Objectives. Our objective in this article is to test the hypothesis that type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a factor in the onset and progression of osteoarthritis, and to characterise the quality of the articular cartilage in an appropriate rat model. Methods. T2DM rats were obtained from the UC Davis group and compared with control Lewis rats. The diabetic rats were sacrificed at ages from six to 12 months, while control rats were sacrificed at six months only. Osteoarthritis severity was determined via histology in four knee quadrants using the OARSI scoring guide. Immunohistochemical staining was also performed as a secondary form of osteoarthritic analysis. Results. T2DM rats had higher mean osteoarthritis scores than the control rats in each of the four areas that were analysed. However, only the results at the medial and lateral femur and medial tibia were significant. Cysts were also found in T2DM rats at the junction of the articular cartilage and subchondral bone. Immunohistochemical analysis does not show an increase in collagen II between control and T2DM rats. Mass comparisons also showed a significant relationship between mass and osteoarthritis score. Conclusions. T2DM was found to cause global degeneration in the UCD rat knee joints, suggesting that diabetes itself is a factor in the onset and progression of osteoarthritis. The immunohistochemistry stains showed little to no change in collagen II degeneration between T2DM and control rats. Overall, it seems that the animal model used is pertinent to future studies of T2DM in the development and progression of osteoarthritis. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2014;3:203–11

Abstract. Introduction. This study aimed to assess the effect of PRP on knee articular cartilage content (thickness and/or volume) and establish if there is a correlation between changes in cartilage and clinical outcomes in patients with knee osteoarthritis. Methodology. A systematic review was performed following the Cochrane methodology. Studies were included if they reported on cartilage content with MRI or Ultrasound before and after the injection. A random-effects model meta-analysis was performed. Results. 11 studies (n=786) from 1,453 records met the inclusion criteria, with five (n=444) being RCTs. The PRP treatment protocol varied widely. Follow-up ranged from 6–12 months. Eight studies reported increase in cartilage content in the PRP group as compared to control (four showing significant difference). In meta-analysis: PRP treatment was not associated with a significant increase in cartilage thickness in medial and lateral femoral condyle, or in the overall cartilage content (4 studies, n=187, Hedges’ g: 0.079; 95%CI: 0.358-0.516; p=0.723). Meta-analysis of 3 RCTs (n=112) showed no significant difference in increasing cartilage content overall with PRP injections compared with no PRP (Hedges’ g: 0.217; 95%CI: -0.177 – 0.611; P=0.281). There was no correlation between changes in cartilage and clinical outcomes following PRP treatment. Conclusion. Treatment of knee osteoarthritis with PRP is not associated with a significant increase in articular cartilage content and any effect on cartilage is not associated with better clinical outcomes. A multi-centre, adequately powered RCT, with a standardized preparation / administration protocol assessing long-term effect of PRP in knee osteoarthritis is needed to guide clinical care

Objectives. Patient-specific (PS) implantation surgical technology has been introduced in recent years and a gradual increase in the associated number of surgical cases has been observed. PS technology uses a patient’s own geometry in designing a medical device to provide minimal bone resection with improvement in the prosthetic bone coverage. However, whether PS unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA) provides a better biomechanical effect than standard off-the-shelf prostheses for UKA has not yet been determined, and still remains controversial in both biomechanical and clinical fields. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the biomechanical effect between PS and standard off-the-shelf prostheses for UKA. Methods. The contact stresses on the polyethylene (PE) insert, articular cartilage and lateral meniscus were evaluated in PS and standard off-the-shelf prostheses for UKA using a validated finite element model. Gait cycle loading was applied to evaluate the biomechanical effect in the PS and standard UKAs. Results. The contact stresses on the PE insert were similar for both the PS and standard UKAs. Compared with the standard UKA, the PS UKA did not show any biomechanical effect on the medial PE insert. However, the contact stresses on the articular cartilage and the meniscus in the lateral compartment following the PS UKA exhibited closer values to the healthy knee joint compared with the standard UKA. Conclusion. The PS UKA provided mechanics closer to those of the normal knee joint. The decreased contact stress on the opposite compartment may reduce the overall risk of progressive osteoarthritis. Cite this article: K-T. Kang, J. Son, D-S. Suh, S. K. Kwon, O-R. Kwon, Y-G. Koh. Patient-specific medial unicompartmental knee arthroplasty has a greater protective effect on articular cartilage in the lateral compartment: A Finite Element Analysis. Bone Joint Res 2018;7:20–27. DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.71.BJR-2017-0115.R2

