Aims. Dupuytren’s contracture is characterized by increased fibrosis of the palmar aponeurosis, with eventual replacement of the surrounding fatty tissue with palmar fascial fibromatosis. We hypothesized that adipocytokines produced by adipose tissue in contact with the palmar aponeurosis might promote fibrosis of the palmar aponeurosis. Methods. We compared the expression of the adipocytokines adiponectin and leptin in the adipose tissue surrounding the palmar aponeurosis of male patients with Dupuytren’s contracture, and of male patients with carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) as the control group. We also examined the effects of adiponectin on fibrosis-related genes and proteins expressed by fibroblasts in the palmar aponeurosis of patients with Dupuytren’s contracture. Results. Adiponectin expression in the adipose tissue surrounding the palmar aponeurosis was significantly lower in patients with Dupuytren’s contracture than in those with CTS. The expression of fibrosis-related genes and proteins, such as types 1 and 3 collagen and α-smooth muscle actin, was suppressed in a concentration-dependent manner by adding AdipoRon, an adiponectin receptor agonist. The expression of fibrosis-related genes and proteins was also suppressed by AdipoRon in the in vitro model of Dupuytren’s contracture created by adding TGF-β to normal fibroblasts collected from patients with CTS. Conclusion. Fibrosis of the palmar aponeurosis in Dupuytren’s contracture in males may be associated with adiponectin expression in the adipose tissue surrounding the palmar aponeurosis. Although fibroblasts within the palmar aponeurosis are often the focus of attention when elucidating the pathogenesis of Dupuytren’s contracture, adiponectin expression in adipose tissues warrants closer attention in future research. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2023;12(8):486–493

In Canada, Dupuytren's contracture is managed with partial fasciectomy or percutaneous needle aponeurotomy (PNA). Injectable collagenase will soon be available. The optimal management of Dupuytren’s contracture is controversial and trade-offs exist between the different methods. Using a cost-utility analysis approach, our aim was to identify the most cost-effective form of treatment for managing Dupuytren’s contracture it and the threshold at which collagenase is cost-effective. We developed an expected-value decision analysis model for Dupuytren’s contracture affecting a single finger, comparing the cost-effectiveness of fasciectomy, aponeurotomy and collagenase from a societal perspective. Cost-effectiveness, one-way sensitivity and variability analyses were performed using standard thresholds for cost effective treatment ($50 000 to $100 000/QALY gained). Percutaneous needle aponeurotomy was the preferred strategy for managing contractures affecting a single finger. The cost-effectiveness of primary aponeurotomy improved when repeated to treat recurrence. Fasciectomy was not cost-effective. Collagenase was cost-effective relative to and preferred over aponeurotomy at $875 and $470 per course of treatment, respectively. . In summary, our model supports the trend towards non-surgical interventions for managing Dupuytren’s contracture affecting a single finger. Injectable collagenase will only be feasible in our publicly funded healthcare system if it costs significantly less than current United States pricing. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2013;95-B:1094–1100

Aims. Dupuytren’s contracture is a benign, myoproliferative condition affecting the palmar fascia that results in progressive contractures of the fingers. Despite increased knowledge of the cellular and connective tissue changes involved, neither a cure nor an optimum form of treatment exists. The aim of this systematic review was to summarize the best available evidence on the management of this condition. Materials and Methods. A comprehensive database search for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was performed until August 2017. We studied RCTs comparing open fasciectomy with percutaneous needle aponeurotomy (PNA), collagenase clostridium histolyticum (CCH) with placebo, and CCH with PNA, in addition to adjuvant treatments aiming to improve the outcome of open fasciectomy. A total of 20 studies, involving 1584 patients, were included. Results. PNA tended to provide higher patient satisfaction with fewer adverse events, but had a higher rate of recurrence compared with limited fasciectomy. Although efficacious, treatment with CCH had notable recurrence rates and a high rate of transient adverse events. Recent comparative studies have shown no difference in clinical outcome between patients treated with PNA and those treated with CCH. Conclusion. Currently there remains limited evidence to guide the management of patients with Dupuytren’s contracture. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2018;100-B:1138–45

