Introduction. Traditionally, radiological union of fractures treated with an Ilizarov frame is confirmed by a period of dynamization - destabilisation of the frame for a period prior to removal. Reduced clinic availability during the COVID-19 pandemic caused a shift to selective dynamisation in our department, whereby lower risk patients had their frames removed on the same day as destabilisation. This study investigates the effects of this change in practice on outcomes and complication rates. Materials & Methods. Adult patients treated with circular frames between April 2020 and February 2022 were identified from our Ilizarov database. Patients were divided into 2 groups: - “dynamised” if their frame was destabilised for a period to confirm union prior to removal; or “not dynamised” if the decision was taken to remove the frame without a period of dynamisation, other than a short period in the clinic. A retrospective review of clinical notes was conducted to determine outcome. Results. 175 patients were included in the final analysis, 70 in the dynamised and 103 in the not dynamised groups, median follow-up was 33 months. 3 patients in the dynamised group failed dynamisation and had their period of fixation extended, subsequently having their frames removed without complication. Two patients suffered a refracture or non-union after frame removal in the dynamised group and none in the not dynamised group, this difference was not statistically significant. Conclusions. In our practice, selective frame removal without a period of dynamisation appears safe. This has the potential to shorten frame time and reduce the number of clinic appointments and radiographic investigations for these patients. Some patients find the period of dynamisation uncomfortable and associated with pin site infection, which can be avoided. We plan to continue this practice and collect further data to confirm these findings in a larger dataset

Introduction. The aim of the study is to evaluate the results of using Ilizarov technique for correcting the post traumatic lower limb deformities. Materials and Methods. This prospective study included 25 femurs (Group A) and 65 tibias (Group B) underwent correction with Ilizarov technique and frame. Both groups had moderate and complex deformed segments. Outcomes were Ilizarov correction time, distraction index (DI), consolidation index (CI), Ilizarov index (II) and complications. Results. Within group A, mean correction of frontal plane deformity was 15°, sagittal plane was 10° rotational deformity was 20°. In group B, mean correction of frontal plane deformity was 19°, sagittal plane was 12° and rotational deformity was 10°. Conclusions. Ilizarov provided easy, accurate and excellent lower limb deformity correction and lengthening

Introduction. The objective of this study is to report the first cases of femoral lengthening in children using Ilizarov fixator. Materials and Methods. We carried out a retrospective study about the cases of femoral lengthening done in 2010 to 2020 in our BARI-ILIZAROV Orthopaedic centre Dhaka. Results. 48 lengthening were done during this period using Ilizarov fixator. The procedure was done incongenital bone diseases in 20 cases and after a distal femoral epiphysiodesis in 10 cases. The mean age at surgery was 12.8 years. Lengthening was required in all patients and an axis correction was required in 16 of 26 cases. The mean lengthening was 5.9 cm. The healing index was 45.5 day/cm (25.5–62). We noticed 8 knee stiffness and 5 broken wires. Knee Stiffness were corrected by Judet'squadricepsplasty and 6 broken wires were replaced by new wires. The goal of lengthening was reached in all cases. The goal of axis correction was reached in 98.5% of cases. Conclusions. Ilizarov technique allows to do accurate lengthening and axis correction and it is a unique reliable external fixator for femoral lengthening in children

Introduction. Pilon fractures are complex, high-energy, intra-articular fractures of the distal tibia. Achieving good outcomes is challenging due to fracture complexity and extensive soft tissue damage. The purpose of this study was to determine the long-term functional and clinical outcomes of definitive management with fine wire Ilizarov fixation for closed pilon fractures. Materials and Methods. 185 patients treated over a 14-year period (2004–2018) were included. All patients had Ilizarov frames applied to restore mechanical axis and fine wires to control periarticular fragments. CT scans were performed post operatively to confirm satisfactory restoration of the articular surface. All frames were dynamized prior to removal. Patients' functional outcome was assessed using the validated Chertsey Outcome Score for Trauma (“COST”). Review of clinical notes and imaging was used to determine complications and time to union. Results. The mean functional outcome in the studied cohort was determined to be “average” on the “COST” score. Poorer functional outcomes were associated with younger age at time of injury and multi-fragment fracture patterns. Mean time in frame was 170 days. Complication rates were low. There were no deep infections, no amputations and only 8 patients went on to have ankle fusions. Conclusions. Good functional results and low complication rates can be achieved by managing pilon fractures with fine wire Ilizarov fixation. Nonetheless, at time of injury patients should be counselled as to the severity of the injury and impact on their functional status