We describe 119 meniscal allograft transplantations performed concurrently with articular cartilage repair in 115 patients with severe articular cartilage damage. In all, 53 (46.1%) of the patients were over the age of 50 at the time of surgery. The mean follow-up was for 5.8 years (2 months to 12.3 years), with 25 procedures (20.1%) failing at a mean of 4.6 years (2 months to 10.4 years). Of these, 18 progressed to knee replacement at a mean of 5.1 years (1.3 to 10.4). The Kaplan-Meier estimated mean survival time for the whole series was 9.9 years (. sd. 0.4). Cox’s proportional hazards model was used to assess the effect of covariates on survival, with age at the time of surgery (p = 0.026) and number of previous operations (p = 0.006) found to be significant. The survival of the transplant was not affected by gender, the severity of cartilage damage, axial alignment, the degree of narrowing of the joint space or medial versus lateral allograft transplantation. Patients experienced significant improvements at all periods of follow-up in subjective outcome measures of pain, activity and function (all p-values < 0.05), with the exception of the seven-year Tegner index score (p = 0.076)

Objectives. The purpose of this study was to clarify the appearance of the reparative tissue on the articular surface and to analyse the properties of the reparative tissue after hemicallotasis osteotomy (HCO) using MRI T1ρ and T2 mapping. Methods. Coronal T1ρ and T2 mapping and three-dimensional gradient-echo images were obtained from 20 subjects with medial knee osteoarthritis. We set the regions of interest (ROIs) on the full-thickness cartilage of the medial femoral condyle (MFC) and medial tibial plateau (MTP) of the knee and measured the cartilage thickness (mm) and T1ρ and T2 relaxation times (ms). Statistical analysis of time-dependent changes in the cartilage thickness and the T1ρ and T2 relaxation times was performed using one-way analysis of variance, and Scheffe’s test was employed for post hoc multiple comparison. Results. The cartilage-like repair tissue appeared on the cartilage surface of the medial compartment post-operatively, and the cartilage thickness showed a significant increase between the pre-operative and one-year post-operative time points (MFC; p = 0.003, MTP; p < 0.001). The T1ρ values of the cartilage-like repair tissue showed no difference over time, however, the T2 values showed a significant decrease between the pre-operative and one-year post-operative time points (MFC; p = 0.004, MTP; p = 0.040). Conclusion. This study clarified that the fibrocartilage-like repair tissue appeared on the articular surface of the medial compartment after HCO as evidenced by MRI T1ρ and T2 mapping. Cite this article: H. Nishioka, E. Nakamura, J. Hirose, N. Okamoto, S. Yamabe, H. Mizuta. MRI T1ρ and T2 mapping for the assessment of articular cartilage changes in patients with medial knee osteoarthritis after hemicallotasis osteotomy. Bone Joint Res 2016;5:294–300. DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.57.BJR-2016-0057.R1

Autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) and mosaicplasty are methods of treating symptomatic articular cartilage defects in the knee. This study represents the first long-term randomised comparison of the two techniques in 100 patients at a minimum follow-up of ten years. The mean age of the patients at the time of surgery was 31.3 years (16 to 49); the mean duration of symptoms pre-operatively was 7.2 years (9 months to 20 years). The lesions were large with the mean size for the ACI group being 440.9 mm. 2 . (100 to 1050) and the mosaicplasty group being 399.6 mm. 2. (100 to 2000). Patients had a mean of 1.5 previous operations (0 to 4) to the articular cartilage defect. Patients were assessed using the modified Cincinnati knee score and the Stanmore-Bentley Functional Rating system. The number of patients whose repair had failed at ten years was ten of 58 (17%) in the ACI group and 23 of 42 (55%) in the mosaicplasty group (p < 0.001). The functional outcome of those patients with a surviving graft was significantly better in patients who underwent ACI compared with mosaicplasty (p = 0.02)