1. Surveys of a working community, of a group of elderly people, and of an urban population show an incidence of Dupuytren's contracture among men varying from 0·1 per cent in the age group fifteen to twenty-four, to 18·1 per cent in those aged seventy-five and over; and among women from 0·5 per cent in the age group forty-five to fifty-four, to 9 per cent over seventy-five. It is estimated that in the population aged fifteen and over in Lancashire and Cheshire there will be 4·2 per cent of the men and 1·4 per cent of the women with some degree of palmar contracture. 2. There appears to be no relationship between the type of occupation and the incidence or severity of contracture in men, except that among those engaged in light manual work the proportion of mildly affected hands is higher, and of bilateral contracture lower, than among either non-manual or heavy manual workers. 3. Evidence is provided that rheumatoid arthritis, past polyarthritis, osteoarthritis, cervical spondylosis and Paget's disease occur no more often in those with Dupuytren's contracture than in other members of the community. 4. Examination of the patients in an epileptic colony confirms a strong association between Dupuytren's contracture and epilepsy. Knuckle-pads, plantar nodules and periarthritis of the shoulder are all more frequent in epileptic than in non-epileptic patients with Dupuytren's contracture. Epileptics also show a higher proportion with bilateral contractures and a greater tendency to a symmetrical pattern of contracture in the two hands. A strong constitutional factor, probably genetic, thus operates in persons with both diseases. Nevertheless, the frequency of a positive family history of contracture is lower in the epileptic cases, and reasons for this are discussed. 5. From the limited material available in the literature there would appear to be an inverse relationship between the population of certain countries and the prevalence in them of Dupuytren's contracture. The possible significance of this is briefly discussed

Objectives. Injectable Bromelain Solution (IBS) is a modified investigational derivate of the medical grade bromelain-debriding pharmaceutical agent (NexoBrid) studied and approved for a rapid (four-hour single application), eschar-specific, deep burn debridement. We conducted an ex vivo study to determine the ability of IBS to dissolve-disrupt (enzymatic fasciotomy) Dupuytren’s cords. Materials and Methods. Specially prepared medical grade IBS was injected into fresh Dupuytren’s cords excised from patients undergoing surgical fasciectomy. These cords were tested by tension-loading them to failure with the Zwick 1445 (Zwick GmbH & Co. KG, Ulm, Germany) tension testing system. Results. We completed a pilot concept-validation study that proved the efficacy of IBS to induce enzymatic fasciotomy in ten cords compared with control in ten cords. We then completed a dosing study with an additional 71 cords injected with IBS in descending doses from 150 mg/cc to 0.8 mg/cc. The dosing study demonstrated that the minimal effective dose of 0.5 cc of 6.25 mg/cc to 5 mg/cc could achieve cord rupture in more than 80% of cases. Conclusions. These preliminary results indicate that IBS may be effective in enzymatic fasciotomy in Dupuytren’s contracture. Cite this article: Dr G. Rubin. A new bromelain-based enzyme for the release of Dupuytren’s contracture: Dupuytren’s enzymatic bromelain-based release. Bone Joint Res 2016;5:175–177. DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.55.BJR-2016-0072

Late presentation and rapid progression of Dupuytren's contracture significantly increases operating time, complications and likelihood of incomplete correction; however, surgical timing is usually more a function of waiting list length than of clinical criteria. We sought to measure the rate of progress of Dupuytren's contracture. All patients with Dupuytren's contracture referred to the sole Consultant Hand Surgeon for Highland Region between June 1997 and February 2003 were prospectively included. Fixed flexion deformities at each finger joint and thumb-index angle to the point of firm resistance to extension were recorded by a single observer (QGNC) at presentation and immediately pre-operatively. Of 151 participants 37% had a family history. There was a male predominance of 5:1, with bilaterality in 77% at presentation. Five percent had diabetes, 3% had epilepsy, 52% acknowledged tobacco habits and 24% regular alcohol in excess of recommended limits. Angular deterioration was observed in 52% of digits, over one quarter of this occurred at the small finger joints, where 58% of PIPJs progressed. Mean delay from presentation to surgery was 11 months (2-55.5). Mean age at presentation of 62 (16-86) years did not correlate with angular deformity at presentation or with velocity of deterioration or with manual/non-manual employment. Mean severity of deformity at presentation for manual (34°) was double non-manual workers (17°) although angular deterioration was faster in the non-manual group (3.8 cf 0.7°/month respectively). Similar speeds of deterioration were seen at MCPJ and PIPJ, speed of deterioration was 2.2°/month for each of the three ulnar digits. Speed of deterioration correlated (r=0.7) with severity of deformity at presentation for ring and small fingers. This study offers the first quantification of rate of deterioration in Dupuytren's contracture. This could be used as a waiting list tool to predict the delay before a digit is likely to pose increased surgical risk

