Introduction:. Fibular malreduction is a common and important cause of pain after surgical fixation following a syndesmosis injury, but it is unclear which components of malreduction correspond to clinical outcome. Plain radiographs have been shown to be unreliable at measuring malreduction when compared to CT scans. A number of published methods for measuring fibular position rely on finding the axis of the fibula. Elgafy demonstrated that fibular morphology varies greatly, and some studies have demonstrated difficulty finding the fibular axis. Methods:. We developed a new method of measuring the distal fibular position on CT images. We used CT studies in 16 normal subjects. Two assessors independently measured the ankle syndesmosis using the Davidovitch method, and our new protocol for fibular AP position, diastasis and fibular length. Results:. We demonstrated that after statistical analysis (Pearson Product Moment Correlation) our method showed improved inter-observer reliability (r = 0.99 and 0.95 vs 0.59 and 0.78 respectively) for diastasis and AP translation, and improved intra-observer reliability (r = 0.99 and 0.99 vs 0.91 and 0.97 respectively). We found inter and intra observer reliability of 0.80 and 0.91 respectively for fibular length, but were unable to find a novel, accurate method for measuring fibular rotation. Conclusions:. Our method is a new, simple, accurate and reproducible system for measuring the ankle syndesmosis. We believe that this method could be used to assess fibular reduction after obtaining CT images of the uninjured side for comparison

Aims. The purpose of this study was to assess the success rate and functional outcomes of bone grafting for periprosthetic bone cysts following total ankle arthroplasty (TAA). Additionally, we evaluated the rate of graft incorporation and identified associated predisposing factors using CT scan. Methods. We reviewed a total of 37 ankles (34 patients) that had undergone bone grafting for periprosthetic bone cysts. A CT scan was performed one year after bone grafting to check the status of graft incorporation. For accurate analysis of cyst volumes and their postoperative changes, 3D-reconstructed CT scan processed with 3D software was used. For functional outcomes, variables such as the Ankle Osteoarthritis Scale score and the visual analogue scale for pain were measured. Results. Out of 37 ankles, graft incorporation was successful in 30 cases. Among the remaining seven cases, four (10.8%) exhibited cyst re-progression, so secondary bone grafting was needed. After secondary bone grafting, no further progression has been noted, resulting in an overall 91.9% success rate (34 of 37) at a mean follow-up period of 47.5 months (24 to 120). The remaining three cases (8.1%) showed implant loosening, so tibiotalocalcaneal arthrodesis was performed. Functional outcomes were also improved after bone grafting in all variables at the latest follow-up (p < 0.05). The mean incorporation rate of the grafts according to the location of the cysts was 84.8% (55.2% to 96.1%) at the medial malleolus, 65.1% (27.6% to 97.1%) at the tibia, and 81.2% (42.8% to 98.7%) at the talus. Smoking was identified as a significant predisposing factor adversely affecting graft incorporation (p = 0.001). Conclusion. Bone grafting for periprosthetic bone cysts following primary TAA is a reliable procedure with a satisfactory success rate and functional outcomes. Regular follow-up, including CT scan, is important for the detection of cyst re-progression to prevent implant loosening after bone grafting. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2024;106-B(5):475–481

