Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) represents a heterogeneous group of deformities that are commonly associated with secondary osteoarthritis. Affected hips may require total hip arthroplasty (THA) for endstage disease and these cases can present unique challenges for the reconstructive surgeon. While the severity of deformity varies greatly, optimizing THA can be challenging even in the “mildly” dysplastic hip. These disorders are commonly characterised by acetabular deficiency with inadequate coverage of the anterolateral femoral head and proximal femoral abnormalities including excessive femoral antetorsion, coxa valga and femoral stenosis. In more severe cases, major femoral head subluxation or dislocation can add additional complexity to the procedure. In addition to the primary deformities of DDH, secondary deformities from previous acetabular or proximal femoral osteotomies may also impact the primary THA. Primary THA in the DDH hip can be optimised by detailed understanding of the bony anatomy, careful pre-operative planning, and an appropriate spectrum of techniques and implants for the given case. This presentation will review the abnormal hip morphologies encountered in the dysplastic hip and will focus on the more challenging aspects of THA. These include acetabular reconstruction of the severely deficient socket and in the setting of total dislocation, femoral implant procedures combined with corrective osteotomy or shortening, and issues related to arthroplasty in the setting of previous pelvic osteotomy. Despite the complexity of reconstruction for various dysplastic variants the clinical outcomes and survivorship of these procedures are good to excellent for most patients. Nevertheless, more complex procedures are associated with an increased complication rate and this should be considered in the surgical decision-making process

Direct anterior approach (DAA) is one of the best way to the hip joint for prevention of post-operative dislocation. We have applied this method as minimum invasive surgery (MIS) to more than two hundred developmental dysplastic hip of Japanese patients in total hip arthroplasty (THA) and there is no post-operative dislocation within three years of last observation carried forward (LOCF). The reason of this benefit is derived from the accuracy of cup positioning and keeping good muscle balance. But the learning curve is very important and some technical pitfalls are there in this approach. We have chosen thirty four patients that the duration of operating time more than one and half hours and loss of blood more than five hundred gram in hour series. The most important factors of the difficulties are the combinations of shortening of femoral neck, especially Perthes like deformity of developmental deformities of the hip joint (DDH) and widening of pelvic bone for the reason of insufficiency working spaces and the difficulties of broaching insertion (8/34). The second factor is the contracture of hip and knee joints combinations for the difficulties of lift up the proximal femur as broaching stem (3/34). The obesity, Body Mass Index (BMI) above thirty is not the reason of difficulties of women in our series. DAA can be extended to Smith-Petersen approach and very useful technique for primary THA in Japanese dysplastic hip patients

BACKGROUND. There is no report of additional type of bulk bone grafting (Ad-BG) method with impaction morselized bone graft for reconstruction of shallow dysplastic hip in total hip arthroplasty. The purpose of this study was to define the shallow acetabulum and to evaluate the clinical and radiographic results of primary total hip arthroplasty (THA) with Ad-BG method. MATERIALS and METHODS. With modification of Crowe's classification, shallow dysplasia was defined and classified (Fig. 1). Between October 1999 and August 2008, 120 hips of 302 THAs for dysplastic hip were defined as shallow and Ad-BG was done in 96 hips (80% of shallow hips). For 24 hips with shallow dysplasia, THA were performed by using conventional type of interpositional bulk bone graft (Ip-BG) (8 hips) or without bone graft by using rigid lateral osteophyte. All patients were followed clinically using the Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) score and also Merle d'Aubigne and Postel (M&P) scores in a prospective fashion, and radiographs were analyzed retrospectively. The criteria used for determining loosening were migration or total radiolucent zone between the prosthesis (or bone cement) and host bone. The mean follow-up periods were 8.0 ± 2.3 (5.0–13.5) years. Operative technique. Resected femoral head was sliced with thickness of 1–2 cm, and then a suitable size of the bulk bone block was placed on the lateral cortex of the ilium and fixed by polylactate absorbable screws. Autogenous impaction morselized bone grafting with or without hydroxyapatite granules was performed in conjunction with a cemented socket (Fig. 2). The same surgeon assisted by his colleagues operated all of the cases. RESULTS. No acetabular components were revised except for a case with shallow and Crowe type IV acetabulum. The mean JOA and M&P score for the hips improved from preoperative 39 and 6 points to postoperative 93 and 17 points respectively. Radiographically, the Ad-BGs in most of the cases were remodeled and recognized reorientation within 2 years postoperatively. CONCLUSIONS. The authors report good results of acetabular reconstruction with the use of Ad-BG technique in conjunction with impaction morselized bone graft for shallow dysplastic hip in primary THA. Osteointegration and good clinical outcome were achieved in most of cases. However longer term outcome should be the subject of further investigation