We investigated the association of Dupuytren’s contracture with smoking and with alcohol by a case-control study in which 222 patients having an operation for this condition were matched for age, operation date and gender with control patients having other orthopaedic operations. Fifty of the cases were also each matched with four community controls. Data were collected by postal questionnaire. Dupuytren’s contracture needing operation was strongly associated with current cigarette smoking (adjusted odds ratio 2.8 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.5 to 5.2)). The mean lifetime cigarette consumption was 16.7 pack-years for the cases compared with 12.0 pack-years for the controls (p = 0.016). Dupuytren’s contracture was also associated with an Alcohol Use Disorders Test score greater than 7 (adjusted odds ratio 1.9 (95% CI 1.02 to 3.57)). Mean weekly alcohol consumption was 7.3 units for cases and 5.4 units for controls (p = 0.016). The excess risk associated with alcohol did not appear to be due to a confounding effect of smoking, or vice versa. Smoking increases the risk of developing Dupuytren’s contracture and may contribute to its prevalence in alcoholics, who tend to smoke heavily

Purpose of Study: To assess the efficacy of two-stage correction (skeletal traction followed by Partial Fasciec-tomy) in treating severe Dupuytren’s contractures. Material, Methods and Results: We retrospectively reviewed sixteen fingers in fifteen patients with severe Dupuytren’s contracture (Tubiana Grade III/IV), operated between April 2000 and July 2005. The mean age was 58 years (27 – 82 years). All patients underwent an initial application of Orthofix external fixator with pins in the proximal and middle phalanx. The patients were advised to gradually distract the device 3-4 times a day, for two weeks. They were then brought back for removal of fixator and partial fasciectomy with closure of skin by V-Y plasty. The results were assessed in thirteen patients, as two were lost to follow-up. The mean follow-up period was 30 months (6 – 64 months). The total mean preopera-tive extension deficit improved from 130 degrees to 38 degrees postop.; PIP joint deformity improved from a mean of 77 degrees to 33 degrees postop. and the mean TRAM (Total range of active movements) improved from 108 degrees to 165 degrees. Functional assessment was done using Michigan Hand Outcome Questionnaire. Overall improvement in hand function was from a preoperative 34% to a postoperative 89%.; aesthetic improvement from a preop. of 46% to a postop of 81% and pain improvement from a preop of 66% to a postop of 96%. One patient had recurrence, one had features of RSD (Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy) and one had to undergo amputation due to poor tolerance and persistent infection. Conclusion: Severe Dupuytren’s contracture is a challenging deformity to deal. The two-stage correction may be considered as an alternative method of treatment in cooperative patients. Our study has shown promising results with good patient satisfaction

Dupuytren's contracture is a common condition affecting 25% of men over the age of 65. With less advanced disease or with patients not suitable for a general or regional anaesthetic needle fasciotomy is the surgical option of choice. The aim of this audit is to see whether the Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic surgery at Wirral University Teaching Hospital NHS Foundation Trust comply with the NICE guidelines. All patients who underwent needle fasciotomy for Dupuytren's contracture at Wirral University Teaching Hospital NHS Foundation Trust from December 2008 and November 2010 were identified. The case notes of these patients were reviewed. In a 23 month period 9 patients (13 fingers), underwent needle fasciotomy. There were 6 female and 3 male patients. The mean age at the time of surgery was 70 years (61-84 years). Of the 13 MCPJ contractures 12 had a full correction. At the PIPJ 5 of the 8 had a full correction. Of the one contracture affecting the DIPJ, this was fully corrected. None of the patients undergoing needle fasciotomy had any complications recorded. At a minimum follow up 4 months and a mean follow up of 14 months, none of our patients have returned to the unit with recurrence of disease. In our unit needle fasciotomy is a safe and effective in correcting deformity. To date we have no complications or recurrence. None of these patients have returned for further surgery. We are compliant with the NICE guidelines