Introduction. The current treatment for Freiberg's osteochondrosis centres around either: simple debridement or debridement osteotomy. The main principle of the osteotomy is to rotate normal articular cartilage into the affected area. We recommend the use of CT scanning to delineate the amount of available, unaffected cartilage available to rotate into the affected space. Methods. We retrospectively reviewed 32 CT scans of new Freiberg's diagnoses in Sheffield over a 10 year period using the PACS system. We identified the sagittal CT slice that displayed the widest portion of proximal articular margin of the proximal phalanx and measured the diseased segment of the corresponding metatarsal head as an arc (in degrees). This arc segment was divided by 360°. This gave a ratio of the affected arc in the sagittal plane. Results. 28 out of 32 cases involved the 2nd metatarsal with the remaining 4 involving the 3rd metatarsal head. Of 32 cases, 18 had fragmentation. Surgically, 20 had debridement only, 5 also had an osteotomy and 1 had a fusion. 6 of the 32 cases were managed non-operatively. 11 cases out of 32 had an arc ratio of < 0.3. Of these, only 3 had an osteotomy, 3 had no procedure and 5 had a simple debridement. Of those that had osteotomies (5/32), 3 of the 5 cases had an arc ratio of < 0.3 with the other 2 being 0.42 and 0.38. Discussion. We hypothesise that those cases with an arc ratio of less 0.3 would be amenable to a dorsal closing wedge osteotomy and those with a ratio of more than 0.4 would be better suited to a simple debridement. For those cases between 0.3–0.4, we feel either option is viable. Further work to prove or disprove outcomes related to our classification is required

Aims. The first metatarsal pronation deformity of hallux valgus feet is widely recognized. However, its assessment relies mostly on 3D standing CT scans. Two radiological signs, the first metatarsal round head (RH) and inferior tuberosity position (ITP), have been described, but are seldom used to aid in diagnosis. This study was undertaken to determine the reliability and validity of these two signs for a more convenient and affordable preoperative assessment and postoperative comparison. Methods. A total of 200 feet were randomly selected from the radiograph archives of a foot and ankle clinic. An anteroposterior view of both feet was taken while standing on the same x-ray platform. The intermetatarsal angle (IMA), metatarsophalangeal angle (MPA), medial sesamoid position, RH, and ITP signs were assessed for statistical analysis. Results. There were 127 feet with an IMA > 9°. Both RH and ITP severities correlated significantly with IMA severity. RH and ITP were also significantly associated with each other, and the pronation deformities of these feet are probably related to extrinsic factors. There were also feet with discrepancies between their RH and ITP severities, possibly due to intrinsic torsion of the first metatarsal. Conclusion. Both RH and ITP are reliable first metatarsal pronation signs correlating to the metatarsus primus varus deformity of hallux valgus feet. They should be used more for preoperative and postoperative assessment. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2024;5(11):1037–1040

Objective. The purpose of this study was to determine the outcomes of revision ankle replacements, using the Invision implant and impaction allograft for massive talar dome defects following primary ankle replacement failure. Outcomes were assessed in terms of bone graft incorporation; improvement in patient reported outcome measures (PROMs); and survivorship of the revision ankle arthroplasty. Methods. A retrospective review of prospectively collected data identified eleven patients who had massive bone cysts and underwent revision of a failed primary total ankle replacement to the Invision revision system, combined with impaction grafting using morselized femoral head allograft. These revisions occurred at a single high volume ankle arthroplasty centre. Computed tomography (CT) scans were used to assess bone graft incorporation and the Manchester-Oxford Foot Questionnaire (MOXFQ) and EQ-5D scores were used pre and post operatively to assess PROMs. Results. The mean follow up was 18 months (12–48months). In all eleven patients, improvement was reported in the post-operative MOXFQ and EQ-5D scores. CT scans showed bone graft incorporation in all cases. None of the patients have required further surgery and are continue to do well clinically at latest follow up. Conclusions. In the short term, this study confirms revision ankle replacements with the Invision prosthesis and impaction with morselized femoral head allograft is a suitable revision option for primary ankle replacement failure with massive talar bone loss. Long term follow up continues of these complex patients

