Aims. Extracellular matrix (ECM) is a critical determinant of tissue mechanobiology, yet remains poorly characterized in joint tissues beyond cartilage in osteoarthritis (OA). This review aimed to define the composition and architecture of non-cartilage soft joint tissue structural ECM in human OA, and to compare the changes observed in humans with those seen in animal models of the disease. Methods. A systematic search strategy, devised using relevant matrix, tissue, and disease nomenclature, was run through the MEDLINE, Embase, and Scopus databases. Demographic, clinical, and biological data were extracted from eligible studies. Bias analysis was performed. Results. A total of 161 studies were included, which covered capsule, ligaments, meniscus, skeletal muscle, synovium, and tendon in both humans and animals, and fat pad and intervertebral disc in humans only. These studies covered a wide variety of ECM features, including individual ECM components (i.e. collagens, proteoglycans, and glycoproteins), ECM architecture (i.e. collagen fibre organization and diameter), and viscoelastic properties (i.e. elastic and compressive modulus). Some ECM changes, notably calcification and the loss of collagen fibre organization, have been extensively studied across osteoarthritic tissues. However, most ECM features were only studied by one or a few papers in each tissue. When comparisons were possible, the results from animal experiments largely concurred with those from human studies, although some findings were contradictory. Conclusion. Changes in ECM composition and architecture occur throughout non-cartilage soft tissues in the osteoarthritic joint, but most of these remain poorly defined due to the low number of studies and lack of healthy comparator groups. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2024;13(12):703–715

Aims. Therapeutic agents that prevent chondrocyte loss, extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation, and osteoarthritis (OA) progression are required. The expression level of epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like repeats and discoidin I-like domains-containing protein 3 (EDIL3) in damaged human cartilage is significantly higher than in undamaged cartilage. However, the effect of EDIL3 on cartilage is still unknown. Methods. We used human cartilage plugs (ex vivo) and mice with spontaneous OA (in vivo) to explore whether EDIL3 has a chondroprotective effect by altering OA-related indicators. Results. EDIL3 protein prevented chondrocyte clustering and maintained chondrocyte number and SOX9 expression in the human cartilage plug. Administration of EDIL3 protein prevented OA progression in STR/ort mice by maintaining the number of chondrocytes in the hyaline cartilage and the number of matrix-producing chondrocytes (MPCs). It reduced the degradation of aggrecan, the expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-13, the Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI) score, and bone remodelling. It increased the porosity of the subchondral bone plate. Administration of an EDIL3 antibody increased the number of matrix-non-producing chondrocytes (MNCs) in cartilage and exacerbated the serum concentrations of OA-related pro-inflammatory cytokines, including monocyte chemotactic protein-3 (MCP-3), RANTES, interleukin (IL)-17A, IL-22, and GROα. Administration of β1 and β3 integrin agonists (CD98 protein) increased the expression of SOX9 in OA mice. Hence, EDIL3 might activate β1 and β3 integrins for chondroprotection. EDIL3 may also protect cartilage by attenuating the expression of IL-1β-enhanced phosphokinase proteins in chondrocytes, especially glycogen synthase kinase 3 alpha/beta (GSK-3α/β) and phospholipase C gamma 1 (PLC-γ1). Conclusion. EDIL3 has a role in maintaining the cartilage ECM and inhibiting the development of OA, making it a potential therapeutic drug for OA. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2023;12(12):734–746