We sought to determine the degree of correlation between the condition of the patellar articular cartilage and patellofemoral symptoms and function in osteoarthritic patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty. The depth of the osteoarthritic lesion, as graded by the Outerbridge classification and its size and location were assessed to determine the condition of the patellar cartilage in 80 consecutive osteoarthritic knees undergoing total knee arthroplasty. The association between the condition of the cartilage and patellofemoral symptoms and function was investigated by correlation analysis. The depth and size of the lesion had a significant but weak correlation with anterior knee pain (r = −0.300 and −0.289; p = 0.007 and 0.009, respectively), whereas location had no significant association (p > 0.05). None had a significant association with patellofemoral functional parameters (chair-rising, stair-climbing, and quadriceps power) (p > 0.05). Our study indicates that patellofemoral symptoms and function are not completely determined by the condition of the cartilage. Caution should be taken when the symptoms and functional limitations are attributed to a lesion in the patellofemoral joint in making a decision regarding patellar resurfacing in total knee arthroplasty

Between 1989 and 1993 we implanted a matrix support prosthesis made of carbon fibre for the treatment of chronic painful articular defects of the patella in 27 patients. The mean period of follow-up was 33 months (11 to 54) with clinical and arthroscopic evaluation of the implant. Overall, there were four excellent, three good, seven fair and 13 poor results. Nine patients subsequently had a patellectomy for persistent pain at a mean of 27 months after surgery (14 to 47). The mean visual analogue pain scores in those who retained their patella were 7.6 before operation and 5.5 at the time of the latest follow-up. Patient satisfaction for the entire group was 41%. There appeared to be good incorporation of the prosthesis and a satisfactory ingrowth of fibrocartilage, but the poor results in 48% and low patient satisfaction discourage us from recommending the procedure for lesions of the articular cartilage of the patella. The consistent seeding of the joint with carbon-fibre debris and a histiocytic giant-cell reaction in the synovium are also a cause for concern

Introduction. Autologous chondrocyte implantation presents a viable alternative to microfracture in the repair of damaged articular cartilage of the knee; however, outcomes for patellar lesions have been less encouraging. ChondroCelect (CC) is an innovative, advanced cell therapy product consisting of autologous cartilage cells expanded ex vivo through a highly controlled and consistent manufacturing process. Purpose. To assess the effect of CC in the treatment of patellofemoral lesions, for which standard treatment options had failed and/or no other treatment options were considered feasible. Methods. CC was administered to 61 patients with patellar lesions (predominantly secured with a biological membrane; mean lesion size: 3.6 cm. 2. ; aged 32.4 years). Efficacy was assessed with validated scales of Clinical Global Impression for Improvement (CGI-I) and Therapeutic Effect (CGI-E) and stratified by the postoperative follow-up period (<18 months vs >18 months). Results. CC resulted in therapeutic and clinical improvement in 87% of patients. Long-term follow-up showed a modest shift towards worse CGI-I and CGI-E scores, with the ‘very much improved’ subgroup (CGI-I) during the first 18 months (38.5%) moderately reduced after 18 months (25.0%); however, the proportion of improved patients remained consistent. The most commonly reported adverse events (knee pain [23%], joint crepitation [13.1%], joint range of motion decreased [13.1%], arthrofibrosis [8.2%] and tendon disorder [8.2%]) were reported at incidences higher than those associated with femoral condyle and trochlea lesions. There were no reports of cartilage hypertrophy. Conclusion. CC was effective in the treatment of patellofemoral lesions, with results comparable to outcomes for femoral condyle and trochlear lesions. The higher incidence of some adverse events suggests that the risk-benefit balance of CC varies with lesion location. However, there were no major safety concerns and the safety profile of CC was greatly enhanced by absence of cartilage hypertrophy, demonstrating that collagen membranes can eliminate periosteum-associated events

Recently biodegradable synthetic scaffolds (Trufit plug) have provided novel approach to the management of chondral and osteochondral lesions. The aim of this study was to assess our 2 year experience with the Trufit plug system.

22 patients aged 20 to 50 years old all presenting with knee pain over a 2 year period were diagnosed either by MRI or arthroscopically with an isolated chondral or osteochondral lesion and proceeded to either arthroscopic or mini arthrotomy Trufit plug implantation. In 5 patients plug implantation was undertaken along with ACL reconstruction (3), medial meniscal repair (1) and contralateral knee OCD screw fixation (1). Pre and post operative IKDC scores were obtained to assess change in knee symptoms and function.