Background. Ankle and hindfoot fusion in the presence of large bony defects represents a challenging problem. Treatment options include acute shortening and fusion or void filling with metal cages or structural allograft, which both have historically low union rates. Impaction grafting is an alternative option. Methods. A 2 centre retrospective review of consecutive series of 32 patients undergoing hindfoot fusions with impaction bone grafting of morselised femoral head allograft to fill large bony void defects was performed. Union was assessed clinically and with either plain radiography or weightbearing CT scanning. Indications included failed total ankle replacement (24 patients), talar osteonecrosis (6 patients) and fracture non-union (2 patients). Mean depth of the defect was 29 ±10.7 mm and mean maximal cross-sectional area was 15.9 ±5.8 cm. 2. Tibiotalocalcaneal (TTC) arthrodesis was performed in 24 patients, ankle arthrodesis in 7 patients and triple arthrodesis in 1 patient. Results. Mean age was 57 years (19–76 years). Mean follow-up of 22.8 ±8.3 months. 22% were smokers. There were 4 tibiotalar non-unions (12.5%), two of which were symptomatic. 10 TTC arthrodesis patients united at the tibiotalar joint but not at the subtalar joint (31.3%), but only two of these were symptomatic. The combined symptomatic non-union rate was 12.5%. Mean time to union was 9.6 ±5.9 months. One subtalar non-union patient underwent re-operation at 78 months post-operatively after failure of metalwork. Two (13%) patients developed a stress fracture above the metalwork that healed with non-operative measures. There was no bone graft collapse with all patients maintaining bone length. Conclusion. Impaction of morselised femoral head allograft can be used to fill large bony voids around the ankle and hindfoot when undertaking arthrodesis, with rapid graft incorporation and no graft collapse despite early loading. This technique offers satisfactory union outcomes without the need for shortening or synthetic cages

Aims. The aim of this study was to present a series of patients with aseptic failure of a total ankle arthroplasty (TAA) who were treated with fusion of the hindfoot using a nail. Patients and Methods. A total of 23 TAAs, in 22 patients, were revised for aseptic loosening and balloon osteolysis to a hindfoot fusion by a single surgeon (NH) between January 2012 and August 2014. The procedure was carried out without bone graft using the Phoenix, Biomet Hindfoot Arthrodesis Nail. Preoperative investigations included full blood count, CRP and ESR, and radiological investigations including plain radiographs and CT scans. Postoperative plain radiographs were assessed for fusion. When there was any doubt, CT scans were performed. Results. The mean follow-up was 13.9 months (4.3 to 37.2). Union occurred at the tibiotalar joint in 22 ankles (95.6%) with one partial union. Union occurred at the subtalar joint in 20 ankles (87%) of cases with two nonunions. The nail broke in one patient with a subtalar nonunion and revision was undertaken. The only other noted complication was one patient who suffered a stress fracture at the proximal aspect of the nail, which was satisfactorily treated conservatively. Conclusion. This study represents the largest group of patients reported to have undergone revision TAA to fusion of the hindfoot with good results. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2018;100-B:475–9

Introduction. AlloStem/Cellular Bone Allograft and autologous bone graft are accepted methods for managing hindfoot degenerative arthritis. The purpose was to evaluate outcomes of AlloStem and autograft in subtalar arthrodesis and compare overall fusion rates. Methods. This study was conducted in IRB compliance. Patients between 18–80 years who qualified for a subtalar fusion were randomized 1:1 to AlloStem or autologous graft. The AOFAS hindfoot ankle scale, FFI-R and SF-12 were collected pre-operatively, 6 weeks, 3 & 6 months, 1 and 2 year. Weight-bearing 3-view ankle X-rays were done at the same intervals. A CT scan was obtained at 6 months. Results. 140 patients were enrolled; 124 patients had surgery(60-AlloStem and 64-Control). Withdrawals included 14 voluntarily before surgery and 2 intra-operative failures. 19 were lost to follow-up. Mean age for AlloStem was 56.69(20.3–79.6) and Autograft was 54.60(20.74–80.07). 59 AlloStem patients completed their 6 month visit and 45 completed 2 years. AOFAS score improved: 40.02 at pre-op to 72.16(6 mo) to 79.51 at 1 year and 80.38 at 2 year. SF-12 improved 58.29 at pre-op to 65.67 at 6 month and 71.59 at 2 year. FFI-R improved 236.88 at pre-op to 203.53 at 6 month 149.93 at 2 year.60 Autograft patients completed their 6 month visit and 51 patients completed their 2 year. AOFAS score improved 42.89 at pre-op to 75.67 (6 mo) to 79.75 at 1 year and 78.62 at 2 year. Autograft SF-12 improved 60.55 at pre-op to 70.40 at 6 month and 75.26 at 2 year. Autograft FFI-R improved 217.16 at pre-op to 166.77 at 6 month and 145.43 at 2 year. AlloStem patients had a mean posterior fusion rate of 28.9% at 6 months whereas the Autograft had 46.3%(p=.049). Non-union rates were AlloStem(9/57)(15.7%) whereas Autograft was 3/60(5%). Conclusion. AlloStem trended to be inferior to Autologous graft

