Objectives. Congenital cruciate ligament deficiency is a rare condition that may occur in isolation or in association with longitudinal limb deficiencies such as fibular hemimelia or proximal femoral focal deficiency. Often anomalies of the menisci and their attachments can be very abnormal and impact on surgical management by standard techniques. Arthroscopic surgical knee reconstruction is undertaken to improve symptomatic instability and/or to stabilise and protect the knee for future planned limb lengthening surgery. The aim of this study is to evaluate the arthroscopic findings of patients undergoing surgery for congenital cruciate ligament deficiency, and specifically to determine the frequency and types of meniscal anatomical variations seen in these cases. Methods. Patients undergoing surgery for congenital cruciate ligament deficiency were identified from a prospectively collated database. Diagnosis was confirmed through review of the clinical notes and imaging. Operative notes and 4K saved arthroscopic images and video recordings for these cases were reviewed. Results. Over a six-year period (July 2017 – September 2023), 42 patients underwent surgery for congenital ligament deficiency and tibiofemoral instability (45 surgical episodes). Median age of patients at time of surgery was 10 years (range 4 – 17 years). The most frequent diagnosis was congenital longitudinal limb deficiency syndromes in 27 cases, with the most frequent being fibular hemimelia. Isolated congenital ligament deficiency without any other associated extra-articular manifestations occurred in 11 cases. Absence of meniscal root attachments or hypertrophy of meniscofemoral ligaments acting as ‘pseudo-cruciates’ were seen in over 25% of patients. In isolated ACL deficiency these were injured causing onset of instability symptoms and pain following trauma. Often these abnormal structures required addressing to allow surgical reconstruction. Conclusions. Our findings demonstrate that there are often meniscal variations seen in association with congenital absence or hypoplasia of the cruciate ligaments. In these patients hypertrophied meniscofemoral ligaments may act as cruciate-like structures and play a role in providing a degree of sagittal plane stability to the knee. However, when the knee becomes unstable to the point that cruciate ligament reconstruction is indicated, these meniscal variants may often require stabilisation using complex meniscal root repair techniques or variations to standard cruciate ligament reconstruction techniques to accommodate the variant anatomy

Purpose. This study compares outcomes in patients with complete congenital fibula absence treated with an amputation protocol to those using an extension prosthesis. Introduction. Complete fibula absence presents with significant lower limb deformity. Parental counselling regarding management is paramount in achieving the optimum functional outcome. Amputation offers a single surgical event with minimal complications and potential excellent functional outcome. Method. 32 patients were identified. 9 patients (2M: 7F, median age at presentation of 22yrs) utilized an extension prosthesis. 23 patients (16M: 7F, median age at presentation of 10 months) underwent 25 amputations during childhood: only two underwent tibial kyphus correction. Mobility was assessed using SIGAM and K scores. Quality of life was assessed using the PedsQL inventory questionnaire; pain by a verbal severity score. Results. 19 Syme and one Boyd amputation in 19 patients were performed early (mean age 15 months). 4 Syme and one trans-tibial amputation in 4 patients took place in older children (mean age 6.6 years). K Scores were significantly higher (mean 4 versus 2) and pain scores lower in the amputation group allowing high impact activity compared to community ambulation with an extension prosthesis. The SIGAM and PedsQL scores were all better in the amputation group, but not significantly so. Conclusion. Childhood amputation for severe limb length inequality and foot deformity in congenital fibula absence offers excellent short term functional outcome with prosthetic support. The tibial kyphus does not need routine correction and facilitates prosthetic suspension. Accommodative extension prostheses offer reasonable long term function but outcome scores are lower

Introduction

Aim of this study was to review a single surgeon series and analyse the results of hip reconstruction and compare them to an historical cohort.