At a mean follow up of 15 months (range 2 – 24 months) improved IKDC scores were achieved with the scores improving with time. 2 patients have had a poor result and have had further surgery for their chondral lesions. One patient had failure of graft incorporation at second look arthroscopy and went onto to have a good result after ACI. The second patient had good graft incorporation on second look but had progression of osteoarthritic degeneration throughout the other compartments of the knee which were not initially identified at the time of Trufit plugging.

We conclude that Trufit plug is an alternative method for managing isolated chondral and osteochondral lesions of the knee which avoids harvest site morbidity or the need for staged surgery.

Aims. To explore the efficacy of extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT) in the treatment of osteochondral defect (OCD), and its effects on the levels of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2, -3, -4, -5, and -7 in terms of cartilage and bone regeneration. Methods. The OCD lesion was created on the trochlear groove of left articular cartilage of femur per rat (40 rats in total). The experimental groups were Sham, OCD, and ESWT (0.25 mJ/mm. 2. , 800 impulses, 4 Hz). The animals were euthanized at 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks post-treatment, and histopathological analysis, micro-CT scanning, and immunohistochemical staining were performed for the specimens. Results. In the histopathological analysis, the macro-morphological grading scale showed a significant increase, while the histological score and cartilage repair scale of ESWT exhibited a significant decrease compared to OCD at the 8- and 12-week timepoints. At the 12-week follow-up, ESWT exhibited a significant improvement in the volume of damaged bone compared to OCD. Furthermore, immunohistochemistry analysis revealed a significant decrease in type I collagen and a significant increase in type II collagen within the newly formed hyaline cartilage following ESWT, compared to OCD. Finally, SRY-box transcription factor 9 (SOX9), aggrecan, and TGF-β, BMP-2, -3, -4, -5, and -7 were significantly higher in ESWT than in OCD at 12 weeks. Conclusion. ESWT promoted the effect of TGF-β/BMPs, thereby modulating the production of extracellular matrix proteins and transcription factor involved in the regeneration of articular cartilage and subchondral bone in an OCD rat model. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2024;13(7):342–352

Aims. Adenosine, lidocaine, and Mg. 2+. (ALM) therapy exerts differential immuno-inflammatory responses in males and females early after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction (ACLR). Our aim was to investigate sex-specific effects of ALM therapy on joint tissue repair and recovery 28 days after surgery. Methods. Male (n = 21) and female (n = 21) adult Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into ALM or Saline control treatment groups. Three days after ACL rupture, animals underwent ACLR. An ALM or saline intravenous infusion was commenced prior to skin incision, and continued for one hour. An intra-articular bolus of ALM or saline was also administered prior to skin closure. Animals were monitored to 28 days, and joint function, pain, inflammatory markers, histopathology, and tissue repair markers were assessed. Results. Despite comparable knee function, ALM-treated males had reduced systemic inflammation, synovial fluid angiogenic and pro-inflammatory mediators, synovitis, and fat pad fibrotic changes, compared to controls. Within the ACL graft, ALM-treated males had increased expression of tissue repair markers, decreased inflammation, increased collagen organization, and improved graft-bone healing. In contrast to males, females had no evidence of persistent systemic inflammation. Compared to controls, ALM-treated females had improved knee extension, gait biomechanics, and elevated synovial macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha (MIP-1α). Within the ACL graft, ALM-treated females had decreased inflammation, increased collagen organization, and improved graft-bone healing. In articular cartilage of ALM-treated animals, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-13 expression was blunted in males, while in females repair markers were increased. Conclusion. At 28 days, ALM therapy reduces inflammation, augments tissue repair patterns, and improves joint function in a sex-specific manner. The study supports transition to human safety trials. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2024;13(6):279–293