Introduction. Primary ankle arthroplasty (TAR) is increasingly used to treat end-stage ankle arthritis. Reported revision rates of TAR vary from 8.5% to 11.1% at 9 years. Revision surgery remains technically challenging with options ranging from simple joint debridement to tibio-talar-calcaneal fusion. The efficacy of these procedures remains unclear and there is no consensus on optimal revision options. Methods. A retrospective cohort study was performed of all patients undergoing surgery for a failed primary TAR at the Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre (2004–2021). TAR failure was determined by clinical assessment, serial radiographs and CT scans. Primary outcome measures included type and time of index surgery post TAR. Secondary outcomes included frequency of re-operations, post-operative complications, patient reported outcomes and union rate (for revision arthrodesis procedures). Results. 70 failed TARs in 69 patients (35M:34F, mean 65.7 years, s.d.=11.6) underwent re-operation a mean of 6.24 years (range 1–30) post primary. In total, 107 operations were performed including revision fusion (n=50), revision arthroplasty (n=14), bearing exchange (n=9) and joint clearance (n=9). The overall revision fusion union rate was 73.5% over a mean of 12.5 months (s.d.=7.6). 16/23 (69.6%) Tibio-Talo-Calcaneal and 9/12 (75%) ankle fusions (previous subtalar/triple fusion) using a hindfoot nail united over a mean 11.4 months (s.d.=6.0) and 15 months (s.d.=9.48) respectively. Only 64% of ankle fusions using screws alone united (mean=10.6 months, s.d.=8.14). The average post-operative MOXFQ score was 28.3 (s.d.=19.3). 73% said the operation improved their function and would recommend it to a friend/family member. Conclusion. Despite low post-operative MOXFQ scores, over 70% of patients were satisfied with re-operation for a failed TAR. Over 26% of all TAR revision fusions fail to unite with the highest non-union rates observed post ankle arthrodesis with screws alone (36.4%)

Aims. In a randomized controlled trial with two-year follow-up, patients treated with suture button (SB) for acute syndesmotic injury had better outcomes than patients treated with syndesmotic screw (SS). The aim of this study was to compare clinical and radiological outcomes for these treatment groups after five years. Methods. A total of 97 patients with acute syndesmotic injury were randomized to SS or SB. The five-year follow-up rate was 81 patients (84%). The primary outcome was the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) Ankle Hindfoot Scale. Secondary outcome measures included Olerud-Molander Ankle (OMA) score, visual analogue scale (VAS), EuroQol five-dimension questionnaire (EQ-5D), range of movement, complications, reoperations, and radiological results. CT scans of both ankles were obtained after surgery, and after one, two, and five years. Results. The SB group had higher median AOFAS score (100 (interquartile range (IQR) 92 to 100) vs 90 (IQR 85 to 100); p = 0.006) and higher median OMA score (100 (IQR 95 to 100) vs 95 (IQR 75 to 100); p = 0.006). The SS group had a higher incidence of ankle osteoarthritis (OA) (24 (65%) vs 14 (35%), odds ratio (OR) 3.4 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.3 to 8.8); p = 0.009). On axial CT we measured a significantly smaller mean difference in the anterior tibiofibular distance between injured and non-injured ankles in the SB group (–0.1 mm vs 1.2 mm; p = 0.016). Conclusion. Five years after syndesmotic injury treated with either SB or SS, we found better AOFAS and OMA scores, and lower incidence of ankle OA, in the SB group. These long-term results favour the use of SB when treating an acute syndesmotic injury. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2020;102-B(2):212–219