Aims. Ilizarov described four methods of treating non-unions but gave little information on the specific indications for each technique. He claimed, ‘infection burns in the fire of regeneration’ and suggested distraction osteogenesis could effectively treat infected non-unions. This study investigated a treatment algorithm for described Ilizarov methods in managing infected tibial non-union, using non-union mobility and segmental defect size to govern treatment choice. Primary outcome measures were infection eradication, bone union and ASAMI bone and function scores. Patients and Methods. A consecutive series of 79 patients with confirmed, infected tibial non-union, were treated with one of four Ilizarov protocols, consisting of; monofocal distraction (26 cases), monofocal compression (19), bifocal compression/distraction (16) and bone transport (18). Median non-union duration was 10 months (range 2–168). All patients had undergone at least one previous operation (mean 2.2; range 1–5), 38 had associated limb deformity and 49 had non-viable non-unions. Twenty-six cases (33%) had a new simultaneous muscle flap reconstruction at the time of Ilizarov surgery and 25 had pre-existing flaps reused. Treatment algorithm based on assessment of bone gap and non-union stiffness, measured after resection of non-viable bone. Results. The treatment algorithm was easy to apply, being based on easily assessable criteria. Infection was eradicated in 76 cases (96.2%) at a mean follow-up of 40.8 months (range 6–131). All three cases of infection recurrence occurred in the monofocal compression group. They required repeat excision and Ilizarov distraction in two cases and below-knee amputation in one. Union was achieved in 68 cases (86.1%) with the initial Ilizarov methods alone. Union was highest amongst the monofocal distraction and bifocal compression/distraction groups, 96.2% and 93.8% respectively. Mean external fixator time was 7.5 months (range 3–17). Monofocal compression was successful in only 73.7% of mobile non-unions, with significantly lower ASAMI scores and a 26.3% re-fracture rate. Bone transport secured union in 77.8% (14/18) but with a 44.4% unplanned reoperation rate. However, after further treatment, infection-free union following bone transport was 100%. Conclusion. We cannot recommend Ilizarov monofocal compression in the treatment of infected, mobile non-unions. Distraction (monofocal or bifocal) was effective and is associated with higher rates of union and infection clearance

The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of Ilizarov frame fixation and total contact casting on the complications of Charcot arthropathy. The diabetic charcot foot or ankle is a potentially limb threatening disorder. This progressive disorder is characterised by osteopenia, bone fragmentation and joint subluxation. The risk of significant deformity and osteomyelitis lead to high rates of amputation in these patients. We analysed patients with acute charcot arthropathy attending the Rowley Bristow Unit between 2008 and 2012. We assessed 48 patients with a mean age of 59 years. Mean follow up was 24 months. 12 patients were managed with Ilizarov frame fixation and 36 using total contact casting. The duration of management was determined using serial infrared temperature monitoring to ensure the temperature of the limb normalised before patients were deemed safe to remove their immobilisation. The mean duration of Iliazarov frame fixation was 6.2 months and 5.3 months duration for total contact casting. In the Ilizarov group pin site infections were common and treated with a short course of antibiotics. In total one patient required below knee amputation following Ilizarov frame fixation. No patients suffered with osteomyelitis. We feel that prompt management of acute charcot arthropathy with either total contact casting where appropriate or Ilizarov frame fixation can reduce serious complications of this disorder

Aim. Simultaneous use of Ilizarov techniques with transfer of free muscle flaps is not current standard practice. This may be due to concerns about duration of surgery, clearance of infection, potential flap failure or coordination of surgical teams. We investigated this combined technique in a consecutive series of complex tibial infections. Method. A single centre, consecutive series of 45 patients (mean age 48 years; range 19–85) were treated with a single stage operation to apply an Ilizarov frame for bone reconstruction and a free muscle flap for soft-tissue cover. All patients had a segmental bone defect in the tibia, after excision of infected bone and soft-tissue defects which could not be closed directly or with local flaps. We recorded comorbidities, Cierny-Mader and Weber-Cech classification, the Ilizarov method used, flap type, follow-up duration, time to union and complications. Results. 26 patients had osteomyelitis and 19 had infected non-union. Staphylococci were cultured in 25 cases and 17 had polymicrobial infections. Ilizarov monofocal compression was used in 14, monofocal distraction in 15, bifocal compression/distraction in 8, and bone transport in 8. 8/45 had an additional ankle fusion, 7/45 had an angular deformity corrected at the same time and 24 also had local antibiotic carriers inserted. Median time in frame was 5 months (3–14). 38 gracilis, 7 latissimus dorsi and 1 rectus abdominus flaps were used. One flap failed within 48 hours and was revised (flap failure rate 2.17%). There were no later flap complications. Flaps were not affected by distraction or bone transport. Mean follow-up was 23 months (10–89). 44/45 (97.8%) achieved bony union. Recurrence of infection occurred in 3 patients (6.7%). Secondary surgery was required to secure union with good alignment in 8 patients (17.8%; docking site surgery in 6, IM nailing in 2) and in 3 patients for infection recurrence. All were infection free at final follow-up. Conclusions. Simultaneous Ilizarov reconstruction with free muscle flap transfer is safe and effective in treating segmental infected tibial defects, and is not associated with an increased flap failure rate. It shortens overall time spent in treatment, with fewer operations per patient. However, initial theatre time is long and a committed multidisciplinary team is required to achieve good results