Background. BHA is popular surgery for femoral neck fractures expecially elderly patients. However, clinical results are variable that factors affecting results are questionable. Therefore we investigated radiologic fators, dysplastic hip whether influences results of BHA. Methods. Between 2004 and 2009, 200 patients undergoing bipolar hemiarthroplasty for femoral neck fracture were divided two groups; a lateral center edge (LCE) angle of < 16 degree or > 16 degree on anteroposterior radiographs. All surgical procedures were performed by a single surgeon. Dermogrpahic data, the harris hip score, WOMAC index, Koval activity level, and complication were recorded. The minimum follow up interval was 4 years (mean, 7.8 years). Result. Late postoperative complications such as periprosthetic joint infection, acetabular erosion, and subluxation of bioplar head were commonly observed in a group <16 degree of center edge angle. Clinical score was significantly lower in dysplastic group. Revision rate was higher in dysplastic group compared with group LCE angle of above the 16 degree. Conclusion. These results suggest that the dysplastic nature might be affected result of bipolar hemiarthroplasty in femroal neck fracture especially elderly patients

Introduction. Acetabular bone deficiency, especially proximal and lateral deficiency, is a difficult technical problem during primary total hip arthroplasty (THA) in developmental hip dysplasia (DDH). We report a configuration-based acetabular classification, a modification of the Crowe's classification, of DDH, including a definition of shallow acetabuli. We also report a new reconstruction method using a medial reduced cemented socket andadditional bulk bone in conjunction with impaction morselized bone grafting (Ad-BBG method). We aimed to evaluate usefulness of the classification and the method's clinical/radiographic outcomes. Methods. One hundred thirty one hips of 330 THAs for DDH (40%) were defined shallow. The Ad-BBG methodwas performed on 102 hips (78% shallow hips). For the 24 remaining hips, THA was performed using the conventional interposition bulk bone grafting (Ip-BBG) (8 hips)or without bone grafting by using rigid lateral osteophyte (16 hips). Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) scores and the Merle d'Aubigne and Postel (M&P) scores were used in follow-up; radiographs were analyzed retrospectively. The criteria used for determining loosening were migration or a total radiolucent zone between the prosthesis/bone cement and host bone. The follow-up period was 9.2 ± 2.6 (range, 5.0–14.0) years. Operative Technique. Theresected femoral head was sectioned at 1–2-cm thickness, and a suitable size of the bulk bone graft was placed on the lateral iliac cortex and fixed by polylactate absorbable screws. Autogenous impaction morselized bone grafting, with or without hydroxyapatite granules, was performed along with the implantation of medial reduced cemented prosthetic hip socket. The same surgical team performed all surgical procedures. Results. Acetabular component was revised in only one case with a shallow and Crowe Type IV acetabulum. The mean JOA and M&P scores improved from preoperative 39.3 and 6.8 points to postoperative 93.9 and 17.2 points, respectively. Within 2 years postoperatively, most Ad-BBGs cases showed successful bone remodeling and bone graft reorientation on radiographs. Conclusions. We had good results of acetabular reconstruction in primary THA using the medial reduced cemented socket and bone grafting methods including the Ad-BBG technique in conjunction with impaction morselized bone grafting for shallow dysplastic hip. Osteointegration and good clinical outcomes were achieved in most cases. However, long-term outcomes should be subject of further investigation. Summary. Reconstruction methods for shallow dysplastic hip using medial reduced cemented socket and additional bulk bone grafting in conjunction with impaction morselized bone grafting are presented

A study by Harris reported a 40% incidence of femoral and acetabular dysplasia in routine idiopathic osteoarthritic patients. Due to pediatric screening in the United States, today most cases are minimally dysplastic requiring little modification from standard total hip surgical techniques. As the degree of dysplasia increases numerous anatomic distortions are present. These include high hip centers, relative acetabular retroversion, soft bone in the true acetabular area, increased femoral neck anteversion and relative posteriorly positioned greater trochanters, metaphyseal/diaphyseal size mismatch, and small femoral canals. Total hip replacements for these patients have known higher risks for earlier loosening, dislocation, and neurovascular injuries.