Introduction:. Although dislocation of the peroneal tendons (PT's) in association with calcaneal fractures has been described over 25 years ago, it frequently passes unrecognised by radiologists and orthopaedic surgeons. This retrospective study aims to determine the prevalence of PT dislocation in association with calcaneal fractures at a single institution and describe systematic steps to avoid missed diagnosis at each stage of management. Methods:. CT scans of all patients with calcaneal fractures from the Picture Archiving and Communications System (PACS) from 2010 were systematically reviewed. The senior author and a Musculoskeletal Radiologist analysed the images for concomitant dislocation or subluxation of the PT's, utilizing criteria as defined by Ho et al. Further to this we included patients who sustained calcaneal fractures with associated PT dislocation prior to June 2010 and were referred either for primary open reduction or later with post-traumatic osteoarthrosis of the subtalar joint. Results:. Over three years and nine months beginning in June 2010, 71 calcaneal fractures were identified on PACS. 15 of those had associated subluxation or dislocation of the peroneal tendons either on CT scan or at surgery (21%). 10 of our 71 patients exhibited a fleck sign on plain anteroposterior ankle x-ray (14.1%) suggesting potential avulsion of the superior peroneal retinaculum. The combined cohort comprised 28 patients, 23 men and 5 women, aged 21 to 82 years (average, 46.3 years). 22 (79%) of PT dislocations were not recognised at the original injury. In six patients undergoing operative fixation, five (83.3%) had dislocated PT's noted on CT scan. In one case (16.7%) the peroneal tendons were clinically dislocated. Conclusion:. The PT dislocation rate in this paper is comparable with the literature. Patients should undergo careful clinical examination, radiological assessment with x-ray and CT followed by probing at surgery to ensure the diagnosis is not missed

Aims. Arthroscopically controlled fracture reduction in combination with percutaneous screw fixation may be an alternative approach to open surgery to treat talar neck fractures. The purpose of this study was thus to present preliminary results on arthroscopically reduced talar neck fractures. Patients and Methods. A total of seven consecutive patients (four women and three men, mean age 39 years (19 to 61)) underwent attempted surgical treatment of a closed Hawkins type II talar neck fracture using arthroscopically assisted reduction and percutaneous screw fixation. Functional and radiological outcome were assessed using plain radiographs, as well as weight-bearing and non-weight-bearing CT scans as tolerated. Patient satisfaction and pain sensation were also recorded. Results. Primary reduction was obtained arthroscopically in all but one patient, for whom an interposed fracture fragment had to be removed through a small arthrotomy to permit anatomical reduction. The quality of arthroscopic reduction and restoration of the talar geometry was excellent in the remaining six patients. There were no signs of talar avascular necrosis or subtalar degeneration in any of the patients. In the whole series, the functional outcome was excellent in five patients but restricted ankle movement was observed in two patients. All patients had a reduction in subtalar movement. At final follow-up, all patients were satisfied and all but one patient were pain free. Conclusion. Arthroscopically assisted reduction and fixation of talar neck fractures was found to be a feasible treatment option and allowed early functional rehabilitation. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2018;100-B:461–7