Patellofemoral instability (PFI) is a common cause of knee pain and disability in the paediatric population. Patella alta, lateralised tibial tubercle, medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) deficiency, genu valgum and trochlear dysplasia are well known risk factors. A prospective database was created including patients referred through our physiotherapy pathway following first-time patella dislocation. Patella alta and lateralisation of the tibial tuberosity was treated with a Fulkerson-type tibial tubercle osteotomy(TTO). Medial patellofemoral ligament was reconstructed using quads tendon autograft pull-down technique. A modified Sheffield protocol was used postoperatively allowing weightbearing in a hinged knee brace. Forty patients were identified with 8 patients having bilateral presentations. Male to female ratio was 12:28 with an age range of 4–17 years. Eight patients had congenital PFI, five patients acquired PFI through traumatic patella dislocation and twenty-seven patients developed PFI from recurrent dislocations. Structural abnormalities were found in 38(95%) of patients. Patella alta (Caton-Deschamps index >1.2) was identified in 19(47%) patients, genu valgum in 12(30%) patients, increased tibial tubercle-trochlear groove distance(TT-TG>20mm) was present in 9(22.5%) patients and persistent femoral anteversion(> 20 deg) in 7(17%) patients. Eight patients were treated with TTO and MPFL reconstruction, three patients with MPFL reconstruction alone and five patients had guided growth for genu valgum correction. Ten patients are awaiting surgery. No postoperative patients had recurrence of PFI at their latest follow up. PFI is a common problem in the adolescent paediatric population with identifiable structural abnormalities. Correcting structural pathology with surgery leads to predictable and safe outcomes

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY. Occipitocervical fixation and spondylodesis is indicated in various cases of occipitocervical instability. The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the results of occipitocervical fixation at our institutions. MATERIAL + METHODS. Between 1997 and 2007, a total of 57 patients underwent occipitocervical fixation (OC) there were 25 men and 32 women, from 4 to 77 years of age. 2 groups, group one - tying wires or cables and group two - screw-rod or screw-plate systems. Indications included trauma in 15, rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in 28, destruction due to psoriasis in one, tumour in eight, and congenital anomalies in five patients. The patients were evaluated at a final follow-up ranging between 12 and 132 months after the primary surgery (average, 42.7 months). Indications for surgery and the method and extent of instrumentation were recorded. The evaluation included pain and neurological deficit assessment, radiographic evidence of the stability of fixation and bone union and intra-operative and early and late post-operative complications. RESULTS. Of the 57 patients, bone fusion was the aim of surgery in 52. Five patients died of associated injuries or serious medical complications shortly after the operation. Of the remaining 47, bone union was achieved in 44 patients (93.6%). Pseudoarthrosis developed in three patients who. In terms of bone union, there was no difference between a short (C0–C2) and a long (C0-CX or C-T) fixation. No differences among fixation materials were found. The differences in percent bone union after spondylodesis between the tying-wire and screw-rod fixation systems were not statistically significant (p>0.05). In the patients treated for RA, psoriasis or congenital anomaly, the Nurick scale score significantly improved at 2 years after surgery (p<0.05). In comparison with the others, the RA patients had a significantly higher number of complications (p<0.05). The patients treated for tumour showed a significant difference between the pre- and post-operative VAS values (p<0.05). DISCUSSION. Of the patients with RA, psoriasis or congenital anomaly, 57.6% showed post-operative improvement in the Nurick scale score by 1–2 but never more than by 2. A decrease in pain intensity and neurological findings was recorded in 88.2% of the patients. This is in agreement with the results published in the international literature. In the patients treated for trauma, a high proportion (53.3%) had neurological deficit, which is unusually high for craniocervical injuries. This can be explained by the fact that OC fixation is used only in the most serious injuries. Of five patients with neurological deficit of Frankel grade A or B, three died and two required mechanical ventilation. Less serious neurological findings of Frankel grade C or D in three patients improved to a normal condition. CONCLUSIONS. Rigid OC fixation is a very effective method for the treatment of craniocervical junction instability. The currently used implants allow us to achieve high stability and efficiency of bone union. Regardless of the instrumentation used, fusion is achieved in more than 90%, and clinical improvement in more than 80% of the patients