Use of medialised small uncemented acetabular components placed in the anatomic acetabulum, modular uncemented femoral components, and diaphyseal rotational and shortening osteotomies has become a preferred method of treatment. In 2007, we reported our experience with this technique in 23 cases utilizing a subtrochanteric femoral osteotomy with a 5–14 year follow-up. There were 4 Crowe I, 3 Crowe II, 5 Crowe III, and 11 Crowe IV cases. All osteotomies healed. There were no femoral components revised. In most cases, small (mean 46 mm) hemispherical components were used without bulk allografts in all but 5 early cases. One acetabular component was revised for a recalled component. 3 acetabular liners were revised for wear (2 were very small cups with 4.7 mm poly thickness). Four patients sustained dislocations, with 2 closed and 2 open reductions. There were no neurovascular injuries.

The Crowe classification is commonly used to preoperatively classify the degree of dysplasia. However, there are large variations in these anatomic distortions within each class, so it is difficult to preoperatively plan the acetabular component size needed and if one will need to do shortening and/or rotational osteotomy. So the surgeon needs to be prepared for these cases with smaller acetabular components and be prepared to perform a femoral osteotomy.

Background

Hip Hemiarthroplasty is one of the commonest orthopaedic operation done in UK with recent NHFD data from 2017 report showing that 43% of the 77000 patients who presented to hospital had hemiarthroplasty. Literature suggests dislocation rate of 0.8% – 6.1% for Hip Hemiarthroplasty. Dislocation of hemiarthroplasty may lead to significant morbidity and mortality.

The endoprosthetic treatment of secondary osteoarthritis resulting from congenital hip dysplasia is difficult due to the small diameter of the acetabulum and the hypoplastic anterolateral bone stock. On the femoral side the increased femoral anteversion, insufficient femoral offset and proximal femoral deformities (mostly valgus deformities) as well as the small diameter and straight form of the intramedullary canal pose challenges. Careful preoperative planning is mandatory. The Crowe classification is usually used to describe these pathologies. In severe cases (Crowe 3 and especially Crowe 4) a shortening and derotating femoral osteotomy should be taken into account. Small acetabular components, acetabular augments, and modular femoral components must be available at all times.

For acetabular fixation press-fit cups are preferred today, but excellent results were also described for threaded cups. The advantage of press-fit cups is the extensively documented and superior track record, but threaded cups allow for an easier reconstruction of the original hip center as well as slight medialization. As a result of medialization a reduction in polyethylene wear together with a low rate of loosening lead to very good long-term results in a younger patient population.

Cementless straight stems are documented to be preferable for the small femoral diameter and the straight anatomic shape of the proximal femur. Nevertheless, the higher complication rate, especially the increased rate of nerve palsies, should be preoperatively discussed with the patient. The ideal bearing surface is currently unclear, ceramic-on-ceramic seems to be promising, although the longest data available support the use of metal-on-polyethylene.

Important issues related to total hip replacement for dysplasia are: placement of the cup and bone stock; the role of femoral osteotomy, and the choice of acetabular and femoral components.

The cup can be placed at the correct or near correct anatomical level with or without a bone graft, in a high position (high hip center) or at the right level in a protruded position. All three techniques can provide adequate coverage of the cup. In the high hip position bone graft is not usually necessary to obtain cup coverage. There is however a higher rate of component loosening, a higher dislocation rate, and lengthening is limited to the femoral side. Placing the cup in a protruded position to obtain coverage does not restore bone stock for future surgery, but it does place the hip at the correct level. Placing the cup in the correct anatomical position (i.e. at the right level and not protruded) may require a structural autograft which adds to the complexity of the case. However, bone stock is restored for future surgery. In a radiographic study of 31 shelf grafts with an average follow-up of 14 years, 22 grafts had mild resorption, and 9 moderate resorption. Ten patients required cup revision, 2 at 9 years, 2 at 10 to 15 years, and 6 at over 15 years. Only 2 hips required another structural graft.