Cartilage lacks the ability to self-repair when damaged, which can lead to the development of degenerative joint disease. Despite intensive research in the field of cartilage tissue engineering, there is still no regenerative treatment that consistently promotes the development of hyaline cartilage. Extracellular matrix (ECM) derived hydrogels have shown to support cell adhesion, growth and differentiation [1,2]. In this study, porcine articular cartilage was decellularized, solubilised and subsequently modified into a photo-crosslinkable methacrylated cartilage ECM hydrogel. Bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) were encapsulated into both methacrylated ECM hydrogels (ECM-MA) and gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) as control hydrogel, and their chondrogenic potential was assessed using biochemical assays and histological analysis. We found that successful decellularization of the cartilage tissue could be achieved while preserving key ECM components, including collagen and glycosaminoglycans. A live-dead assay demonstrated good viability of MSCs withing both GelMA and ECM-MA hydrogels on day 7. Large increases in sGAG accumulation was observed after 21 days of culture in chondrogenic media in both groups. Histological analysis revealed the presence of a more fibrocartilage tissue in the GelMA group, while cells embedded within the ECM-MA showed a round and chondrocytic-like morphology. Both groups stained positively for proteoglycans and collagen, with limited evidence of calcium deposition following Alizarin Red staining. These results show that ECM-MA hydrogels support a hyaline cartilage phenotype and robust cartilaginous matrix production. Future studies will focus on the printability of ECM-MA hydrogels to enable their use as bioinks for the biofabrication of functional tissues

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have the potential to repair and regenerate damaged tissues in response to injury, such as fracture or other tissue injury. Bone marrow and adipose tissue are the major sources of MSCs. Previous studies suggested that the regenerative activity of stem cells can be enhanced by exposure to tissue microenvironments. The aim of our project was to investigate whether extracellular matrix (ECM) engineered from human induced pluripotent stem cells-derived mesenchymal-like progenitors (hiPSCs-MPs) can enhance the regenerative potential of human bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (hBMSCs). ECM was engineered from hiPSC-MPs. ECM structure and composition were characterized before and after decellularization using immunofluorescence and biochemical assays. hBMSCs were cultured on the engineered ECM, and differentiated into osteogenic, chondrogenic and adipogenic lineages. Growth and differentiation responses were compared to tissue culture plastic controls. Decellularization of ECM resulted in efficient cell elimination, as observed in our previous studies. Cultivation hBMSCs on the ECM in osteogenic medium significantly increased hBMSC growth, collagen deposition and alkaline phosphatase activity. Furthermore, expression of osteogenic genes and matrix mineralization were significantly higher compared to plastic controls. Chondrogenic micromass culture on the ECM significantly increased cell growth and expression of chondrogenic markers, including glycosaminoglycans and collagen type II. Adipogenic differentiation of hBMSCs on the ECM resulted in significantly increased hBMSC growth, but significantly reduced lipid vacuole deposition compared to plastic controls. Together, our studies suggest that BMSCs differentiation into osteogenic and chondrogenic lineages can be enhanced, whereas adipogenic activity is decreased by the culture on engineered ECM. Contribution of specific matrix components and underlying mechanisms need to be further elucidated. Our studies suggest that the three-lineage differentiation of aged BMSCs can be modulated by culture on hiPSC-engineered ECM. Further studies are aimed at scaling-up to three-dimensional ECM constructs for osteochondral tissue regeneration

Cellular therapies play an important role in tendon tissue engineering and regenerative medicine with tenocytes being described as the most prominent cell population for these applications if available in large numbers. However, this is difficult to achieve, because in vitro expansion of tenocytes leads to phenotypic drift and loss of function. Recent work suggests that maintenance of tenogenic phenotype in vitro can be achieved by recapitulating different aspects of the native tendon microenvironment. One approach used to modulate in vitro microenvironment and enhance extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition is macromolecular crowding (MMC). MMC is based on the addition of inert macromolecules to the culture media to mimic the dense extracellular matrix and accelerate the production of ECM-rich substitutes. In addition, as tendon has been described to be a relatively avascular and hypoxic tissue and low oxygen tension can stimulate collagen synthesis and cross-linking through the activation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF1-α), we venture to assess the synergistic effect of MMC and low oxygen tension on human tenocyte phenotype maintenance by enhancing deposition of tissue-specific extracellular matrix. SDS-PAGE and immunocytochemistry analysis, demonstrated that human tenocytes treated with the optimal MMC concentration at 2% oxygen tension showed increased collagen type I synthesis and deposition after 7 days. Moreover, immunocytochemistry for collagen type III, type V, VI, elastin and fibronectin illustrated enhanced deposition when cells were treated with MMC at 2% oxygen tension. In addition, it was shown that low oxygen tension and MMC did not affect the spindle-shape morphology, metabolic activity, proliferation and viability of human tenocytes Collectively, these results suggest that the synergistic effect of optimal macromolecular crowding concentration and low oxygen tension (2%) can accelerate the formation of ECM-rich substitutes, which may stimulate tenogenic phenotype maintenance. Further gene and protein analysis for tendon specific markers should be performed to validate our promising results