Aims. The aim of this study was to evaluate antegrade autologous bone grafting with the preservation of articular cartilage in the treatment of symptomatic osteochondral lesions of the talus with subchondral cysts. Patients and Methods. The study involved seven men and five women; their mean age was 35.9 years (14 to 70). All lesions included full-thickness articular cartilage extending through subchondral bone and were associated with subchondral cysts. Medial lesions were exposed through an oblique medial malleolar osteotomy, and one lateral lesion was exposed by expanding an anterolateral arthroscopic portal. After refreshing the subchondral cyst, it was grafted with autologous cancellous bone from the distal tibial metaphysis. The fragments of cartilage were fixed with 5-0 nylon sutures to the surrounding cartilage. Function was assessed at a mean follow-up of 25.3 months (15 to 50), using the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) ankle-hindfoot outcome score. The radiological outcome was assessed using MRI and CT scans. Results. The mean AOFAS score improved from 65.7 (47 to 81) preoperatively to 92 (90 to 100) at final follow-up, with 100% patient satisfaction. The radiolucent area of the cysts almost disappeared on plain radiographs in all patients immediately after surgery, and there were no recurrences at the most recent follow-up. The medial malleolar screws were removed in seven patients, although none had symptoms. At this time, further arthroscopy was undertaken, when it was found that the mean International Cartilage Repair Society (ICRS) arthroscopic score represented near-normal cartilage. Conclusion. Autologous bone grafting with fixation of chondral fragments preserves the original cartilage in the short term, and could be considered in the treatment for adult patients with symptomatic osteochondral defect and subchondral cysts. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2018;100-B:590–5

Introduction:. Cone Based CT (CBCT) scanning uses a point source and a planar detector with parallel data acquisition and volumetric coverage of the area of interest. The pedCAT (Curvebeam USA) scanner is marketed as a low radiation dose, compact, faster and inexpensive CT scanner that can be used to obtain both non- weightbearing and true 3 dimensional weightbearing views. Method:. A review of the first 100 CBCT scanning in our unit has been performed to assess ease of scanning, imaging time, radiation dose and value of imaging as opposed to conventional imaging. Results:. A pedcat CT scan was available within minutes of the request, similar to plain radiographs but much earlier than a 6 week delay for a patient to attend a new appointment for a conventional CT. All patients returned to see the clinician for a clinical decision in the same NHS clinic and did not require a new clinic visit; illustrative cases include fracture/subluxation detection, surgical planning, extent of arthritis and 3D assessment of union of arthrodeses. All patients were able to transfer to the scanner with ease and the imaging time was 10 times than a conventional CT. The radiation dose to the patients was 9% that of a full gantry system. Weightbearing CT scanning enabled a 3D evaluation of reduction of joint space and ankle/hindfoot alignment. Anterior ankle and sesamoid impingement have been diagnosed in patients with previously obscure pain. Conclusion:. 3D Cone Beam imaging has been found to be easily accessible, rapidly performed and safer to the patient in providing a lower radiation dose. Weightbearing 3D imaging provides additional diagnostic information

Introduction:. Charcot arthropathy is a complex condition affecting diabetic patients with neuropathy. Diagnosis of acute Charcot arthropathy particularly in absence of any perceptible trauma is very challenging as clinically it can mimic osteomyelitis and cellulitis. Delay in recognition of Charcot arthropathy can result in gross instability of foot and ankle. Early diagnosis can provide an opportunity to halt the progression of disease. We report the role of SPECT /CT in the early diagnosis and elucidation of the natural progression of the disease. Methods:. Our multidisciplinary team analysed the scans of neuropathic patients presented with acute red, hot, swollen foot with normal radiological findings (Eichenholtz stage 0), attending the diabetic foot clinic from 2009–2013. The patients were selected from our database, clinic and nuclear medicine records. Initial workup included the assessment of peripheral neuropathy, temperature difference, between the feet, serum inflammatory markers and weight bearing dorsoplantar, lateral and oblique x-rays. All patients had three dimensional triple Phase Bone Scan using 800Mbq . 99m. Tc HDP followed by CT scan. Those patients with obvious radiological findings and signs of infection were excluded. Results:. We evaluated 193 scans in 189 patients. One hundred and forty nine patients showed increase in focal radionuclide uptake at ligament insertion or subchondral bone with a positive predictive value of 77 percent. Forty four out of 193 were negative for Charcot changes and they were not treated as Charcot. These patients did not develop any Charcot changes in the mean follow up of 8 months, indicating a clinically false positive rate of 23%. Conclusion:. SPECT/CT scan is a highly sensitive and specific tool for early diagnosis and accurate localisation of Charcot neuroarthropathy as clinical examination results in high false positive rate. SPECT/CT also helps to understand the natural progression of this disease