Femoral osteotomy may be used as part of the exposure for diaphyseal shortening or for derotation of excessive anteversion. The osteotomy is carried out in the sub-trochanteric region and may be oblique, step-cut or transverse. Fixation of the osteotomy is achieved via the stem, a plate, or a cortical strut.

Cementless components are usually used because of the relatively young age of this patient population. Small components may be necessary. On the femoral side, the stem should be straight or modular so excessive anteversion can be neutralised.

A study by Harris reported a 40% incidence of femoral and acetabular dysplasia in routine idiopathic osteoarthritic patients. Fortunately most are minimally dysplastic requiring little modification from standard total hip surgical techniques. However, as the degree of dysplasia increases numerous anatomic distortions are present. These include high hip centres, relative acetabular retroversion, soft bone in the true acetabular area, increased femoral neck anteversion and relative posteriorly positioned greater trochanters, metaphyseal/diaphyseal size mismatch, and small femoral canals. Total hip replacements for these patients have known higher risks for earlier loosening, dislocation, and neurovascular injuries.

Use of medialised small uncemented acetabular components placed in the anatomic acetabulum, modular uncemented femoral components, and diaphyseal rotational and shortening osteotomies has become the standard method of treatment. In 2007, we reported our experience with this technique in 23 cases utilising a subtrochanteric femoral osteotomy with a 5–14 year follow-up. There were 4 Crowe I, 3 Crowe II, 5 Crowe III, and 11 Crowe IV cases. All osteotomies healed. There were no femoral components revised. One acetabular component was revised for a recalled component. 3 acetabular liners were revised for wear (2 were very small cups with 4.7 mm poly thickness). 4 patients sustained dislocations, with 2 closed and 2 open reductions. There were no neurovascular injuries.

The Crowe classification is commonly used to pre-operatively classify the degree of dysplasia. However, there are large variations in these anatomic distortions within each class, so it is difficult to pre-operatively plan the acetabular component size needed and if one will need to do shortening and/or rotational osteotomy. So the surgeon needs to bring their entire bag of tricks and tools for these surgeries.

Introduction:. Most cases of hip osteoarthritis (OA) are believed to be caused by alterations in joint contact mechanics resulting from pathomorphologies such as acetabular dysplasia and acetabular retroversion. Over the past 13 years, our research group has focused on developing approaches for patient-specific modeling of cartilage and labrum in the human hip, and applying these approaches to study hip pathomorphology. The long term objective is to improve the understanding of the etiology of OA related to hip pathomorphology, and to improve diagnosis and treatment. The objectives of this presentation are to provide a summary of our subject-specific modeling approach, and to describe the results of our analysis of hips from three populations of subjects: normal, traditional dysplastic, and retroverted. Methods:. A combined experimental and computational protocol was used to investigate contact mechanics in ten normal subjects (normal center edge angles (CEA), no history of hip pain), ten subjects with hip pain secondary to acetabular dysplasia (CEA less than 25°), and ten patients with a radiographic crossover sign, pain and clinical exams consistent with acetabular retroversion. CT arthrography was used to image cartilage and bone. Volumetric image data were segmented and discretized, and subject-specific finite element models were produced using validated methods [Fig. 1]. Boundary and loading conditions were obtained from instrumented implant and gait data. Contact mechanics were evaluated on the acetabular cartilage and labrum. Labrum contact area and peak contact stress were evaluated. Cartilage contact area, peak and average contact stress were evaluated in six anatomical regions in the acetabulum. Results:. Hip contact patterns were subject-specific, but distinct patterns emerged in the groups. Dysplastic hips had a larger contact area in the lateral region of the acetabulum, while normal hips demonstrated a more distributed contact pattern. The labrum in dysplastic hips supported significantly more load than the labrum in normal hips in all activities [Fig. 2]. Contact in retroverted hips tended to be focused medially and superiorly [Fig. 3]. Retroverted subjects had smaller contact stress and area in most regions. Discussion:. The differences in labrum mechanics between the normal and dysplastic groups provide clear support for the mechanical importance of the acetabular labrum in dysplastic hips. There were only minor differences in cartilage contact stress and area between normal and dysplastic groups, because of a lateral shift in the location of contact and subsequent loading on the acetabular labra in the dysplastic hips. The larger labrum load support and contact area in dysplastic hips indicates that the labrum compensates for the shallow acetabula. Clinically, this may account for the pattern of OA onset in dysplastic hips. The results for the retroverted group do not support the commonly held belief that concentrated posterior loading in retroverted hips leads OA because there were lower contact stresses and areas in the posterior regions of retroverted hips. Further, these results suggest that rim trimming may be appropriate for retroverted hips. The preferred surgery likely depends on subtle patient specific aspects of hip pathoanotomy in both retroverted and dysplastic hips