The study describes the changes of condrocytes and extracellular matrix occurring in Hip OA. 16 femoral heads were included in the study. Cartilage explants were removed from 3 anatomical sites over the surface of 14 OA and 2 non-OA patients. Cartilage sections were evaluated with histological (EE, Alcian Blu and Mallory-Azan stainings) and immuno-histochemichal (antibodies directed against fibronectin, tenascin, laminin, type I and type IV collagen, metallo-proteinase-1,-2,-7 and -7) analysis. Histological analysis of cartilage of central and per-hipheral biopsies from patients with severe OA showed significant reduced number of chondrocytes in both superficial and middle zones. In the lower cartilage layer with severe structural lesions a cospicous number of cartilagineous repair-islands were noticed. Immunohistochemical analysis showed high levels of tenascin in all cartilage layers of byopses showing structural damages. Frequently we observed an altered distribution of fibronectin. Metalloproteinase-2 (constitutive) is present in all stages during coxarthritis. Metalloproteinase-9 (not constitutive) is expressed at the final stages suggesting an important late role. Obtained results show that metalloproteinases have a peculiar behaviour during coxarthritis vs. other pathologies. Costitutive metal-loproteinases have a fundamental role in extracellular matrix remodelling, MMP-2 especially

Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) have been proposed as an emerging cell therapy for bone tissue engineering applications. However, the healing capacity of the bone tissue is often compromised by patient's age and comorbidities, such as osteoporosis. In this context, it is important to understand the impact of donor age on the therapeutic potential of MSC. Importantly, the impact on donor age is not restricted to cells themselves but also to their microenvironment that is known to affect cell function. The extracellular matrix (ECM) has an important role in stem cell microenvironment, being able to modulate cell proliferation, self-renewal and differentiation. Decellularized cell-derived ECM (dECM) has been explored for regenerative medicine applications due to its bioactivity and its resemblance to the in vivo microenvironment. Thus, dECM offers the opportunity not only to develop microenvironments with customizable properties for improvement of cellular functions but also as a platform to study cellular niches in health and disease. In this study, we investigated the capacity of the microenvironment to rescue the impaired proliferative and osteogenic potential of aged MSC. The goal of this work was to understand if the osteogenic capacity of MSC could be modulated by exposure to a dECM derived from cells obtained from young donors. When aged MSC were cultured on dECM derived from young MSC, their in vitro proliferative and osteogenic capacities were enhanced. Our results suggest that the microenvironment, specifically the ECM, plays a crucial role in the osteogenic differentiation capacity of MSC. dECM might be a valuable clinical strategy to overcome the age-related decline in the osteogenic potential of MSC by recapitulating a younger microenvironment, attenuating the effects of aging on the stem cell niche. Overall, this study opens new possibilities for developing clinical strategies for elderly patients with limited bone formation capacity who currently lack effective treatments. Acknowledgements: The authors thank FCT for funding through the project DentalBioMatrix (PTDC/BTM-MAT/3538/2020) and to the research institutions iBB (UIDB/04565/2020 and UIDP/04565/2020) and Associate Laboratory i4HB (LA/P/0140/2020)