1. On the basis of, first, a mathematical analysis of the age-specific and sex-specific prevalence of Dupuytren's contracture; second, the genetical aspects; and last, the pathology, it is concluded that Dupuytren's contracture is probably a spontaneous disturbed-tolerance auto-immune disease. 2. The proportion of predisposed individuals at birth is about 20 per cent of males and females in the population studied by Early (1962), although it differs between populations and races. 3. The disease is probably initiated by four random, dependent-type, autosomal somatic gene mutations in a stem cell of the lymphoid system. With the accumulation of the fourth and final somatic mutation, a "forbidden-clone" of lymphocytes is probably generated. There is a latent period between the occurrence of the last initiating event and diagnosis. 4. In men the average latent period is about fifteen years, in women it is about thirty years. 5. The target tissue primarily attacked by forbidden lymphocytes is unknown, although proliferating fibroblasts are evidently a consequence of the auto-immune attack

1. The results in 138 hands operated on for Dupuytren's contracture are analysed and compared with those in other series. 2. Contracture ofthe metacarpo-phalangeal joint can be expected to respond well to operation, whereas the outlook in the case of contracture of the proximal interphalangeal joint is generally poor. 3. The reasons for this difference are examined. 4. The advantages of early operation for contracture of the proximal interphalangeal joint are stressed

Dupuytren’s contracture is characterised by abnormal fibroblast proliferation and extracellular matrix deposition in the palmar fascia. Fibroblast proliferation and matrix deposition in connective tissues are regulated by cytokines. A number of cytokines including transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) are known to have potent anabolic effects on connective tissue. The aim of this study was to investigate the role played by anabolic cytokines in the pathogenesis of Dupuytren’s disease. Twelve specimens of Dupuytren’s contracture and six control specimens of palmar fascia obtained from patients undergoing carpal tunnel release were cultured using a serumless method under standard conditions for 72 h. Levels of TGFβ-1, bFGF, PDGF and EGF in the medium were estimated using an enzyme linked immunoabsorbent assay technique. Neither Dupuytren’s tissue nor control palmar fascia produced any EGF. The mean (±S.D.)levels of bFGF, PDGF and TGFβ-1 produced by cultured palmar fascia were: 1270 ± 832, 74 ± 24, < 7, and for Dupuytren’s tissue were 722 ± 237, 139 ± 76.6, 645 ± 332, respectively. The levels of PDGF and TGFβ-1 were significantly higher in Dupuytren’s tissue. PDGF is produced in increased amounts by Dupuytren’s tissue. This may contribute to the fibroblast proliferation and increased ECM deposition observed in this condition. TGFβ-1 is not produced by normal palmar fascia but is produced in large amounts by Dupuytren’s tissue. The major physiologic role of TGFβ-1 is to stimulate formation of fibrous tissue. It plays a major role in wound healing and also in pathological conditions where fibrosis is a prominent feature. Inappropriate production of TGFβ-1 in the palmar fascia in Dupuytren’s disease may play a central role in initiating and stimulating the abnormal fibroblast proliferation and collagen synthesis seen in this condition