Introduction. The Ilizarov method for non-union comprises a range of treatment protocols designed to generate tissue, correct deformity, eradicate infection and secure union. The choice of specific reconstruction method is difficult, but should depend on the biological and mechanical needs of the non-union. We present a prospective series of patients with non-union of the tibia managed using a treatment algorithm based on the Ilizarov method and the viability of the non-union. Patients and methods. Forty-four patients (34 men and 10 women) were treated with 26 viable and 18 non-viable non-unions. Mean duration of non-union was 19 months (range 2-168). 25 patients had associated limb deformity and 37 cases were infected. 42 patients had undergone at least one previous operation. Bone resection was dictated by the presence of non-viable and infected tissue. Four Ilizarov protocols were used (monofocal distraction in 18 cases, monofocal compression in 11 cases, bifocal compression-distraction in 10 cases and 5 bone transports) depending on the stiffness of the non-union or the presence of segmental defect. Results. Union was achieved in 40 cases (91%) with Ilizarov method alone. Infection was eradicated in 35 cases (95%). Monofocal distraction produced union in all 18 stiff non-unions with little morbidity. Monofocal compression was successful in only 82% of mobile non-unions but failed to eradicate infection in 2 of 10 cases. Bifocal techniques allowed infection-free union in all 15 difficult segmental infected non-unions but required prolonged treatment times and bone grafting to docking sites. Complications included pin infection, hindfoot stiffness, refracture, one below-knee amputation and residual limb length discrepancy. Conclusion. We do not recommend monofocal compression in the treatment of infected, mobile non-unions. Distraction (monofocal or bifocal) was effective and is associated with high rates of clearance of infection

Aims. Double-level lengthening, bone transport, and bifocal compression-distraction are commonly undertaken using Ilizarov or other fixators. We performed double-level fixator-assisted nailing, mainly for the correction of deformity and lengthening in the same segment, using a straight intramedullary nail to reduce the time in a fixator. Patients and Methods. A total of 23 patients underwent this surgery, involving 27 segments (23 femora and four tibiae), over a period of ten years. The most common indication was polio in ten segments and rickets in eight; 20 nails were inserted retrograde and seven antegrade. A total of 15 lengthenings were performed in 11 femora and four tibiae, and 12 double-level corrections of deformity without lengthening were performed in the femur. The mean follow-up was 4.9 years (1.1 to 11.4). Four patients with polio had tibial lengthening with arthrodesis of the ankle. We compared the length of time in a fixator and the external fixation index (EFI) with a control group of 27 patients (27 segments) who had double-level procedures with external fixation. The groups were matched for the gain in length, age, and level of difficulty score. Results. The mean gain in length was statistically similar in the two groups: 3.9 cm (1.5 to 9.0) in the study group and 4.2 cm (3.4 to 5.0) in the control group (p = 0.350). The mean time in a fixator was significantly less in the study group compared with the control group: 8.6 weeks (2.0 to 22.8) versus 30.2 weeks (25.0 to 35.4; p < 0.001). The mean EFI was significantly lower in the study group compared with the control group: 17.7 days/cm (10.6 to 35.6) versus 73.4 days/cm (44.5 to 102.3; p < 0.001). The ASAMI (Association for the Study and Application of the Method of Ilizarov) bone score was excellent in 22, good in four, and fair in one. The ASAMI functional score was excellent in 20 and good in seven. There were no infections, superficial or deep. Conclusion. Double-level osteotomies or two procedures using a custom-made straight nail and external fixation can be used to correct deformities or to treat nonunion or malunion and may be combined with arthrodesis of the ankle with lengthening. It is a reasonably safe procedure that allows accurate and cost-effective treatment with a relatively short time in a fixator