Aims. Unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA) has become a popular method of treating knee localized osteoarthritis (OA). Additionally, the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) is essential to maintaining the physiological kinematics and functions of the knee joint. Considering these factors, the purpose of this study was to investigate the biomechanical effects on PCL-deficient knees in medial UKA. Methods. Computational simulations of five subject-specific models were performed for intact and PCL-deficient UKA with tibial slopes. Anteroposterior (AP) kinematics and contact stresses of the patellofemoral (PF) joint and the articular cartilage were evaluated under the deep-knee-bend condition. Results. As compared to intact UKA, there was no significant difference in AP translation in PCL-deficient UKA with a low flexion angle, but AP translation significantly increased in the PCL-deficient UKA with high flexion angles. Additionally, the increased AP translation became decreased as the posterior tibial slope increased. The contact stress in the PF joint and the articular cartilage significantly increased in the PCL-deficient UKA, as compared to the intact UKA. Additionally, the increased posterior tibial slope resulted in a significant decrease in the contact stress on PF joint but significantly increased the contact stresses on the articular cartilage. Conclusion. Our results showed that the posterior stability for low flexion activities in PCL-deficient UKA remained unaffected; however, the posterior stability for high flexion activities was affected. This indicates that a functional PCL is required to ensure normal stability in UKA. Additionally, posterior stability and PF joint may reduce the overall risk of progressive OA by increasing the posterior tibial slope. However, the excessive posterior tibial slope must be avoided. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2020;9(9):593–600

Aims. This study aimed to explore the biological and clinical importance of dysregulated key genes in osteoarthritis (OA) patients at the cartilage level to find potential biomarkers and targets for diagnosing and treating OA. Methods. Six sets of gene expression profiles were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. Differential expression analysis, weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA), and multiple machine-learning algorithms were used to screen crucial genes in osteoarthritic cartilage, and genome enrichment and functional annotation analyses were used to decipher the related categories of gene function. Single-sample gene set enrichment analysis was performed to analyze immune cell infiltration. Correlation analysis was used to explore the relationship among the hub genes and immune cells, as well as markers related to articular cartilage degradation and bone mineralization. Results. A total of 46 genes were obtained from the intersection of significantly upregulated genes in osteoarthritic cartilage and the key module genes screened by WGCNA. Functional annotation analysis revealed that these genes were closely related to pathological responses associated with OA, such as inflammation and immunity. Four key dysregulated genes (cartilage acidic protein 1 (CRTAC1), iodothyronine deiodinase 2 (DIO2), angiopoietin-related protein 2 (ANGPTL2), and MAGE family member D1 (MAGED1)) were identified after using machine-learning algorithms. These genes had high diagnostic value in both the training cohort and external validation cohort (receiver operating characteristic > 0.8). The upregulated expression of these hub genes in osteoarthritic cartilage signified higher levels of immune infiltration as well as the expression of metalloproteinases and mineralization markers, suggesting harmful biological alterations and indicating that these hub genes play an important role in the pathogenesis of OA. A competing endogenous RNA network was constructed to reveal the underlying post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms. Conclusion. The current study explores and validates a dysregulated key gene set in osteoarthritic cartilage that is capable of accurately diagnosing OA and characterizing the biological alterations in osteoarthritic cartilage; this may become a promising indicator in clinical decision-making. This study indicates that dysregulated key genes play an important role in the development and progression of OA, and may be potential therapeutic targets. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2024;13(2):66–82

Aim. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have several properties that may support their use as an early treatment option for osteoarthritis (OA). This study investigated the role of multiple injections of allogeneic bone marrow-derived stem cells (BMSCs) to alleviate the progression of osteoarthritic changes in the various structures of the mature rabbit knee in an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)-deficient OA model. Materials and Methods. Two months after bilateral section of the ACL of Japanese white rabbits aged nine months or more, either phosphate buffered saline (PBS) or 1 x 10. 6. MSCs were injected into the knee joint in single or three consecutive doses. After two months, the articular cartilage and meniscus were assessed macroscopically, histologically, and immunohistochemically using collagen I and II. Results. Within the PBS injection (control group), typical progressive degenerative changes were revealed in the various knee structures. In the single MSC injection (single group), osteoarthritic changes were attenuated, but still appeared, especially in the medial compartments involving fibrillation of the articular cartilage, osteophyte formation in the medial plateau, and longitudinal tear of the meniscus. In the multiple-injections group, the smoothness and texture of the articular cartilage and meniscus were improved. Histologically, absence or reduction in matrix staining and cellularity were noticeable in the control and single-injection groups, respectively, in contrast to the multiple-injections group, which showed good intensity of matrix staining and chondrocyte distribution in the various cartilage zones. Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI) scoring showed significantly better results in the multiple-injections group than in the other groups. Immunohistochemically, collagen I existed superficially in the medial femoral condyle in the single group, while collagen II was more evident in the multiple-injections group than the single-injection group. Conclusion. A single injection of MSCs was not enough to restore the condition of osteoarthritic joints. This is in contrast to multiple injections of MSCs, which had the ability to replace lost cells, as well as reducing inflammation. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2019;101-B:824–831