INTRODUCTION. Endochondral ossification in the growth plate is directly responsible for skeletal growth and its de novo bone-generating activity. Growth plates are vulnerable to disturbances that may lead to abnormal skeletal development. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are widely used analgesics but have been reported to impair endochondral ossification-driven fracture healing. Despite the general awareness that NSAIDs affect endochondral ossification, the consequences of NSAIDs on skeletal development are unknown. We hypothesise that the NSAID celecoxib leads to impaired growth plate development and consequently impairs skeletal development. METHODS. Healthy skeletally immature (5 weeks old) C57BL/6 mice were treated for ten weeks with celecoxib (daily oral administration 10 mg/kg) or placebo (water) (institutional approval 2013–094) (n=12 per group). At 15 weeks postnatally, total growth plate thickness, the thickness of specific growth plate zones, (immuno)histological analysis of extracellular matrix composition in the growth plate, cell number and cell size, longitudinal bone growth and bone micro-architecture by micro-CT were analysed. Inhibition of COX-2 activity was confirmed by determining PGE2 levels in plasma using an ELISA. RESULTS. No significant difference in total growth plate thickness or thickness of the resting zone, proliferative or hypertrophic zone was found between groups. Staining of growth plate extracellular matrix components revealed, however, a significantly higher proteoglycan content and less collagen type II staining in the proliferative zone. In the hypertrophic zone of the growth plates of celecoxib treated mice collagen type X was hardly detectable as compared to placebo mice. In addition, a significantly decreased cell number was observed in the hypertrophic zone of the growth plate and cells were significantly smaller in the celecoxib group. Micro-CT analysis of the subchondral bone region directly beneath the growth plate showed significantly higher bone density, bone volume density and trabecular thickness following celecoxib treatment. Despite the detected differences in extracellular matrix composition of the growth plate, no difference was found in the length of the tibia in celecoxib treated mice. DISCUSSION. In summary, there are no measurable differences found in murine skeletal formation as a result of treatment with celecoxib in this study. However, there are notable phenotypic features found in the maturation of the growth plate (hypertrophic zone and subchondral bone) as a result from the celecoxib treatment, of which the potential consequences we do not yet understand. SIGNIFICANCE. When follow-up actions from the use of celecoxib on the growing individual are found this may warrant re-evaluation for the use of celecoxib in these individuals

Regeneration of bone defects in elderly patients is limited due to the decreased function of bone forming cells and compromised tissue physiology. Previous studies suggested that the regenerative activity of stem cells from aged tissues can be enhanced by exposure to young systemic and tissue microenvironments. The aim of our project was to investigate whether extracellular matrix (ECM) engineered from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) can enhance the bone regeneration potential of aged human bone marrow stromal cells (hBMSCs). ECM was engineered from hiPSC-derived mesenchymal-like progenitors (hiPSC-MPs), as well as young (<30 years) and aged (>70 years) hBMSCs. ECM structure and composition were characterized before and after decellularization using immunofluorescence and biochemical assays. Three hBMSCs of different ages were cultured on engineered ECMs. Growth and differentiation responses were compared to tissue culture plastic, as well as to collagen and fibronectin coated plates. Decellularized ECMs contained collagens type I and IV, fibronectin, laminin and < 5% residual DNA, suggesting efficient cell elimination. Cultivation of young and aged hBMSCs on the hiPSC-ECM in osteogenic medium significantly increased hBMSC growth and markers of osteogenesis, including collagen deposition, alkaline phosphatase activity, bone sialoprotein expression and matrix mineralization compared to plastic controls and single protein substrates. In aged BMSCs, matrix mineralization was only detected in ECM cultures in osteogenic medium. Comparison of ECMs engineered from hiPSC-MPs and hBMSCs of different ages suggested similar structure, composition and potential to enhance osteogenic responses in aged BMSCs. Engineered ECM induced a higher osteogenic response compared to specific matrix components. Our studies suggest that aged BMSCs osteogenic activity can be enhanced by culture on engineered ECM. hiPSCs represent a scalable cell source, and tissue engineering strategies employing engineered ECM materials could potentially enhance bone regeneration in elderly patients