There is no consensus regarding the optimum frequency of ultrasound for monitoring the response to Pavlik harness (PH) treatment in developmental dysplasia of hip (DDH). The purpose of our study was to determine if a limited-frequency hip ultrasound (USS) assessment in children undergoing PH treatment for DDH had an adverse effect on treatment outcomes when compared to traditional comprehensive ultrasound monitoring. This study was a single-center non-inferiority randomized controlled trial. Children aged less than six months of age with dislocated, dislocatable and stable dysplastic hips undergoing a standardized treatment program with a PH were randomized, once stability had been achieved, to our current standard USS monitoring protocol (every clinic visit) or to a limited-frequency ultrasound protocol (USS only until hip stability and then end of treatment). Groups were compared based on alpha angle at the end of treatment, acetabular indices (AI) and IHDI grade on follow up radiographs at one-year post harness and complication rates. The premise was that if there were no differences in these outcomes, either protocol could be deemed safe and effective. One hundred patients were recruited to the study; after exclusions, 42 patients completed the standard protocol (SP) and 36 completed the limited protocol (LP). There was no significant difference between the mean age between both groups at follow up x-ray (SP: 17.8 months; LP: 16.6 months; p=0.26). There was no difference between the groups in mean alpha angle at the end of treatment (SP: 69°; LP: 68.1°: p=0.25). There was no significant difference in the mean right AI at follow up (SP: 23.1°; LP: 22.0°; p=0.26), nor on the left (SP:23.3°; LP 22.8°; p=0.59). All hips in both groups were IHDI grade 1 at follow up. The only complication was one femoral nerve palsy in the SP group. In addition, the LP group underwent a 60% reduction in USS use once stable. We found that once dysplastic or dislocated hips were reduced and stable on USS, a limited- frequency ultrasound protocol was not associated with an inferior complication or radiographic outcome profile compared to a standardized PH treatment pathway. Our study supports reducing the frequency of ultrasound assessment during PH treatment of hip dysplasia. Minimizing the need for expensive, time-consuming and in-person health care interventions is critical to reducing health care costs, improving patient experience and assists the move to remote care. Removing the need for USS assessment at every PH check will expand care to centers where USS is not routinely available and will facilitate the establishment of virtual care clinics where clinical examination may be performed remotely

Introduction. Dysplastic hip has not only deficiency of acetabulum but also femoral deformity. Therefore, selection of stem is important in cementless THA for dysplasia. Especially using of short stem should be challenge for deformed femur. We studied clinical performance and radiological findings after THA with triple tapered short stem (Optimys hip) for dysplastic hip. Materials and method. From May 2013, we performed cementless THA for osteoarthritis with dysplasia. Seventy-one hips of 67 patients were examined including four males and 63 females. Age at surgery was from 36 to 88 years old (61.7 in average). Surgical approach was used modified Watson-Jones in all hips. Clinical evaluation was used modified Harris hip score (MHSS), incidence of complications and thig pain. Radiological findings were evaluated according Engh's classification and grade of stress shielding. Follow-up period was minimum one year and was 21.3 months in average. Results. MHHS before surgery was 41 points and that at follow-up was 88 points in average and pain score was significantly improved. Calcar fracture during surgery occurred in two hips and circular wiring was performed. Deep infection, DVT and dislocation were not observed. Incidence of thigh pain was 1.4% of one hip. Radiological findings were assessed as bone in-grown in all of the hips and grade of stress-shielding was very low. There were no aseptic loosening and no revision for any reasons. Conclusions. Cementless THA with triple tapered short stem was useful for treatment of dysplastic hips. Radiological findings of all hip were assessed as bone in-grown