Abstract. INTRODUCTION. To preserve knee function and reduce degenerative, meniscal tears should be repaired where possible. Meniscal wrapping with collagen matrices has shown promising clinical outcome (AAOS meniscal algorithm), however there is limited basic science to support this. AIM. to model the contact pressures on the human tibial plateau beneath a (1) a repaired radial meniscal tear and (2) a wrapped and repaired radial meniscal tear. METHODOLOGY. Complete anterolateral radial tears were formed across 4 lateral human menisci, before repairing with ‘rip-stop’ H sutures using 2mm Arthrex Meniscal Suture tape. This was then repeated with the addition of a ChondroGide collagen matrix wrapping. From this experimental setup a finite element (FE) analysis model was construted. FE models of the two techniques (i) suture alone and (ii) suture and collagen-matrix wrap, were then modelled; bone was linear elastic, articular cartilage was a hyperelastic Yeoh model, and a linear elastic and transversely isotropic material model for the meniscus. The contact areas of the articulating surfaces, meniscus kinematics, and stress distribution around the repair were compared between the two systems. RESULTS. Meniscal suture-tape repair had higher local stresses and strains (σ_max=51 MPa ε_max=25%) around the repair compared to with Collagen wrapping (σ_max=36.6MPa ε_max=15%). Radial displacement and pressure on the meniscal contact surfaces were higher in the suture only repair. CONCLUSION. Collagen-matrix wrapping strengthens the repair, reducing local peak stresses and strains around the suture-tape. This could reduce the chance of suture-tape pull-out and subsequent repair failure

Aims. To determine the relationship between articular cartilage status and clinical outcomes after medial opening-wedge high tibial osteotomy (MOHTO) for medial compartmental knee osteoarthritis at intermediate follow-up. Methods. We reviewed 155 patients (155 knees) who underwent MOHTO from January 2008 to December 2016 followed by second-look arthroscopy with a mean 5.3-year follow-up (2.0 to 11.7). Arthroscopic findings were assessed according to the International Cartilage Repair Society (ICRS) Cartilage Repair Assessment (CRA) grading system. Patients were divided into two groups based on the presence of normal or nearly normal quality cartilage in the medial femoral condyle: good (second-look arthroscopic) status (ICRS grade I or II; n = 70), and poor (second-look arthroscopic) status (ICRS grade III or IV; n = 85) groups at the time of second-look arthroscopy. Clinical outcomes were assessed using the International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) score, Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC), and 36-Item Short Form survey. Results. Significant improvements in all clinical outcome categories were found between the preoperative and second-look arthroscopic assessments in both groups (p < 0.001). At the latest follow-up, the mean IKDC and WOMAC scores in the good status group further improved compared with those at the time of second-look arthroscopic surgery (p < 0.001), which was not shown in the poor status group. The mean IKDC (good status, 72.8 (SD 12.5); poor status, 64.7 (SD 12.1); p = 0.002) and mean WOMAC scores (good status, 15.7 (SD 10.8); poor status, 21.8 (SD 13.6); p = 0.004) significantly differed between both groups at the latest follow-up. Moreover, significant correlations were observed between ICRS CRA grades and IKDC scores (negative correlation; p < 0.001) and WOMAC scores (positive correlation; p < 0.001) at the latest follow-up. Good cartilage status was found more frequently in knees with the desired range of 2° to 6° valgus correction than in those with corrections outside this range (p = 0.019). Conclusion. Second-look arthroscopic cartilage status correlated with clinical outcomes after MOHTO at intermediate-term follow-up, despite the relatively small clinical differences between groups. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2021;103-B(11):1686–1694