Introduction. Since 2001 we use the flexible intramedullary nailing (FIN) in bone lengthening in children. This study estimates results of EF+FIN association considering the duration of external fixation and complications. Materials and Methods. Since 2001 we performed 294 bone lengthenings (338 segments of UL and LL) in 250 children 3 to 16 years old (11.01±0.23 in average). The length discrepancy was congenital in 163 cases, the sequelae of trauma or osteomyelitis were observed in 87 patients. In group I (195 cases) the Ilizarov fixator alone was applied, in group II the Ilizarov fixator (91 cases) or TSF® (8cases) were combined with FIN. The healing index was compared between the groups of the same etiology with similar type of distraction osteosynthesis. The date of consolidation corresponded to the day of removal of the external fixator, while intramedullary nails remained in place thus protecting the bone. Healing index was calculated by relating the duration of wearing of the external fixator (in days) and the amount of lengthening (in cm). Results. Reduction of the healing index is noted in each compared category. Thus, in congenital shortening in monofocal distraction osteosynthesis of the femur the healing index decreased from 29.8 (group I) to 20.4 days per cm, in bifocal tibial lengthening from 22.7 (group I) to 16.3d/cm (group II), in humeral lengthening – from 30.2 to 21.3 d/cm. In fact, it appears that the association of the external fixator of the Ilizarov type or TSF® with FIN allows to reduce the healing index significantly: in 12 of 16 compared categories the reduction of the index was from 20% to 40% or from 4.0 to 19.1 days per cm. In group I four cases of deep infection of soft tissues, 2 osteomyelitis, 21 fractures or deformities after frame removal were manifested. In group II – onlyone case of deformation after frame removal, absence of severe infectious complications, 8 cases of migration of the intramedullary wires. Discussion. FIN creates an elastic and resistant system during the lengthening. We even suggest that it stimulates the formation considering an apparent decrease of the healing index. On the other hand, the elasticity of nails prevents secondary fractures or deformations after frame removal. Conclusion. Combination of the circular EF and FIN in limb lengthening in children significantly decreases the duration of external fixation and the amount of severe infections and fractures

Limb reconstruction requires high levels of patient compliance and impacts heavily on social circumstances. The epidemiology and socioeconomic description of trauma patients has been well documented, however no study has assessed the epidemiology of limb reconstruction patients. The aim of this project is to describe patients attending Limb Reconstruction Services (LRS) in order to highlight and address the social implications of their care. All LRS cases under a single surgeon in a district general hospital were included from 2010 – 2016. Demographics, ASA grade, smoking status, mental health status and employment status were collated. Postcode was converted into an Index of Multiple Deprivation score using GeoConvert® software. Patient socioeconomic status was then ranked into national deprivation score quintiles (quintile 1 is most affluent, quintile 5 is most deprived). Deprivation scores were adjusted by census data and analysed with Student's T-test. The distance from the patient's residence to the hospital was generated through AA route planner®. Patient attendance at clinic and elective or emergency admissions was also assessed. Patient outcomes were not part of this research. There were 53 patients, of which 66% (n=35) were male, with a mean age of 45 years (range 21–89 years). Most patients were smokers (55%, n=29), 83% (n=42) were ASA 1 or 2 (there were no ASA 4 patients). The majority of indications were for acute trauma (49%), chronic complications of trauma (32%), congenital deformity (15%) and salvage fusion (4%). Mental health issues affected 23% (n=12) of cases and 57% of working-aged patients were unemployed. Mental health patients had a higher rate of trauma as an indication than the rest of the cohort (93% vs. 76%). Deprivation quintiles identified that LRS patients were more deprived (63% in quintiles 4 and 5 vs. 12% of 1 and 2), but this failed to reach statistical significance (p=0.9359). The mean distance from residence to hospital was 12 miles (range 0.35–105 miles, median 7 miles). The patients derived from a large region made up of 12 local authorities. There was a mean of 17 individual LRS clinic attendances per patient (range: 3–42). Cumulative distance travelled for each patient during LRS treatment was a mean of 495 miles (range 28 – 2008 miles). The total distance travelled for all 53 patients was over 26,000 miles. The results largely mirror the findings of trauma demographic and socioeconomic epidemiology, due to the majority of LRS indications being post-traumatic in this series. The high rates of unemployment and mental health problems may be a risk factor for requiring LRS management, or may be a product of the treatment. Clinicians may want to consider a social care strategy alongside their surgical strategy and fully utilise their broader MDT to address the social inequalities in these patients. This strategy should include a mental health assessment, smoking cessation therapy, sign-posted support for employment circumstances and a plan for travel to the hospital. The utilisation and cost of ambulance services was not possible with this methodology. Further work should prospectively assess the changes in housing circumstances, community healthcare needs and whether there was a return to employment and independent ambulation at the end of treatment

Background:. External fixators are not as well tolerated around the femur when compared to the tibia. Lengthening with an intramedullary device is therefore attractive. Method:. We reviewed all cases of femoral lengthening performed at our unit from 2007 to 2014. Cases of non-unions, concurrent deformities, congenital limb deficiencies and lengthening with an unstable hip were excluded. This left 33 cases for review. Healing index, implant tolerance and complications were compared. Results and Discussion:. In 20 cases the Precice lengthening nail was used and in 13 cases the LRS external fixator system. The desired length was achieved in all cases in the Precice group and in 12 of 13 cases in the LRS group. The Precice group had a more rapid return to full weight bearing. The mean healing index was 31.3 days/cm in the Precice and 47.1 days/cm in the LRS group. There was an increased incidence of complications with LRS lengthening, including pin site infections and regenerate deformity. Implant tolerance and the patients' perception of the cosmetic result were better with the Precice treatment. Conclusion:. We conclude excellent functional results with fewer complications and greater patient satisfaction in femoral lengthening with a Precice intramedullary nail

Aims

To compare operative and nonoperative treatment for displaced distal radius fractures in patients aged over 65 years.