Large heads offer substantial advantages over small ones in hip arthroplasty, as they are far less likely to dislocate. This feature is of particular benefit in very dysplastic females who often have a degree of joint laxity making dislocation a real possibility. Large metal heads have a range of problems, so registries report that they are now being substituted by large ceramic heads, typically reducing in diameter by 15% or more from the native size. All current designs of the femoral ball heads, whether for resurfacing of replacement share a unique design characteristic: a subtended angle of 120° defining the proportion of a sphere that the head represents. A novel design has recently been proposed that might reduce conflict between the femoral ball head rim and the iliopsoas tendon. This paper explains the problem of iliopsoas impingement on femoral heads of native diameter, and the consequences. Material and Methods. Using MRI, we measured the contact area of the Iliopsoas tendon on the femoral head in sagittal reconstruction of 20 hips with symptoms of FAI. We also measured the Articular extent of the femoral head on 40 normal hips and 10 dysplastic hips. We then performed virtual hip resurfacing on normal and dysplastic type hips, attempting to avoid the overhang of the rim inferomedially. Results. The contact area of the Iliopsoas tendon on the femoral head in extension is well visualized (Figure 1). The femoral head articular surface has a subtended angle of 120° anteriorly and posteriorly, but only of 100° medially. Virtual surgery in a femoral head of a dysplastic hip showed that when the femoral head is resurfaced with an anatomic sized component, the femoral ball head has a 20° skirt of metal protruding medially where iliopsoas articulates (figure 2). Reducing this by 15%, (eg to put a 40mm ball head onto a hip that had a 46mm femoral diameter), completely avoids any chance of iliopsoas tendon using the femoral head as a fulcrum. MRI of a dysplastic hip with a 40mm ball shows that iliopsoas impingement is hard to substantiate (figure 3). Discussion. The excessive extent of the femoral components of anatomic proportions may contribute to the pain felt by many following their use. However, the 15% reduction in head size undertaken in total hip arthroplasty completely defunctions the femoral head as a fulcrum. Groin pain is a real issue following hip arthroplasty, but edge loading of the iliopsoas probably only occurs in hip resurfacing or large head metal on metal hip replacement. This may provide another explanation for these bearings are symptomatic in general. Hip resurfacing needs to be undertaken with great care in dysplasia to avoid iliopsoas impingement. In ceramic bearing hip replacement, where ball heads are typically reduced by 15% or more from the native diameter, iliopsoas edge loading on the head rim is unlikely

Introduction. Acetabular dysplasia cause hip joint osteoarthritis(OA) by change hip mechanism. However, to our best knowledge, no studies have been published using prospectively collected data from asymptomatic young age volunteers, precise radiographic method. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the prevalence of hip dysplasia in asymptomatic Korean population as one of the most important risk factor of hip OA. Materials & Methods. From December 2014 to March 2015, we investigated prospectively collected retrospectively reviewed data of 200 asymptomatic volunteers 400 hips in age between 18 and 50 years recruited from our institution. Pelvic radiographs were taken and all radiographs were reviewed by 2 experienced orthopedic surgeons. Lateral center-edge angle(LCEA), Sharp angle, Tonnis angle and acetabular width-depth ratio were measured. We analyzed the statistical differences of these values between sex by Mann-Whitney U test and independent t-test. Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to measure the relationship between dysplasia parameters. Results. On the Pelvic AP view, 60 of the 400 hips (15%) were dysplastic hip as LCEA <20°. In 146 male hips, 17 hips (11.6%) were LCEA <20°. In 254 female hips, 43 hips(16.9%) were LCEA <20°. There was no strong correlation of LCEA with other measurements. Conclusion. There are large number of asymptomatic dysplastic hips in Asian population compared previously investigated