Objectives. Bone tissue engineering is one of the fastest growing branches in modern bioscience. New methods are being developed to achieve higher grades of mineral deposition by osteogenically inducted mesenchymal stem cells. In addition to well established monolayer cell culture models, 3D cell cultures for stem cell-based osteogenic differentiation have become increasingly attractive to promote in vivo bone formation. One of the main problems of scaffold-based osteogenic cell cultures is the difficulty in quantifying the amount of newly produced extracellular mineral deposition, as a marker for new bone formation, without destroying the scaffold. In recent studies, we were able to show that . 99m. Tc-methylene diphosphonate (. 99m. Tc-MDP), a gamma radiation-emitting radionuclide, can successfully be applied as a reliable quantitative marker for mineral deposition as this tracer binds with high affinity to newly produced hydroxyapatite (HA). Methods. Within the present study, we evaluated whether this promising new method, using . 99m. Tc-hydroxydiphosphonate (. 99m. Tc-HDP), can be used to quantify the amount of newly formed extracellular HA in a 3D cell culture model. Highly porous collagen type II scaffolds were seeded with 1 × 106 human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs; n = 6) and cultured for 21 days in osteogenic media (group A – osteogenic (OSM) group) and in parallel in standard media (group B – negative control (CNTRL) group). After incubation with . 99m. Tc-HDP, the tracer uptake, reflected by the amount of emitted gamma counts, was measured. Results. We saw a higher uptake (up to 15-fold) of the tracer in the OSM group A compared with the CNTRL group B. Statistical analysis of the results (Student`s t-test) revealed a significantly higher amount of emitted gamma counts in the OSM group (p = 0.048). Qualitative and semi-quantitative analysis by Alizarin Red staining confirmed the presence of extracellular HA deposition in the OSM group. Conclusion. Our data indicate that . 99m. Tc-HDP labelling is a promising tool to track and quantify non-destructive local HA deposition in 3D stem cell cultures. Cite this article: T. L. Grossner, U. Haberkorn, T. Gotterbarm. . 99m. Tc-Hydroxydiphosphonate quantification of extracellular matrix mineralization in 3D human mesenchymal stem cell cultures. Bone Joint Res 2019;8:333–341. doi: 10.1302/2046-3758.87.BJR-2017-0248.R1

Objectives. This study aimed to investigate the functional effects of microRNA (miR)-214-5p on osteoblastic cells, which might provide a potential role of miR-214-5p in bone fracture healing. Methods. Blood samples were obtained from patients with hand fracture or intra-articular calcaneal fracture and from healthy controls (HCs). Expression of miR-214-5p was monitored by qRT-PCR at day 7, 14 and 21 post-surgery. Mouse osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells were transfected with antisense oligonucleotides (ASO)-miR-214-5p, collagen type IV alpha 1 (COL4A1) vector or their controls; thereafter, cell viability, apoptotic rate, and the expression of collagen type I alpha 1 (COL1A1), type II collagen (COL-II), and type X collagen (COL-X) were determined. Luciferase reporter assay, qRT-PCR, and Western blot were performed to ascertain whether COL4A1 was a target of miR-214-5p. Results. Plasma miR-214-5p was highly expressed in patients with bone fracture compared with HCs after fracture (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01). Inhibition of miR-214-5p increased the viability of MC3T3-E1 cells and the expressions of COL1A1 and COL-X, but decreased the apoptotic rate and COL-II expression (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01). COL4A1 was a target of miR-214-5p, and was negatively regulated by miR-214-5p (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01). Overexpression of COL4A1 showed a similar impact on cell viability, apoptotic rate, and COL1A1, COL-II, and COL-X expressions inhibiting miR-214-5p (p < 0.01). Conclusion. Inhibition of miR-214-5p promotes cell survival and extracellular matrix (ECM) formation of osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells by targeting COL4A1. Cite this article: Q. S. Li, F. Y. Meng, Y. H. Zhao, C. L. Jin, J. Tian, X. J. Yi. Inhibition of microRNA-214-5p promotes cell survival and extracellular matrix formation by targeting collagen type IV alpha 1 in osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells. Bone Joint Res 2017;6:464–471. DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.68.BJR-2016-0208.R2