Aims

Malreduction of the syndesmosis has been reported in up to 52% of patients after fixation of ankle fractures. Multiple radiological parameters are used to define malreduction; there has been limited investigation of the accuracy of these measurements in differentiating malreduction from inherent anatomical asymmetry. The purpose of this study was to identify the prevalence of positive malreduction standards within the syndesmosis of native, uninjured ankles.

Introduction. Metal-on-metal hip resurfacing (MOMHR) is a good surgical indication for young active patients. However, it cannot be used in patients with an excessively short femoral head/neck. To address these cases, a new surgical technique has been developed comprising femoral head augmentation using impacted morcellized bone grafts. Methods. 32 osteoarthritis patients who had severe congenital insufficiency of the femoral head/neck were treated with MOMHR combined with femoral head augmentation. Mean patient age was 49 ± 9 years (18–66). The required amount of augmentation was calculated on preoperative X-rays and confirmed during surgery. Using specially designed instrumentation, bone chips produced while reaming the socket and trimming the head were impacted onto the head to achieve the desired reconstruction and lengthening. Finally, the femoral component was cemented. Results. Mean head lengthening was 12 ± 2mm. Mean follow-up was 4.2 years (3–6). Mean preoperative Harris hip score was 58, increasing to 95 at follow-up (p<0.05). Mean leg lengthening was 2.2cm (p=0.001). In all Gruen zones, bone mineral density (BMD) decreased during the first 3 months. At 2 years, in zone 1, mean BMD increased to 96.8% (p=0.009) and to 102.1% in zone 7 (p=0.05). A correlation was found between valgus positioning of the femoral components and increased BMD (p=0.005). To date, only 1 patient has been revised due to socket loosening. Discussion and conclusions. This bone grafting technique expands the use of MOMHR to patients with severe deficiencies of the femoral head, thereby leading to a more anatomical reconstruction with a full recovery of function and BMD of the proximal femur

Introduction. Neonatal fractures are often quite distressing to parents and medical teams involved. Their management can be daunting due to the small size of the patient, the concern of the new parents and the fear of the obstetric staff about litigation and deformity or long term disability of the neonate. Aim. This study assesses the radiological and functional outcome of neonatal fractures up to two years post injury. Methods. We reviewed the notes of neonates at our hospital who sustained fractures spanning a 4 year period. Clavicle and humeral fractures were treated in a swaddling bandage for 3 weeks. Femoral fractures were treated in a gallows traction for 2–3 weeks. Xrays were taken once weekly. Patients were examined two years following their injury and function of the affected limb was assessed and compared with the unaffected side. Radiographs of the previously fractured bones were also taken at the 2 years follow up. Results. Eighteen (18) neonates sustained fractures predominantly due to birth trauma. There were four clavicle fractures, one fracture of a humerus, three femoral and 10 skull fractures. All seven (7) patients extremity fractures healed satisfactorily clinically and radiologically, with no residual deformity, limb length discrepancy or functional impairment at 2 years follow up. All parents were very satisfied with the outcome. Discussion and Conclusion. Neonatal fractures occur in <1% of births. Causes include birth trauma and congenital bone disease. Neonates with fractures are referred for Orthopaedic management which can be intimidating due to the infrequency of management of this cohort of patients. In our study all of our neonates with long bone fractures had good radiological results and no functional deficit when reviewed after 2 year. Clinicians can be reassured that neonatal fractures have a propensity to heal rapidly without residual functional or radiological abnormality as long as alignment is grossly maintained initially

