Background. The relationship between obesity and cauda equina syndrome (CES) has not been previously evaluated or defined. Aim. Purpose of this study was to examine the presentation, timing of surgery, peri-operative complications and outcome of Cauda Equina Syndrome in relation to Body Mass Index. Methods. A single centre retrospective analysis was performed on 40 patients admitted with cauda equina syndrome. Data was collected regarding patient demographics, body mass index (BMI), co-morbidities, onset & mode of presentation and speed of functional recovery following surgery. Results. There were 18 males and 22 females with an overall average age of 38.9 years. The average height was 168.7 cm, and the average weight was 89.3 kg, giving an average BMI of 30.6 Kg/m2. 80% of patients were considered overweight (BMI 25–29.5) or obese (BMI >30). The average duration of back or leg pain prior to presentation was 4.2 years for the obese group and 1.3 years for the non-obese group. Bilateral sciatica, urinary incontinence and dense peri-anal numbness were the predominant presenting features in the obese group. Onset of symptoms was slow and gradually evolving in the obese group compared to the fast onset in the obese group. In the non-obese group, 71% underwent surgery within 24 hrs as opposed to 31% in the obese group. Average follow-up was 6months (6 weeks to 14 months). We observed that higher the BMI more slower the recovery with residual neurology and sphincter dysfunction. Patients in ideal group had prompt early symptomatic recovery with no residual neurology and full bladder recovery. There was correlation between increasing BMI and increased rate of surgical complications. Conclusion. This is the first study exploring the impact of body mass index on CES presentation and outcome. Specific care in establishing an early diagnosis in obese individuals is imperative for timely intervention

Aims. Cauda equina syndrome (CES) is a rare condition which requires urgent treatment to reduce the risk of long term neurological morbidity. Most authors recommend surgical decompression within 24–48 hours of the onset of symptoms, which may not be possible if there are delays in referral to hospital, performance of diagnostic imaging or poor access to a spine surgeon. We present a snap shot of referrals of patients with suspected cauda equina syndrome to the Orthopaedic department in a district general hospital including the diagnoses, management and outcome. Methods. A retrospective review of 20 consecutive patients (mean age 49, 11 males, 9 females) referred via Primary Care to the orthopaedic on call team between April and December 2010 was carried out. Data were recorded including the clinical symptoms and signs on admission, time taken to undergo MRI, diagnosis and treatment. Results. 18/20 patients had red flag symptoms. Two patients with convincing neurological evidence of CES were transferred to the local neurosurgical unit for urgent assessment and surgical intervention. 12 patients required urgent inpatient MRI scans; mean time to MRI for these patients was 22 hours from the initial Orthopaedic assessment. Of these, none showed cauda equina and 3 were offered elective surgery for spinal nerve root compression. 14 out of 20 patients presented outside normal working hours when immediate access to MRI was unavailable. Conclusions. The majority of patients in this study had red flag symptoms, although few actually had CES. Usually patients present in the evening when access to MRI is unavailable, potentially delaying the diagnosis. Such information may be useful to radiology departments to help plan out of hours services or help district hospital Orthopaedic departments develop protocols with nearby neurosurgical units for rapid patient transfer when CES is suspected

Background. Cauda equina syndrome (CES) is a physical process. There is compression of the cauda equina resulting in arrest of the electrochemical signal from the central nervous system. Previous studies have demonstrated that anthropomorphic features influence nerve conduction properties. Aim. We therefore sought to if there was an association between biophysical parameters and CES. Setting and design. Single centre retrospective comparative study. Method and materials. We analysed consecutive patients who had elective lumbar discectomy. Demographic data-including age, gender, height, weight and BMI were recorded. Identical information was collected in consecutive patients who underwent emergency lumbar discectomy for MRI-proven CES. Results. There were 40 patients who underwent emergency surgery for CES. There were 22 women and 18 men with a mean age of 38.6 years. 92 patients underwent elective lumbar discectomy. There were 45 men and 47 women with a mean age of 44 years. Patient undergoing emergency discectomy for CES were significantly heavier (p=0.001) and had a significantly higher BMI (p< 0.0005) compared to the elective surgery cohort. The mean difference in weight and BMI were 11.2 kg (95% confidence interval: 3.8–18.7) and 4.6kg/m2 (95% confidence interval: 2.4–6.9) respectively. The CES-group was also slightly younger (mean difference 5.4 years 95% CI: 1.7–9.8 p=0.01). There was no statistically significant difference between the heights of the two groups or the gender ratio. Multivariate binary logistic regression showed increasing weight to be associated with the increasing odds of CES (P< 0.0005). In contrast increasing height was correlated with a reducing likelihood of CES (P< 0.01). Increasing BMI was associated with increased odds of CES (p< 0.0005). Conclusion. This is the first study to relate anthropometric features to CES. Our study observed that increasing BMI is linked with the increased odds of CES syndrome as was increasing weight and decreasing height