Regeneration of bone defects in elderly patients is limited due to the decreased function of bone forming cells and compromised tissue physiology. Previous studies suggested that the regenerative activity of stem cells from aged tissues can be enhanced by exposure to young systemic and tissue microenvironments. The aim of our project was to investigate whether extracellular matrix (ECM) engineered from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) can enhance the bone regeneration potential of aged human bone marrow stromal cells (hBMSCs). ECM was engineered from hiPSC-derived mesenchymal-like progenitors (hiPSC-MPs), as well as young (70 years) hBMSCs. ECM structure and composition were characterized before and after decellularization using immunofluorescence and biochemical assays. Three hBMSCs of different ages were cultured on engineered ECMs. Growth and differentiation responses were compared to tissue culture plastic controls. Decellularized ECMs contained collagens type I and IV, fibronectin, laminin and < 5% residual DNA. Cultivation of young and aged hBMSCs on the hiPSC-ECM in osteogenic medium significantly increased hBMSC growth and markers of osteogenesis, including collagen deposition, alkaline phosphatase activity, bone sialoprotein expression and matrix mineralization compared to plastic controls. In aged BMSCs, matrix mineralization was only detected in ECM cultures in osteogenic medium. Comparison of ECMs engineered from hiPSC-MPs and hBMSCs of different ages suggested similar structure, composition and potential to enhance osteogenic responses in aged BMSCs. Our studies suggest that aged BMSCs regenerative activity can be enhanced by culture on hiPSC-engineered ECM

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) have a well recognised potential for tissue repair. This potential is two pronged: they can differentiate into the functional cell types of the damaged tissues and they can support tissue recovery by secreting trophic factors, depositing an extracellular matrix (ECM) and dampening inflammation. Three-dimensional microscopy recently shown that MSCs in the bone marrow create an intricate proteo-cellular scaffold with the ECM forming an interconnected cellular continuum whose structure is guided by the deposited ECM. This proteo-cellular scaffold controls bone marrow functions from hematopoiesis to osteogenesis. In the current study we aimed to optimise ECM production under in vitro conditions by immortalised MSCs with the view that the generated ECM can be utilised for tissue repair. With immunocytochemistry we determined the deposition of bone marrow-characteristic ECM proteins: collagen I, III, IV, V, VI, laminin and fibronectin. While primary MSCs produced slightly higher amount ECM proteins than immortalised MSCs, the relative abundancy of the ECM proteins was very similar. In order to isolate the ECM, we optimised a decellularisation method based on gentle lysis with sodium-deoxycholate and DNase digestion. Immunostaining for collagen I, III, VI and fibronectin and labelling the nuclei with Hoechst-33342 confirmed removal of all cells while retaining the ECM in its original architecture. Ideally, the decellularised ECM retains associated cytokines and chemokines, such as CXCL12, important for attracting MSCs. To test this, we seeded Molm-13 leukemia cells on decellularised ECM as MSC-produced CXCL12- and other cytokines protect leukemia cells against chemotherapeutics. We found that the decellularisation process however removed these factors and thus for therapeutic purposes, the decellularised ECM would need to be re-loaded with the essential chemo/cytokines. Overall, we developed a system for decellularised ECM production by immortalised MSCs and the results warrant further exploration of this avenue

Introduction. Tendons and ligaments (TLs) play key roles in the musculoskeletal system. However, they are commonly damaged due to age-related wear and tear or torn in traumatic/sport related incidents resulting in pain and immobility. TLs contain cells and extracellular matrix (ECM) comprised of collagen, elastin, glycoproteins and proteoglycans. Although TLs are composed of similar components, their precise composition and arrangement of matrix macromolecules differ to provide specific mechanical properties and functions. To date little is known about how the main ECM proteins are arranged between the two tissue types. This data will provide essential information on fundamental structure of TLs leading to increased understanding of the function relationship between these tissue types. The aim of this study was to compare tendon-ligament differences in their ECM distribution of collagens, proteoglycans and elastic fibres. Materials and Methods. Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and long digital extensor tendon (LDET) were harvested from disease free cadaveric canine knee joints (n=3). Distributions of the main ECM components were assessed on longitudinal sections of ACL and LDET mid-substance. Antibody staining were assessed for collagen type I, III, VI, agreccan, versican, decorin, biglycan, elastin, fibrillin 1 and fibrillin 2. Results. Marked staining of collagen type I was present at fascicular regions, but also present at the interfascicular matrix (IFM). Collagen type III was present at the IFM of tendon, whilst in the ligament it was more widespread being located at both fascicles and IFM. In both TLs, collagen type VI was localised at IFM, but also present surrounding TL fibroblasts. A marked staining of aggrecan and versican was observed in ligament IFM, with pericellular staining of aggrecan present only in ligament. Decorin was found in both fascicular and IFM, whilst biglycan was occasionally present pericelullarly and at IFM in tendon. A similar pattern of elastic fibre distribution was found in both TLs. Discussion. This study has revealed a different ECM distribution of collagen type III, aggrecan, versican in ligament than when compared to tendon. These finding may relate to different functions between TLs and indicate that ligament is subjected to more compressive forces, resulting in different macromolecular arrangements that protect the tissue from damage