Introduction. The advance of surgical technique and implant design have led to improvement in total hip arthroplasty (THA), and short stem THA is now gaining number as a treatment option for younger patients to preserve bone in the proximal femur for a future revision. The SMF stem is shorter stem, and requires a slightly higher neck resection and implanted in slight varus to contact at lateral cortex. Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is the most common cause to hip osteoarthritis (OA) in Japan, and the morphology of the dysplastic femur is narrow canal and increased anteversion. Thus, the purpose of this study is to evaluate the SMF stem design can fit for Japanese patients, using CT based 3-D template planning. Methods. We evaluated 30 patients who required THA in our institution. Inclusion criteria are hip OA, but cases with post-trauma, post-osteotomy, and any other hip disease in childhood are excluded. Patients were selected with their femoral anteversion, based on the dispersion of anteversion in dysplastic hip population, which was reported by Noble and collegues in 2003. Preoperative planning with ZedHip software (Lexi, Japan) was performed by established protocol. The center of socket was placed at 15mm proximal from teardrop and medialized to primary acetabulum, with 40° of radiographic inclination and 20° of anteversion. Neck resection of femur was 20mm proximal from the top of smaller trochanter, and stem was placed with lateral fit at distal and medial fit at calcar with appropriate size. Stem offset was selected by leg extension and balanced shenton line. Finally, ROM simulation was performed and the socket anteversion was arranged to achieve the optimal ROM. And then, SMF stem alignment and appropriate fitting was evaluated in Japanese OA cases. Results. Within 30 cases, 28 were female and 2 were male. Mean age was 66.0±9.6, and 8 (26.7%) were primary OA and 22 (73.3%) were secondary OA, from dysplastic hip. SMF stem was placed at average 2.7° varus and 7.2° flexion against femoral axis [Fig. 1]. The average degree of femoral anteversion was 34.0°±10.9 at pre-implantation and 22.7°±9.9 after implantation, which means average 11.4° retroverted [Fig. 2]. Stem offset and neck length variation was acceptable in 28/30 cases (93.3%). Finally, the mean flexion was 130°±7.1 and abduction was 56.0°±5.5, and optimal ROM was achieved 19/30 cases (63.3%). We cannot find any correlation between femoral anteversion pre-implantion and ROM post-implantation, however positive correlation was found between flexion angle and offset length after implantation (r2=0.48). Conclusion. The stem design of SMF is unique to preserve bone stock, but impossible to control anteversion after implantation, so it should be evaluated if it could fit to dysplastic hip. In this 3-D simulation study, SMF stem can be appropriately fitted in most of Japanese cases. Neck length and offset is important to achieve optimal ROM. Large diameter head (≥32mm) and high-offset stem would be suggested, and it may spread the indication for most of the cases regardless of the anteversion of femur. To view tables/figures, please contact authors directly

Introduction. Acetabular bone deficiency, especially proximal and lateral deficiency, is a difficult technical problem during primary total hip arthroplasty (THA) in developmental hip dysplasia (DDH). We report a configuration-based classification of hip, including a definition of shallow acetabulum. We also report a new reconstruction method using a medial reduced cemented socket and additional bulk bone in conjunction with impaction morselized bone grafting (Ad-BBG method). We aimed to evaluate usefulness of the classification and the method's clinical/radiographic outcomes. Methods. Forty percent of 330 THAs for DDH were defined as shallow dysplastic hips. The Ad-BBG method was performed on 102 hips (78% of shallow hips). For the 24 remaining hips, THA was performed using the conventional interposition bulk bone grafting (8 hips)or without bone grafting by using rigid lateral osteophyte (16 hips). Operative Technique: Theresected femoral head was sectioned at 1–2-cm thickness, and a suitable size of the bulk bone graft was placed on the lateral iliac cortex and fixed by polylactate absorbable screws. Autogenous impaction morselized bone grafting, with or without hydroxyapatite granules, was performed along with the implantation of medial reduced cemented socket. Radiographic criteria used for determining loosening were migration or a total radiolucent zone between the prosthesis/bone cement and host bone. The follow-up period was 10.2 ± 2.6 (range, 6.0–15.0) years. Results. Acetabular component was revised in only one case with a shallow and Crowe Type IV acetabulum. Within 2 years postoperatively, most Ad-BBGs cases showed successful bone remodeling and bone graft reorientation without collapse on radiographs. Discussion and Conclusions. Osteointegration and mid-term good clinical outcomes were achieved in acetabular reconstruction for primary THA using the medial reduced cemented socket and bone grafting methods including the Ad-BBG technique in conjunction with impaction morselized bone grafting for shallow dysplastic hip