Aims. In the UK, fasciectomy for Dupuytren’s contracture is generally performed under general or regional anaesthetic, with an arm tourniquet and in a hospital setting. We have changed our practice to use local anaesthetic with adrenaline, no arm tourniquet, and perform the surgery in a community setting. We present the outcome of a consecutive series of 30 patients. Methods. Prospective data were collected for 30 patients undergoing open fasciectomy on 36 digits (six having two digits affected), over a one-year period and under the care of two surgeons. In total, 10 ml to 20 ml volume of 1% lidocaine with 1:100,000 adrenaline was used. A standard postoperative rehabilitation regime was used. Preoperative health scores, goniometer measurements of metacarpophalangeal (MCP), proximal interphalangeal (PIP) contractures, and Unité Rheumatologique des Affections de la Main (URAM) scores were measured pre- and postoperatively at six and 12 weeks. Results. The mean preoperative contractures were 35.3° (0° to 90°) at the metacarpophalangeal joint (MCPJ), 32.5° (0° to 90°) at proximal interphalangeal joint (PIPJ) (a combined deformity of 67.8°). The mean correction was 33.6° (0° to 90°) for the MCPJ and 18.2° (0° to 70°) for the PIPJ leading to a combined correction of 51.8°. There was a complete deformity correction in 21 fingers (59.5%) and partial correction in 14 digits (37.8%) with no correction in one finger. The mean residual deformities for the partial/uncorrected group were MCP 4.2° (0° to 30°), and PIP 26.1° (0° to 85°). For those achieving a full correction the mean preoperative contracture was less particularly at the PIP joint (15.45° (0° to 60°) vs 55.33° (0° to 90°)). Mean preoperative URAM scores were higher in the fully corrected group (17.4 (4 to 31) vs 14.0 (0 to 28)), but lower at three months post-surgery (0.5 (0 to 3) vs 4.40 (0 to 18)), with both groups showing improvements. Infections occurred in two patients (three digits) and both were successfully treated with oral antibiotics. No other complications were noted. The estimated cost of a fasciectomy under local anaesthetic in the community was £184.82 per patient. The estimated hospital theatre costs for a fasciectomy was £1,146.62 under general anaesthetic (GA), and £1,085.30 under an axillary block. Conclusion. This study suggests that a fasciectomy performed under local anaesthetic with adrenaline and without an arm tourniquet and in a community setting is safe, and results in favourable outcomes regarding the degree of correction of contracture achieved, functional scores, and short-term complications. Local anaesthetic fasciectomy in a community setting achieves a saving of £961.80 for a GA and £900.48 for an axillary block per case. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2020;102-B(10):1354–1358

Xiapex is a novel non-surgical intervention for the treatment of Dupuytren's contracture. It comprises a fixed-ratio mixture of two purified collagenolytic enzymes (AUX-I [clostridial type I collegenase] and AUX II [clostridial type II collagenase]) isolated from the medium of Clostridium histolyticum. Xiapex targets the contracture through the injection of enzymes into the pathologic diseased cords. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the safety and efficacy of Xiapex in patients with Dupuytren's Contracture, the recovery and associated use of health care resources. The study commenced in June 2011 and was completed in 11 months. 15 patients were screened for the study, 12 patients were eligible (10 male:2 female). All 12 patients completed the trial and 2 patients received multiple injections, one had two fingers affected and the other had two joints affected in one finger. Following screening visit to determine patient suitability, the patient received their first injection usually within 7 days. Xiapex was injected directly into the palpable cord. 24 hours after injection patients were reviewed and a “finger extension procedure” was performed if the cord had not spontaneously ruptured. Patients were then followed up at 7 days, 30 days and 6 months. Assessments at each visits included: Finger Goniometry, Physician and Subject Global Assessment and Satisfaction, Health Care Resource Utilization and URAM (function assessment) and adverse events. Of the 14 cords injected all ruptured after finger extension. No patient experienced any serious adverse events, but a number of more minor adverse events were recorded including skin tears, pain at injection site, swelling and bruising. At the time of final follow-up recurrence rates were 14%. In conclusion, Xiapex is suitable for appropriately selected patients who are affected by Dupuytren's contractures and who have a well-developed palpable cord

We randomised 79 patients (84 hands, 90 fingers) with Dupuytren’s contracture of the proximal interphalangeal joint to have either a ‘firebreak’ skin graft (39 patients, 41 hands, 44 fingers) or a fasciectomy (40 patients, 43 hands, 46 fingers) if, after full correction, the skin over the proximal phalanx could be easily closed by a Z-plasty. Patients were reviewed after three, six, 12, 24 and 36 months to note any complications, the range of movement and recurrence. Both groups were similar in regard to age, gender and factors considered to influence the outcome such as bilateral disease, family history, the presence of diabetes, smoking and alcohol intake. The degree of contracture of the metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joints of the operated fingers was similar in the two groups and both were comparable in terms of grip strength, range of movement and disability at each follow-up. The recurrence rate was 12.2%. We did not identify any improvement in correction or recurrence of contracture after firebreak dermofasciectomy up to three years after surgery