Large osteochondral lesions (OCLs) of the shoulder of the talus cannot always be treated by traditional osteochondral autograft techniques because of their size, articular geometry and loss of an articular buttress. We hypothesised that they could be treated by transplantation of a vascularised corticoperiosteal graft from the ipsilateral medial femoral condyle. . Between 2004 and 2011, we carried out a prospective study of a consecutive series of 14 patients (five women, nine men; mean age 34.8 years, 20 to 54) who were treated for an OCL with a vascularised bone graft. Clinical outcome was assessed using a visual analogue scale (VAS) for pain and the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) hindfoot score. Radiological follow-up used plain radiographs and CT scans to assess graft incorporation and joint deterioration. . At a mean follow-up of 4.1 years (2 to 7), the mean VAS for pain had decreased from 5.8 (5 to 8) to 1.8 (0 to 4) (p = 0.001) and the mean AOFAS hindfoot score had increased from 65 (41 to 70) to 81 (54 to 92) (p = 0.003). Radiologically, the talar contour had been successfully reconstructed with stable incorporation of the vascularised corticoperiosteal graft in all patients. Joint degeneration was only seen in one ankle. . Treatment of a large OCL of the shoulder of the talus with a vascularised corticoperiosteal graft taken from the medial condyle of the femur was found to be a safe, reliable method of restoring the contour of the talus in the early to mid-term. . Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2015;97-B:1242–9

Introduction:. Recent published studies have examined the normal dimensions of the syndesmosis on CT. However, previous anatomical studies have shown variations of the articulating facets within the tibialae fibularis and may contribute to the false appearance of increased spacing within the syndesmosis. In this study, we measured and compared anterior and posterior distances of the distal tibiofibular(DTF) syndesmosis on MRI and CT imaging. Methods:. We identified adult patients who had had both a CT scan and an MRI scan of their ipsilateral ankle to investigate symptoms unrelated to the DTF syndesmosis. The anterior and the posterior DTF dimensions were measured on CT and MRI axial images, at the level of the distal tibial physeal scar. This was taken from anterior tubercle of tibia and from the most anterior aspect of the posterior tibial tubercle to the nearest point of medial aspect of the fibula. The geometrical shapes of the syndesmosis and the anterior tibial tubercle were also recorded. Results:. 16 ankles in 15 patients were included. The mean age was 34.6+/−8.8 years. The mean (SD) for the anterior DTF distance was 2.0 mm (0.7 mm) on MRI and 2.9 mm (0.9 mm) on CT whilst the mean posterior DTF distance was 3.2 mm (1.1 mm) on MRI and 4.3 mm (1.0 mm) on CT. This difference reached statistical significance (p < 0.001, paired T-test). When examining the shape of the syndesmosis on MRI, 56% were crescent and 44% rectangular, this was compared to 69% and 31%, respectively, on CT. There was, however, no statistical difference in the shape of the syndesmosis between the two radiological modalities (p=0.625, McNemar test). Conclusion:. CT appears to over-estimate the distal tibiofibular separation and may lead to a false positive diagnosis. Further studies are needed to establish the reliability in the use of CT scans to investigate normal and abnormal syndesmosis