The aim of the study is to evaluate how patients over 65 years of age cope with the Ilizarov method of treatment, compared with patients a decade younger. Two age groups were selected, 50–65 years versus 65 years and over. 20 consecutive patients were recruited for each group. SF36 scores were completed pre-operatively, at 6 weeks post op and 6 weeks post frame removal. 41 patients were recruited in total. Seven patients were lost to follow up – 2 died, 2 became too ill to continue with treatment, 3 did not complete the SF36. This left 34 patients. T test was used to analyse the results. Both age groups showed an equal and statistically significant drop in SF36 scores whilst the Ilizarov frame was on (p<0.01 for each group). After frame removal, SF36 in the >65 group was not significantly different to pre-operative values. In the younger group, SF36 after frame removal was still significantly lower than pre-operative values (p<0.01). Age makes no difference in how patients cope with the ilizarov frame during treatment. Older patients have low pre-injury function levels, but appear to return to this level quickly after frame removal. Younger patients do not recover pre-injury function in 6 weeks after completion of treatment

Introduction. During its conception, Ilizarov advocated a fine wire tension of between 900N and 1200N for circular frame construction. Wire tension can be achieved via a tensioning device or ‘Russian tensioning’ (a fixed wire lengthening around a bolt). There is limited information on the latter technique. This study aimed to explore the tensions achieved via Russian tensioning and report the impact of a second wire on construct tension. Materials and Methods. A single 160mm stainless-steel ring was constructed, then 1.8mm stainless steel wires secured using a Russian fixation bolt and Russian tensioned with a 2nd bolt. The angle subtended by tensioning using the 2nd bolt was measured using a goniometer. Angles of 45°, 70° and 90° were repeated in triplicates, with wire tension measured using a calibrated tensiometer. A 2nd orthogonal wire was placed on the opposite side and tensioned to the same angle. Tensions of both wires were remeasured and recorded. Statistical comparison using unpaired t-tests was used to compare mean tensions. A value of p<0.05 was considered significant. Results. Russian wire tensioning at all angles was insufficient to achieve the target range of 900–1200N (range 99–110N). The addition of a second orthogonal wire changed frame dynamics such that a 90° angle resulted in both wires achieving adequate tension (mean 1143N, SD 307N). Increases were significant across all tensioning angles (p–<0.002) however only biomechanically relevant for 90°. Conclusions. Russian tensioning is insufficient with a single wire, however the addition of an orthogonal wire increases tension in both wires, which reaches the target range at 90° deflection. This phenomenon is explained by force transmission initially into ring deflection, which is then balanced out by the second wire. Further study of this phenomenon using wire tensioners is warranted, and also the impact of non-orthogonal wire constructs

Introduction. Ashford and St Peter's Hospital (ASPH) is a district general hospital in Chertsey, Surrey. It is a tertiary referral unit offering a circular frame service to manage complex trauma patients in the South East of England. This study analyses the patient pathway in 66 consecutive tertiary referrals from 2015–2020. All patients were managed with an Ilizarov frame for either a tibial plateau fracture or pilon fracture. Materials and Methods. The patient journey of 66 consecutive tertiary referrals for tibial plateau and pilon fractures were analysed. The following data was captured: patient demographics; type of injury; referring centre; date of injury; date of referral; date of arrival at ASPH; date of surgery and date of discharge. Using this data we aimed to identify areas of the pathway that can be improved. In addition, the 66 patients were split into two groups of 33 patients. 33 patients were referred via an electronic referral platform and 33 patients were referred verbally prior to the implementation of the electronic referral platform. The groups were compared to see the impact of an electronic referral platform on the patient's journey. Results. Average age 45 (range 17–88 years), Male percentage 54.55%, 45 tibial plateau patients, 21 pilon patients. Injury to Admission at ASPH- 6 days (median), Injury to Surgery 8 days (median), Surgery to Discharge 4 days (median), Total stay in ASPH 6 days (median). Conclusions. The biggest delay in our tertiary referral pathway is from referral to arrival at ASPH. The implementation of an electronic referral pathway has not improved times from referral to arrival at ASPH. Ring fenced beds for tertiary referrals would be the greatest way to improve flow through the pathway and reduce the complications related to delayed surgery