Study Design. Retrospective review. Objective. To report the technique and results of vertebral column decancellation (VCD) for the management of sharp angular spinal deformity. Summary of Background Data. The goal of management of sharp angular spinal deformity is to realign the spinal deformity and safely decompress the neurological elements. However, some shortcomings related to current osteotomy treatment for these deformities are still evident. Methods. From January 2004 to March 2007, 45 patients (27 males/18 females) with severe sharp angular spinal deformities at our institution underwent VCD. The diagnoses included 29 congenital kyphoscoliosis and 16 Pott's deformity. The operative technique included multilevel VCD, disc removal, osteoclasis of the concave cortex, compression of the convex cortex accompanied by posterior instrumentation with pedicle screws. Preoperative and postoperative radiographic evaluation was performed. Intraoperative, postoperative and general complications were noted. Results. For a kyphosis type deformity, an average of 2.2 vertebrae was decancellated (range, 2to 4 vertebrae). The mean preoperative kyphosis was +98.6° (range, 82° to 138°), and the meankyphosis in the immediate postoperative period was +16.4° (range, 4° to 30°) with an averagepostoperative correction of +82.2° (range, 61° to 124°). For a kyphoscoliosis type deformity, thecorrection rate was 64% in the coronal plane (from 83.4° to 30.0°) postoperatively and 32.5°(61% correction) at 2 years follow-up. In the sagittal plane, the average preoperative curve of88.5° corrected to 28.6° immediately after surgery and to 31.0° at 2 years follow-up. All patientshad solid fusion at latest follow-up. Complications were encountered in 8 patients (17.8%) andincluded transient neurological deficit and complete paralysis (n = 1). Conclusion. Single stage posterior vertebral column decancellation (VCD) is an effective option to manage severe sharp angular spinal deformities

Purpose. compare the radiological results in sagittal balance correction obtained with pedicle subtraction osteotomy (PSO) versus anterior-posterior osteotomy (APO) by double approach in adults. Material and Methods. between January of 2001 and July of 2009, fifty-eight vertebral osteotomies were carried out in fifty-six patients: 9 Smith-Petersen osteotomy (SPO), one vertebral resection osteotomy (VRO), 30 anterior-posterior osteotomies (APO) and 18 pedicle subtraction osteotomies (PSO), being the lasts two groups the sample studied (48 osteotomies). The mean age of the patients was 56.3 years (17–72). Initial diagnose was: 28 posttraumathic kyphosis, 7 postsurgical kyphosis, 7 adult degenerative disease, 4 ankylosing spondylitis and 2 congenital kyphoscoliosis. We evaluated the preoperative standing radiographs, the postoperative and at final follow-up by digital measurements with iPACS system viewer (© Real Time Image, USA, 2001). The mean follow-up was 54 months (6–98), and complications were analized. Results. The group APO had a mean preoperative thoracic kyphosis of 67 °, a mean lumbar lordosis of −42° and a mean sagital balance of 8.6°. The group PSO had a mean preoperative thoracic kyphosis of 41°, a mean lumbar lordosis of −22° and a mean sagital balance of 12.3°. The mean correction in the APO group was 29° in its thoracic kyphosis, 8° of lumbar lordosis and 6.5° in its sagital balance. The mean correction in the PSO group was 12° of the thoracic kyphosis, 25 in the lumbar lordosis and 8.4 cm in the sagital balance. The local correction obtained at the osteotomy level was 28° in the APO group and 25.3° in the PSO group. There were no statistically significant differences in the percentage of correction between both groups (p>0.05). In terms of complications, PSO group had lower complication rate (26.6%) comparing to ODV group (44.5%). Conclusions. APO and PSO are useful techniques to correct the global sagital balance in patients with a disturbance of the sagittal profile. The correction obtained with the PSO is similar to obtained with the APO. Patients undergoing an OSP had a lower complication rate than patients undergoing APO

Objective. In many institutions, serial casting and splinting requires many weeks of treatment and frequently results in surgery. This study evaluated the results of neonatal clubfoot correction with the Furlong method. This method was created by Furlong M.B. and Lawn G.W. in New York and was published in Archives of Pediatrics in 1960. Materials and Methods. This study reviews 95 neonates with 128 severe clubfeet (initial Pirani score 4,0 or more). Patients with arthrogrypotic clubfeet and other syndromes were not included. Age at presentation ranged from 4 hours to 18 days. All patients had no previous treatment. The cast application with extra space above the foot was performed as follows: a special elastic pad was placed on the dorsal aspect of the foot and fixed with a cotton bandage. Then plaster cast was applied with knee flexion 110–120 degrees. After the cast was set, the elastic pad was removed, leaving a reserve space on the dorsal aspect of the foot. The cast was changed every 3–7 days. Typical corrective maneures were performed. Foot displacement into dorsiflexion occured spontaneously as an active motion and also with manipulations. Abduction braces or knee-flexed splints were applied after the complete foot correction. Pirani score and foot dorsiflexion angle were documented during each step of correction. Results. A detailed rating system (with radiologic criteria) was used for result evaluatiion. Correction was successful in all but 5 patients. 90 % required less than 6 casts. There were 12 recurrences and they were related with compliance with the abduction brace, but not with age or number of casts required for correction. Only 13 patients required surgery (6 posterior releases, 6 posteromedial releases and 1 complete subtalar release). Mean follow-up was 12 years. 23% of feet were evaluated as excellent, 71 %- as good and 6%- as poor results. Conclusion. The Furlong method is succesful in obtaining initial correction in the idiopathic clubfoot patient. This method corrects the neonatal congenital clubfoot in 85% without any surgery