Introduction: Bone sialoprotein (BSP) is an RGD (Arginine-Glycine-Aspartate) containing non-collagenous extracellular matrix (ECM) protein that is extensively post-translationally modified, predominantly with glycosylated and phosphorylated residues. BSP plays a major role in bone mineralisation and this is thought to exert RGD and non-RGD effects on bone cells. In vivo studies have shown that BSP induces new bone formation in rat critical calvarial defects and that the state of phosphorylation of BSP and OPN changes during the healing of bone defects. We hypothesised that variable BSP phosphorylation was a determinant of bone turnover. Methods: We adopted an ex vivo approach utilising neonatal mouse calvarial organ culture systems to test this hypothesis and utilised PTH (parathormone) treated mouse calvarial organ cultures to assess the effect of native BSP (phosphorylated) and dephosphorylated BSP on osteoclastogenesis. Seven day old outbred CD1 mice calvarial bone explants were incubated in culture media with 10nM PTH containing native or dephosphorylated BSP. Arsenazo III microplate calcium assays on the media and alkaline phosphatase and tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) microplate assays were performed on calvarial lysates. At the end of culture, calvaria were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin and stained with H& E, von Kossa or Neutral Red. Results: The cumulative release of calcium in response to PTH did not change significantly, in the presence of native BSP whereas in the presence of dephosphorylated BSP the calcium release was significantly (p< 0.001) inhibited, 3.1 μmol/ml +/− 0.2 and 1.5 μmol +/− 0.1. TRAP enzyme activity measurements on calvarial lysates were consistent with the above results. Histology showed readily apparent differences in osteoclastic activity on H& E, von Kossa and Neutral Red staining. Discussion: BSP can inhibit osteoclast formation and activity, and this appears to be dependent on its state of phosphorylation. The dephosphorylation of ECM proteins by bone phosphatases is proposed as an auto-regulatory mechanism during bone turnover. Loss of organic phosphate with aging or disease may disturb auto-regulatory mechanisms of bone turnover leading to pathologic bone disease

Introduction. Low back pain is a major public health problem in our society. Degeneration of intervertebral disc (IVD) appears to be the leading cause of chronic low-back pain [1]. Mechanical stimulations including compressive and tensional forces are directly implicated in IVD degeneration. Several studies have implicated the cytoskeleton in mechanotransduction [2, 3], which is important for communication and transport between the cells and extracellular matrix (ECM). However, the potential roles of the cytoskeletal elements in the mechanotransduction pathways in IVD are largely unknown. Methods. Outer annulus fibrosus (OAF) and nucleus pulposus (NP) cells from skeletally mature bovine IVD were either seeded onto Flexcell¯ type I collagen coated plates or seeded in 3% agarose gels, respectively. OAF cells were subjected to cyclic tensile strain (10%, 1Hz) and NP cells to cyclic compressive strain (10%, 1Hz) for 60 minutes. Post-loading, cells were processed for immunofluorescence microscopy and RNA extracted for quantitative PCR analysis. Results. F-actin reorganisation was evident in OAF and NP cells subjected to tensile and compressive strain respectively and is likely due to load-induced differential mRNA expression of actin-binding proteins. The vimentin network was also more intricately organised in loaded NP cells. Compressive strain increased type II collagen and aggrecan transcription in NP cells, whereas levels decreased in OAF cells under tension. mRNA levels of ECM-degrading enzymes were significantly reduced in both cell populations after loading. Conclusion. Tensile and compressive strains induce different mechano-responses in the organisation/expression of cytoskeletal elements and on markers of IVD metabolism. Differential mechano-regulation of anabolic and catabolic ECM components in the OAF and NP populations reflects their respective mechanical environments in situ