Aims: We present a prospective study, with three-year follow-up, of the incidence, course and influence on surgical outcome of the abductor digiti minimi cord in Dupuytren’s contracture of the PIP joint of the little finger. Methods: All patients presenting for surgery with primary Dupuytren’s contracture of the little finger over a six-month period were included in the study. Patterns of disease cords and joint involvement were noted. All fingers underwent fasciectomy of the central and pre-tendinous cords. If significant contracture remained the abductor cord was excised next, and the PIP joint itself released only if correction could still not be obtained. Contracture and range of movement of affected joints measured with goniometer pre-operatively, at each stage intra-operatively and at 3 months and 3 years post-op. Results: The abductor cord was present in twleve of the nineteen fingers in the study, including all of those with ulnar-sided disease. The ulnar neurovascular bundle was found to be deep to the cord in nine fingers, encased by diseased tissue in two and displaced superficially in only one finger. Mean initial flexion deformity in these twelve fingers was 59, corrected to only 51 by resection of the central and pre-tendinous cords. Excision of the abductor cord further improved the contracture to 25 while PIP join release improved it to 6. Flexion deformity was 18 at three months and 21 at three years. For the seven fingers in which no abductor cord was found, mean initial flexion deformity was 42, improving to 24 following fasciectomy and 4 with joint release. It was 16 at three months and 18 at three years. No significant difference in outcome could be identified between the groups at three months or three years. Conclusions: The abductor cord is present in roughly two-thirds of little fingers with contracture pf the PIP joint. The ulnar digital nerve usually lies deep to the abductor cord but in roughly one quarter of cases is either encased in or superficial to it. In affected fingers, resection of the cord accounts for more than half of the total correction obtained and three quarters of that obtained by fasciectomy. Presence of the ADM cord does not prejudice long-term outcome provided it is adequately resected

The fine structure of palmar fascia from patients with Dupuytren's contracture (DC) was compared with that from patients with carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). In contrast to previous assumptions, the ultrastructure of fibroblasts both in vivo and in vitro from DC and CTS appeared identical, indicating that myofibroblasts are not specific to DC. The major differences between DC and CTS were: 1) a sixfold and fortyfold increase in fibroblast density in cord and nodular areas of DC compared with CTS; 2) a more disorganised pattern of collagen fibrils in DC; and 3) markedly narrowed microvessels surrounded by thickened, laminated basal laminae and proliferating fibroblasts in DC compared with CTS. To account for these morphological changes a hypothesis is presented which proposes that oxygen-free radicals cause pericytic necrosis and fibroblastic proliferation. This hypothesis provides a potential avenue for therapy of DC and other fibrotic conditions

Dupuytren’s contracture (DC) is a non-lethal disabling disease, characterised by a progressive fibrosis of the deep palmar fascia, produced by an increased deposition of collagen within the extracellular matrix (ecm). Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of zinc-dependent endopeptidases that degrade ecm proteins. Their activity is regulated by growth factors, cytokines and by specific tissue inhibitors (TIMPs). An imbalance in the normal relationship between expression of MMPs and TIMPs is believed to contribute to the pathogenesis of other fibroproliferative diseases. We have performed a detailed immunohistochemical analysis of DC tissue which provides the most comprehensive profile to date of the MMP and TIMP expression in DC. Sections were immunostained using antibodies against a panel of MMPs and TIMPs. Normal palmar fascia from patients undergoing carpal tunnel release or from cadaveric hands was used as controls. There was a marked increase in the expression of MMPs and TIMPs within the different areas of DC tissue compared with controls. Both MMPs and TIMPs were expressed in an angiocentric pattern within areas of hypercellularity (corresponding to the proliferative stages of nodules). In some hypercellular areas expression of TIMP1 and TIMP2 exceeded that for the MMPs. Hypocellular cords, which were predominantly composed of collagen, were weakly immunopositive for MMP-2 and MMP-9, but were immunonegative for TIMPs. Areas of MMP-1 and MMP-2 expression were more intense in the stroma surrounding nodules, and also within the “invading” DC tissue at the dermo-epidermal junction (DEJ) of the skin. Here expression of MMPs was observed around abnormally high numbers of small blood vessels, beneath the rete ridges of the epidermal layer, and also within foci of inflamation.TIMP1 and TIMP-2 were not expressed within the DEJ. These changes were most marked where clinically there was obvious ‘skin pit’ involvement. Currently the only treatment for DC is surgical. Alternative non-surgical therapeutic protocols might involve manipulating the fibrotic process pharmacologically, for example by seeking to regulate expression of MMPs and their inhibitors

