of the gun barrel as the trigger is pulled. All patients were male, with a mean age of 32 years (21 to 48). All were treated at the time of injury with initial repeated debridement, and within four weeks either by hemiarthroplasty (four patients) or arthrodesis (three patients). The hemiarthroplasty failed in one patient after 20 years due to infection and an arthrodesis was attempted, which also failed due to infection. Overall follow-up was for a mean of 26 months (12 to 44). All four hemiarthroplasty implants were removed with no feasible reconstruction ultimately possible, resulting in a poor functional outcome and no return to work. In contrast, all three primary arthrodeses eventually united, with two patients requiring revision plating and grafting. These patients returned to work with a good functional outcome. We recommend arthrodesis rather than replacement as the treatment of choice for this challenging injury.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2013;95-B:820–4.

Objectives

To review the systemic impact of smoking on bone healing as evidenced within the orthopaedic literature.

Purpose of the study. We report on the clinical, radiographic and functional outcomes after salvage arthrodesis for complex ankle and hindfoot problems the Portsmouth experience with the Ilizarov ring fixator. Methods and results. We report on 10 patients who underwent ankle and hindfoot (tibio-calcaneal) arthrodeses using an Ilizarov ring fixator between 2006 and 2010. The indications included failed fusion after primary arthrodesis, sepsis complicating internal fixation of fractures, talar avascular necrosis and failed total ankle arthroplasty (TAR). All patients had undergone multiple previous surgeries which had failed. There were 7 males and 3 females in this group. Average age of the patients was 60 (47 years–77 years) Mean follow up was 32 months (6–56 months) BMP 2 (Inductos) was used in three cases. The procedure was combined with a proximal corticotomy and lengthening in 2 patients who had undergone a talectomy and tibio-calcaneal fusion. There were no major complications apart from minor pin site infections requiring oral antibiotics. There were no deep infections, thromo-embolic issues, CRPS, or functional problems on account of limb shortening. Patients were assessed clinically, radiologically and using functional outcome scores EQ50 and AOFAS. Solid arthrodesis was achieved in all but one patient who was subsequently revised with a hindfoot nail. All patients were satisfied with their overall improvement in pain and function. Conclusion. We conclude that this is an effective salvage technique for complex ankle and hindfoot problems in patients with impaired healing potential, insufficient bone stock and progressive deformity

Introduction. There is a need for a standardised guideline to assist in optimal decision-making in diabetics who have acquired an ankle fracture. Through a critical analysis of the literature, a diagnostic and management algorithm that incorporates a quantitative scoring system is proposed and presented for consideration. Methods. Publications were identified by conducting a comprehensive keyword search of Medline, EMBASE and CINAHL databases. Search terms included “diabetes,” “ankle,” and “fracture”. Articles published in the English language that were pertinent to the topic were included. Manual search of the references in these relevant papers were also completed to further identify publications for potential inclusion. Publications and conferences not published in the English language or not pertinent to the topic in the above databases were excluded. Duplicate results that occurred in different databases were truncated to a single result. Results. A total of 352 results were revealed using the above methods. Of these, 59 articles met our inclusion criteria. 293 articles met our exclusion criteria. A further 9 articles were included after reviewing the included articles and their respective references. From these results, we propose a detailed diagnostic algorithm that may provide a systematic approach to a diabetic patient who presents with acute ankle pain, swelling, warmth, and/or redness. If a fracture is noted on plain radiographs, a proposed management algorithm and scoring system can be used to assist in deciding whether to proceed with primary open reduction, internal fixation (ORIF) or primary arthrodesis/rigid fixation. This scoring system is based on factors acquired through history and examination. Major factors have been allocated a score of 2, which include: previous or coinciding history of Charcot arthropathy, peripheral neuropathy, insulin dependence with poor compliance, and a diabetic history of greater than 20 years. Minor factors have been allocated a score of 1, which include: age > 50, nephropathy, retinopathy, osteoporosis, vasculopathy, and presence of nutrition/diet deficiency. A score of greater than 7 suggests a primary limb-salvage arthrodesis/rigid fixation because of the likely poor outcome in a primary ORIF. A score of less than 7 suggests that an acceptable outcome will likely result with a primary ORIF. Discussion. Through the use of the AFDA algorithm and score, it will hopefully provide a standardised approach to diabetic ankle fractures and; a method of quantifying risks for both the patient and affected ankle joint, thus, allowing the surgeon to have confidence in achieving the best possible outcome. Although this score is based on a critical analysis of the current literature, further validation of both this algorithm and score is recommended. Once validated, the AFDA score in particular, can also potentially be used as a research tool for further follow-up and outcome studies on diabetic ankle fractures