Objective. The main object of this study was to use a geometric morphometric approach to quantify the left-right symmetry of talus bones. . Methods. Analysis was carried out using CT scan images of 11 pairs of intact tali. Two important geometric parameters, volume and surface area, were quantified for left and right talus bones. The geometric shape variations between the right and left talus bones were also measured using deviation analysis. Furthermore, location of asymmetry in the geometric shapes were identified. . Results. Numerical results showed that talus bones are bilaterally symmetrical in nature, and the difference between the surface area of the left and right talus bones was less than 7.5%. Similarly, the difference in the volume of both bones was less than 7.5%. Results of the three-dimensional (3D) deviation analyses demonstrated the mean deviation between left and right talus bones were in the range of -0.74 mm to 0.62 mm. It was observed that in eight of 11 subjects, the deviation in symmetry occurred in regions that are clinically less important during talus surgery. . Conclusions. We conclude that left and right talus bones of intact human ankle joints show a strong degree of symmetry. The results of this study may have significance with respect to talus surgery, and in investigating traumatic talus injury where the geometric shape of the contralateral talus can be used as control. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2014;3:139–45

Background. Lisfranc/midfoot injuries are complex injuries with a reported incidence of 1 in 55000 in literature and frequently overlooked. But, recently they are becoming more commonly diagnosed with advent of CT scan and examination under anaesthesias (EUA) for suspicion fractures. Here we present a case series results of a single surgeons experience over the last 6 years. Methods. Retrospective review of 68 patients treated by a single surgeon over the last 6 years. Injuries were diagnosed on plain Xrays, clinic examination. Any suspicious injury were further assessed by a CT scan, all injuries were confirmed by EUA and treated with open reduction and internal fixation within 4 weeks of injury. Post-operative immobilisation in full cast for 6 weeks then a removal boot with non-weight bearing for a total of 3months. They were followed up regularly initially at 3, 6 and 12months. At final review the following data was collected: clinical examination, plain x-ray looking for: late deformity, signs of OA in Lisfranc joint, Auto fusion rate, rate of metal work failure. The x-rays findings were correlated with: (1) type of fixation. (2) The following scores: FAOS, AOFAS-M, specially designed new foot and ankle score. Results. 43 males: 25 females. 37 right: 31 left sided injuries. 90% were fully weight bearing with minimal discomfort after 6months. In 12 months all of them returned to their normal daily life activities. Wound complications: 2 of them had initial wound complications which were treated successfully with 2 weeks of oral antibiotics, 2 had lateral scar tenderness. One had loosened metal work, revised to fusion. Conclusion. Early operative intervention with good anatomical reduction can minimise the potential chronic disability associated with these injuries. This is a largest series of Lis-franc injuries of a single surgeon with good clinical outcome following surgical fixation

Injury to the syndesmosis occurs in approximately 10% of all patients with ankle fractures. Anatomic restoration of the syndesmosis is the only significant predictor of functional outcome. Several techniques of syndesmosis fixation are currently used such as cortical screws, bioabsorbable screws and more recently introduced suture-button fixation. No single technique has been shown to be superior to the others. The objective of this research project is to investigate whether treatment with a tightrope (suture-button fixation) gives superior results than the use of a cortical screw in the treatment of acute syndesmotic ankle injuries with regards to function, pain, satisfaction and return to normal activities. Research Ethics Committee approval was obtained. 40 patients with syndesmotic ankle injuries associated with diastasis were prospectively recruited, 20 in each group. Patients were randomized to one of the 2 groups. At 12 weeks, American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) scores and a computerized tomography (CT) scan of both the ankles was obtained. At 1 year, AOFAS scores and satisfaction was assessed. 32 patients have been recruited so far, 20 in the tightrope group and 12 in the cortical screw group. Mean AOFAS scores at 3 months post-op were 90.67 in the Tightrope group and 84 in the screw group. The difference was not significant (p= 0.096). CT scans revealed that the quality of syndesmosis reduction was equally good with both the techniques. Metalwork prominence was common with both the devices. Discussion and Conclusion. Both the devices achieved good reduction of the syndesmosis. Our CT scan protocol has insignificant radiation risk and allows more accurate assessment of the syndesmosis. Early clinical results do not show a significant difference in the functional outcome with the use of either device. Long-term (1 year) follow-up has been planned