Introduction and Aims: Severe Dupuytren’s contracture of the proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint is a difficult condition to treat; a two-stage technique has been advocated by some surgeons for such cases. The present study set out to determine the early results of this technique. Method: Thirteen patients (11 with primary and two with recurrent disease) with a severe Dupuytren’s contracture of the proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint were treated by geometric correction (in line distraction followed by angular correction) using the OrthofixTM mini external fixator followed by its removal and partial fasciectomy (without collateral ligament or volar plate release). The mean duration of distraction was 14 days. Results: In the PIP joint the mean true fixed flexion deformity pre-operatively was 75 degrees (range 45–90). At a mean follow-up of 21 months, the mean residual flexion deformity was 35 degrees (range 10–90). The mean arc of motion increased from 26 (range 10–55) to 51 degrees (range 0–90). At follow-up, the mean arc of motion was 33 degrees (range 0–70) and 73 degrees (range 45–110) at the distal interphalangeal and meta-carpophalangeal joints respectively. There were no cases of reflex sympathetic dystrophy or neurovascular damage. One patient had a fracture of the proximal phalanx and a second patient had an early recurrence, which led to a poor clinical outcome. The rest had an excellent clinical outcome according to the Michigan Hand Questionnaire. Conclusion: Although the technique is challenging, the early results are promising and we recommend it for the management of this difficult problem

Aim: This study involved a postal questionnaire survey to know the attitude of consultant orthopaedic surgeons in U.K. with regards to their postoperative management of Dupuytren’s surgery patients. Methods & Results: A questionnaire was sent to Orthopaedic surgeons practising in UK. 573 consultants replied to the questionnaire. 169 surgeons (29.49%) stated to have special interest in hand surgery. 357 surgeons (62.3%) stated having no interest in hand surgery. 43 surgeons did not reply to the questionnaire. 81 surgeons (14.13%) always used post operative splintage.109 surgeons (19.03) used splintage most of the time, 126 surgeons (21.98%) rarely used it and 89 surgeons (15.53%) stated never using any form of splintage. Most of them used static splintage (45.20%) and only 5.23% used dynamic splintage.11 surgeons stated using both the types of splintage. 267 surgeons did not questionnaire. Majority of the surgeons applied a static splint (pop slab, thermoplastic splint) after the surgery while others applied it after reducing the dressing within 2 weeks of the operation. 264 (46.07%) surgeons did not reply to the question. In majority of cases the splint was applied by the occupational therapist. The surgeon, physiotherapist, and orthotist in some cases also applied the splint. Individual comments from surgeons made an interesting reading. After an initial period of continuous splintage majority of the surgeons used night splintage only. 265 surgeons did not reply to the question. Mostly the splint-age was used for 4–6 weeks. Although the spectrum of splintage varied from 2 weeks to 24 weeks. Some of the surgeons stated their own clinical practice in their comments. 179 surgeons stated always referring their patient for postoperative physiotherapy. 13 surgeons (2.26%) never referred their patients for physiotherapy. 77 surgeons on very odd occasions had postoperative physiotherapy for their patients. Majority of surgeons started the physiotherapy between 1 and 2 weeks, after the stitches have been removed. 107 surgeons favoured early commencement of hand exercises within first week of surgery. 224 surgeon did not reply to this question. Most of the surgeons followed the patients for two to four months. Longer follow up was done for patients with recurrence, severe or bilateral disease. Also those patients, who had proximal interphalangeal joint contracture and other risk factors, were followed for a longer period. Some of the surgeons commented following them for life in their clinical practice. Conclusion: This survey revealed interesting facts regarding the management of Dupuytren’s contracture surgery patients. The disparity in reply clearly indicates the need for further research with attention to long term funtional results