Abstract. Introduction. Articular cartilage degradation is a defining feature of osteoarthritis. Synovium is a reactive tissue with synovial villae, neoangiogenesis and intimal hyperplasia common to many joint pathologies. The consequences of cartilage debris in osteoarthritis impacting the synovial intima is not well understood. We analysed the immunohistology of synovium from 16 patients with osteoarthritis and 17 patients undergoing knee surgery for non-arthritic pathologies. This data was integrated with imaging and functional scores to correlate synovitis in osteoarthritis. Methodology. Formalin-fixed paraffin embedded synovial biopsy sections were cut in serial sequence and processed for routine staining (H&E or CD3, CD68, CD20, Vimentin, vWF and PCNA IHC) using standardised Dako monoclonal mouse anti-human antibodies. Digital images scanned at x20 were evaluated for fragments of cartilage and aggregates of inflammatory cells. Clinical data (gender, BMI, KL grade, WOMAC & SF-12 scores) was aligned with histopathological data. Results. Cartilage fragments were seen in the synovial intimal layer from end-stage osteoarthritis especially those with BMI<30kg/m2. Macrophages, T-cells and B-cells were identified surrounding cartilage inclusions. Inflammatory aggregates of T-cells, B-cells and macrophages were located peri-cartilage in the intima and peri-vascular in the sub-intimal layer of the synovium. Worse synovitis and function scores were significantly associated with both cartilage inclusions and inflammatory aggregates. X-ray features linked to longer duration of symptoms were associated with inflammatory aggregates. Conclusion. The histological features of the synovium clearly reflect deteriorating joint structures and compromised clinical function

We investigated the three-dimensional morphological differences of the articular surface of the femoral trochlea in patients with recurrent dislocation of the patella and a normal control group using three-dimensional computer models. There were 12 patients (12 knees) and ten control subjects (ten knees). Three-dimensional computer models of the femur, including the articular cartilage, were created. Evaluation was performed on the shape of the articular surface, focused on its convexity, and the proximal and mediolateral distribution of the articular cartilage of the femoral trochlea. The extent of any convexity, and the proximal distribution of the articular cartilage, expressed as the height, were shown by the angles about the transepicondylar axis. The mediolateral distribution of the articular cartilage was assessed by the location of the medial and lateral borders of the articular cartilage. The mean extent of convexity was 24.9° . sd. 6.7° for patients and 11.9° . sd. 3.6° for the control group (p < 0.001). The mean height of the articular cartilage was 91.3° . sd. 8.3° for the patients and 83.3° . sd. 7.7° for the control group (p = 0.03), suggesting a wider convex trochlea in the patients with recurrent dislocation of the patella caused by the proximally-extended convex area. The lateral border of the articular cartilage of the trochlea in the patients was more laterally located than in the control group. Our findings therefore quantitatively demonstrated differences in the shape and distribution of the articular cartilage on the femoral trochlea between patients with dislocation of the patella and normal subjects

Aims. To investigate the risk factors for progression of articular cartilage damage after anatomical anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. Patients and Methods. A total of 174 patients who underwent second-look arthroscopic evaluation after anatomical ACL reconstruction were enrolled in this study. The graded condition of the articular cartilage at the time of ACL reconstruction was compared with that at second-look arthroscopy. Age, gender, body mass index (BMI), ACL reconstruction technique, meniscal conditions, and other variables were assessed by regression analysis as risk factors for progression of damage to the articular cartilage. Results. In the medial compartment, multivariable logistic regression analysis indicated that partial medial meniscectomy (odds ratio (OR) 6.82, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.11 to 22.04, p = 0.001), pivot-shift test grade at the final follow-up (OR 3.53, CI 1.39 to 8.96, p = 0.008), BMI (OR 1.15, CI 1.03 to 1.28, p = 0.015) and medial meniscal repair (OR 3.19, CI 1.24 to 8.21, p = 0.016) were significant risk factors for progression of cartilage damage. In the lateral compartment, partial lateral meniscectomy (OR 10.94, CI 4.14 to 28.92, p < 0.001) and side-to-side differences in anterior knee laxity at follow-up (OR 0.63, p = 0.001) were significant risk factors. Conclusion. Partial meniscectomy was found to be strongly associated with the progression of articular cartilage damage despite r anatomical ACL reconstruction. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2018;100-B:285–93