Aims. Bone regeneration during treatment of staphylococcal bone infection is challenging due to the ability of Staphylococcus aureus to invade and persist within osteoblasts. Here, we sought to determine whether the metabolic and extracellular organic matrix formation and mineralization ability of S. aureus-infected human osteoblasts can be restored after rifampicin (RMP) therapy. Methods. The human osteoblast-like Saos-2 cells infected with S. aureus EDCC 5055 strain and treated with 8 µg/ml RMP underwent osteogenic stimulation for up to 21 days. Test groups were Saos-2 cells + S. aureus and Saos-2 cells + S. aureus + 8 µg/ml RMP, and control groups were uninfected untreated Saos-2 cells and uninfected Saos-2 cells + 8 µg/ml RMP. Results. The S. aureus-infected osteoblasts showed a significant number of intracellular bacteria colonies and an unusual higher metabolic activity (p < 0.005) compared to uninfected osteoblasts. Treatment with 8 µg/ml RMP significantly eradicated intracellular bacteria and the metabolic activity was comparable to uninfected groups. The RMP-treated infected osteoblasts revealed a significantly reduced amount of mineralized extracellular matrix (ECM) at seven days osteogenesis relative to uninfected untreated osteoblasts (p = 0.007). Prolonged osteogenesis and RMP treatment at 21 days significantly improved the ECM mineralization level. Ultrastructural images of the mineralized RMP-treated infected osteoblasts revealed viable osteoblasts and densely distributed calcium crystal deposits within the extracellular organic matrix. The expression levels of prominent bone formation genes were comparable to the RMP-treated uninfected osteoblasts. Conclusion. Intracellular S. aureus infection impaired osteoblast metabolism and function. However, treatment with low dosage of RMP eradicated the intracellular S. aureus, enabling extracellular organic matrix formation and mineralization of osteoblasts at later stage. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2022;11(5):327–341

Abstract

Background

Investigations into the response to implant debris tend to concentrate on how a population of cells proliferate in the presence of implant material, and how the regulation of cytokines change. For the problem of cobalt-chromium (CoCr) implants this has been done for osteoblasts and osteoclasts to understand how bone resorption, leading to aseptic loosening, is occurring. However, investigating the formation of the extracellular-matrix (ECM) may give a better indication of the mechanisms occurring. ECM is excreted from cells and is important for adhesion, structure, signaling and growth. Type I collagen is the most abundant protein in the ECM and is known to direct tissue development and is therefore a key part of understanding the mechanism behind aseptic loosening.

Osteoarthritis (OA), one of the most common motor system disorders, is a degenerative disease involving progressive joint destruction caused by a variety of factors. At present, OA has become the fourth most common cause of disability in the world. However, the pathogenesis of OA is complex and has not yet been clarified. Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) refers to a group of RNAs more than 200 nucleotides in length with limited protein-coding potential, which have a wide range of biological functions including regulating transcriptional patterns and protein activity, as well as binding to form endogenous small interference RNAs (siRNAs) and natural microRNA (miRNA) molecular sponges. In recent years, a large number of lncRNAs have been found to be differentially expressed in a variety of pathological processes of OA, including extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation, synovial inflammation, chondrocyte apoptosis, and angiogenesis. Obviously, lncRNAs play important roles in regulating gene expression, maintaining the phenotype of cartilage and synovial cells, and the stability of the intra-articular environment. This article reviews the results of the latest research into the role of lncRNAs in a variety of pathological processes of OA, in order to provide a new direction for the study of OA pathogenesis and a new target for prevention and treatment. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2021;10(2):122–133