Abstract. Background. Cauda equina syndrome (CES) is a rare serious condition that, if missed at initial presentation, can lead to serious disability. Early diagnosis is crucial for a favourable outcome. Few studies included urodynamic test and measurement of post-void residual urine (PVR) as an adjunct screening tool for acute CES before proceeding to MRI scan, yet there are differences in the cut-off point as a threshold volume to be considered as a red flag for doing MRI amongst these studies. Aim. Meta-analysis and systematic review of literature that included PVR as a predictive tool in CES to identify the reliability of PVR and the optimal numerical value to be considered as red flag. Material & Methods. A comprehensive literature search was undertaken in PubMed, Medline, and Embase databases using our search strategy. Meta-analysis of collated data. Results. A total of seven studies were included with a total of 938 patients. The number of cases suitable for meta-analysis was 714. CES was confirmed in 73. urodynamic testing and PVR diagnosed 86 and excluded 426. The sensitivity of PVR>100ml was 64% (CI 97.5%: 0.44–0.80), specificity 59.2% (CI 97.5%: 0.46 – 0.711), while PVR >200 showed more predictive figures, with sensitivity improved to 83.1% (CI 97.5%: 0.62–0.94) and specificity to 93.5% (CI 97.5%: 0.50–0.99). Conclusions. Urodynamics test is an essential tool in CES assessment. Authors recommend PVR > 200 ml as the numerical cut-off point to be considered as a red flag that if present with other clinical red flags, urgent MRI is recommended in suspected CES

The purpose of this study is to find the clinical outcome of decompression of Cauda Equina presenting late in the course of disease. There were 33 males and 17 females with average age of 48 years, ranging from 25 to 85 years. All patients presented to us with a fully developed Cauda Equina syndrome (CES). All of them presented late with mean delay of 12.2 days. Time interval between bladder and bowel dysfunction and admission to hospital varied from 1 to 35 days. The average follow-up was 34.5 months, ranging from 12 to 60 months. There was no statistically significant difference in time of delay in surgery between the recovered and non-recovered group as tested by Student's t test. But there was a statistically significant positive correlation between duration taken for total recovery and delay in surgery. Anal wink as a predictor of bladder and bowel recovery also showed statistical significance, as patients with an absence had a poorer prognosis for bladder recovery. The result of surgery in CES is not as dramatic and fast as seen after routine disc surgery. Some improvement can be expected with decompression even in those patients presenting late and results are not universally poor as previously thought. The treating physicians of such patients should be aware that the recovery in this group of patients can take an exceptionally long time and hence should involve in constant reassurance and rehabilitation of the patient. Presence of anal wink is a very good predictor of bladder and bowel recovery

Objective

Guidelines published by the British Association of Spine Surgeons (BASS) and Society of British Neurological Surgeons (SBNS) recommend urgent MRI imaging and intervention in individuals suspected of having CES. The need for an evidence based protocol is driven by a lack of 24/7 MRI services and centralisation of neurosurgery to tertiary centres, compounded by CES's significant medico-legal implications. We conducted an audit to evaluate the pathway for suspected CES in BCUHB West between 2018 and 2021.

We aimed (1) to determine the factors which influence outcome after surgery for CES and (2) to study CES MRI measurements. 56 patients with evidence of a sphincteric disturbance who underwent urgent surgery (1994-2002) were identified and invited to clinic. 31 MRIs were available for analysis and randomised with 19 MRIs of patients undergoing discectomy for persistent radiculopathy. Observers estimated the percentage of spinal canal compromise and indicated whether they thought the scan findings could produce CES and whether the discs looked degenerate. Measurements were repeated after two weeks.

(1) 42 patients attended (mean follow up 60 months; range 25–114). Mean age at onset was 41 years (range 24–67). 26 patients were operated on within 48 hours of onset. Acute onset of sphincteric symptoms and the time to operation did not influence the outcomes. Leg weakness at onset persisted in a significant number at follow-up (p<0.005). Bowel disturbance at presentation was associated with sexual problems (<0.005) at follow-up. Urinary disturbance at presentation did not affect the outcomes. The 13 patients who failed their post-operative trial without catheter had worse outcomes. The SF36 scores at follow-up were reduced compared to age-matched norms in the population. The mean ODI was 29, LBOS 42 and VAS 4.5.

(2) No significant correlations were found between MRI canal compromise and clinical outcome. There was moderate to substantial agreement for intra- and inter-observer reproducibility.

During the pandemic of COVID-19, some patients with COVID-19 may need emergency surgeries. As spine surgeons, it is our responsibility to ensure appropriate treatment to the patients with COVID-19 and spinal diseases. A protocol for spinal surgery and related management on patients with COVID-19 has been reviewed. Patient preparation for emergency surgeries, indications, and contraindications of emergency surgeries, operating room preparation, infection control precautions and personal protective equipments (PPE), anesthesia management, intraoperative procedures, postoperative management, medical waste disposal, and surveillance of healthcare workers were reviewed. It should be safe for surgeons with PPE of protection level 2 to perform spinal surgeries on patients with COVID-19. Standardized and careful surgical procedures should be necessary to reduce the exposure to COVID-19.