Introduction. The aim of the treatment of children with early onset scoliosis is controlling growth of the spine. Whatever the etiology, early progressive deformations require multiple stages of surgery usually performed every 6–12 months. One have to be reckoned with complications requiring additional surgical intervention. Objective. The aim of the study is to present a new method of surgical treatment of early onset scoliosis involving the implantation of specially constructed implants to allow three dimensional correction of spinal deformity with a preserved capacity to continue the growth of spine without distraction staged operations followed by final spondylodesis in mature spine. Material. The clinical material consists of homogeneous group of patients: 8 girls and a one boy aged 6 to 14 years (mean age = 9 years). The estimated group four children had a single-curve, four children had a double-curve, while one child was affected by congenital kyphosis. The follow up ranged from 2 to 17 months (mean = 13.5 months). Method. Efficacy of spinal deformity correction using a “growing implants” was estimated by Cobb andgle measurement of the curvature 1/before the operation, 2/after surgery and 3/follow up. Results. During surgery, all patients obtained a large correction of curvature ranging from 50% to 100% (on average −70%). The degree of correction was directly dependent on the size of the initial deformation of 62 to 120 ° (average 77 °). During the entire period of observation in four children we have not identified the loss of correction or fits within the limits of measurement error. In one child thirty degree-loss correction stemmed from too selective implantation of the implants. During additional surgery the stabilization was extended to the extra two motor segments witch resulting in full correction. In one patient, due to rapid growth, rods were needed to be replaced for longer, because of the risk of pulling out from the lower screws. In one case we observed further correction during follow up. Conclusions. Using the method we obtained a very good correction in the first stage of treatment. Maintenance of correction does not require any intermediate staged operating procedures. Patients do not require corrective brace. Using “growing implants” in the early onset scoliosis one avoid complications peculiar to current growth-sparing procedures. These patients would have had 15 lengthening procedures after their initial correction if treated by conventional growing rod methods

Aims

The management of a significant bony defect following excision of a diaphyseal atrophic femoral nonunion remains a challenge. We present the outcomes using a combined technique of acute femoral shortening, stabilized with a long retrograde intramedullary nail, accompanied by bifocal osteotomy compression and distraction osteogenesis with a temporary monolateral fixator.

Aims

This is a prospective randomised controlled trial comparing the functional outcomes of plate fixation and elastic stable intramedullary nailing (ESIN) of completely displaced mid-shaft fractures of the clavicle in the active adult population.

Objectives

To determine the morbidity and mortality outcomes of patients presenting with a fractured neck of femur in an Australian context. Peri-operative variables related to unfavourable outcomes were identified to allow planning of intervention strategies for improving peri-operative care.

The results of the treatment of 31 open femoral fractures (29 patients) with significant bone loss in a single trauma unit were reviewed. A protocol of early soft-tissue and bony debridement was followed by skeletal stabilisation using a locked intramedullary nail or a dynamic condylar plate for diaphyseal and metaphyseal fractures respectively. Soft-tissue closure was obtained within 48 hours then followed, if required, by elective bone grafting with or without exchange nailing.

The mean time to union was 51 weeks (20 to 156). The time to union and functional outcome were largely dependent upon the location and extent of the bone loss. It was achieved more rapidly in fractures with wedge defects than in those with segmental bone loss. Fractures with metaphyseal defects healed more rapidly than those of comparable size in the diaphysis. Complications were more common in fractures with greater bone loss, and included stiffness of the knee, malunion and limb-length discrepancy.

Based on our findings, we have produced an algorithm for the treatment of these injuries. We conclude that satisfactory results can be achieved in most femoral fractures with bone loss using initial debridement and skeletal stabilisation to maintain length, with further procedures as required.