There are three major diagnoses that have been associated with early hip degeneration and subsequent hip replacement in young patients: FAI, hip dysplasia and hip osteonecrosis. I will focus mainly on the first two. Both conditions, if diagnosed early in the symptomatic patient, can be surgically treated in order to try to prevent further hip degeneration. But, what is the natural history of these disorders?. Our recent paper published this year described the natural history of hip dysplasia in a group of patients with a contralateral THA. At an average of 20 years, 70% of hips that were diagnosed at Tönnis Grade 0, had progression in degenerative changes with 23% requiring a THA at 20 years. Once the hip degeneration progressed to Tönnis 1, then 60% of hips progressed and required a THA. This natural history study demonstrates that degeneration of a dysplastic hip will occur in over 2/3 of the hips despite the limitations of activity imposed by a contralateral THA. In this same study, we were unable to detect a significant difference in progression between FAI hips and those categorised as normal. FAI damage has been commonly considered to be “motion-induced” and as such, the limitations imposed by the THA, might have limited the progression in hip damage. Needless to say, progression was seen in about half of the hips at 10 years, but very few required a THA at final follow-up. We have recently presented data on a group of young asymptomatic teenagers with FAI. At 5 years of follow-up, the group of patients with limited ROM in flexion and internal rotation, cam deformity and increased alpha angles, depicting a more severe form of disease, showed MRI evidence of progression in hip damage and worst clinical scores than a control group. This data supports our initial impressions that FAI may truly lead to irreversible hip damage. Is surgery always the option? I indicate surgery when the patient is symptomatic and has a correctable structural problem that has failed non-operative management. The data suggests that few patients improve with physical therapy, but activity modification may be an option in patients with FAI as the hip damage is mainly activity related. This may not be the case with hip dysplasia. For hip dysplasia, my current recommendations are in the form of a periacetabular osteotomy (PAO) to correct the structural problem. The procedure leads to improvement in pain as it takes care of the 4 pain generators in the dysplastic hip: the labrum, cartilage, abductors, and resultant instability. The labrum and cartilage are off-loaded with the PAO, the instability is improved by providing containment and the abductor pain is improved by improving the hip mechanics by medializing the acetabulum. I perform a hip arthroscopy prior to the PAO in the majority to treat the labrum and to perform a head neck junction osteochondroplasty, if needed. Correction of the dysplasia to a more normal hip, will improve the outcome of these hips in the long-term. For FAI, arthroscopy has become the best option for management and today is considered the gold standard. A careful review of the imaging is important prior to surgical decision making as patient selection and surgical correction is key. Poor outcomes have been seen in patients with advanced degenerative changes (joint space narrowing, femoral head damage) or in patients with incomplete correction of the deformity. Open surgical correction is an option in cases where deformity precludes an arthroscopic treatment alone

The management of the dysplastic hip represents a clinical and a technical challenge to the paediatric orthopaedic surgeon. There is a great deal of variation in the degree and direction of acetabular dysplasia. Preoperative planning in the dysplastic hip is still largely based on plain radiographs. However, these plain films are a 2D projection of a 3D structure and measurement is prone to inaccuracy as a result. Hip arthrography is used in an attempt to analyse the 3D morphology of the hip. However, this still employs a 2D projection of a 3D structure and in addition has the risk of general anaesthesia and infection. Geometrical analysis based on multiplanar imaging with CT scans has been shown to reduce analysis variability. We present a system for morphological analysis and preoperative of the paediatric hip using this model. Our system can be used to determine the most appropriate osteotomy based on morphology. This system should increase the accuracy of preoperative planning and reduce the need for arthrography

The challenges faced by hip surgeons have changed over the last decade. Historically, fixation, polyethylene wear, osteolysis, loosening and failure to osseointegrate dominated the discussions at hip surgery meetings. With the introduction of highly crosslinked polyethylene, wear and osteolysis are currently not significant issues. Improved surgical technique has resulted in a high rate of osseointegration and once fixed, loosening of cementless components is rare. In this session, we will focus on issues that orthopaedic surgeons performing hip surgery routinely face including bearing couples in the young active patient, implant choices in the dysplastic hip and osteoporotic femur, evaluation and management of the unstable hip and differential diagnosis of the painful THR