Introduction. Segmental tibia fractures are high-energy injuries that are difficult to treat. We report on the use of the Ilizarov Method to treat 40 consecutive AO 4.2C (35) and AO 4.2B3 (5) fractures by a single surgeon. Fractures with bone loss requiring transport were excluded, as were fractures initially treated with nail or plate. Patients: 28 adult males, 12 adult females, mean age 43. The most common mechanism of injury was RTA (50%). Twelve patients (30%) had associated injuries. Nineteen (48%) fractures were open (6 Gustillo-Anderson 3A, 13 Gustillo-Anderson 3B) and 21 closed; 24 (60%) had temporary monolateral external fixation before definitive treatment. The mean time from injury to definitive Ilizarov frame was 8 days. Results. 37 (93%) healed without the need for any bone-stimulating procedure. The other 3 healed with further procedures and a second frame. There were no amputations and no deep infections. None required intervention for malunion. The total time to healing was calculated from date of injury to frame removal. Open fractures (mean 214 days, median 182) took longer to heal than closed fractures (mean 177 days, median 177). Minor complications included snapped wires (2) and minor pinsite infections treated with oral antibiotics (9). Clinical scores were available for 25 of the 40 patients (median 55 months post-injury) with ‘Good’ Olerud and Molander ankle scores (median 80), ‘Excellent’ Lysholm knee scores (median 99), median Tegner activity score of 4 (comparable to ‘moderately heavy labour’) and above mean population SF12 scores (mean PCS 52, mean MCS 54). Conclusion. The Ilizarov Method is a very safe technique to successfully treat segmental tibia fractures with high union rates (93%)

Aim. Infected segmental defects are one of the most feared complications of open tibial fractures. This may be due to prolonged treatment time, permanent functional deficits and high reinfection and non-union rates. Distraction osteogenesis techniques such as Ilizarov acute shortening with bifocal relengthening (ASR) and bone transport (BT) are effective surgical treatment options in the tibia. The aim of this study was to compare ASL with bone transport in a consecutive series of complex tibial infected non-unions and osteomyelitis, for the reconstruction of segmental defects created at surgical resection of the infection. Method. In this single centre series, all patients with a segmental defect (>2cm) of the tibia after excision of infected non-union or osteomyelitis were eligible for inclusion. Based on clinical features, bone reconstruction was achieved with either ASR or BT using an Ilizarov fixator. We recorded the external fixation time (months), the external fixation index (EFI), comorbidities, Cierny-Mader or Weber-Cech classification, follow-up duration, time to union, number of operations and complications. Results. Overall, 43 patients with an infected tibial segmental defect were included. An ASR was performed in 19 patients with a median age of 40 years (range: 19 – 66 years). In this group, the median bone defect size was three cm (range: 2 – 5 cm); and the median frame time eight months (range: 5 – 16 months). BT was performed in 24 patients with a median age of 44 years (range: 21 – 70 years). The median bone defect size was six cm (range: 3 – 10 cm), and the median frame time ten months (range: 7 – 17 months). The EFI in the ASR group and the BT group measured 2.2 months/cm (range: 1.3 – 5.4 months/cm) and 1.9 months/cm (range: 0.8 – 2.8 months/cm), respectively. The comparison between the EFI of the ASL group and the BT group showed no statistically significant difference (p=0.147). Five patients of the ASR group (7 surgeries) and 19 patients of the BT group (23 surgeries) needed further unplanned surgery (p=0.001). Docking site surgery was significantly more frequent in BT; 66.7%, versus ASL; 5.3% (p=0.0001). Conclusion. Acute shortening/relengthening and bone transport are both safe and effective distraction osteogenesis techniques for the treatment of infected tibial non-unions. They share similar frame times per centimetre of defect. However, ASR demonstrated a statistically significant lower rate of unplanned surgeries

Introduction. Segmental tibia fractures are high-energy injuries that are difficult to treat. We report on the use of the Ilizarov Method to treat 40 consecutive AO42C (35) and AO42B3 (5) fractures by a single surgeon. Fractures with bone loss requiring transport were excluded, as were fractures initially treated with nail or plate. Patients. 28 adult males, 12 adult females, average age 43. The most common mechanism of injury was RTA (50%). 12 (30%) had associated injuries. 19 (48%) fractures were open (6 3A, 13 3B) and 21 closed. 24 (60%) had temporary monolateral external fixation before definitive treatment. The mean time from injury to definitive Ilizarov frame was 8 days. Results. 37 (93%) healed without the need for any bone-stimulating procedure. The 3 non-unions subsequently healed with a second frame. There were no amputations and no deep infections. All injuries healed within ten degrees of anatomical alignment radiologically. The total time to healing was calculated from date of injury to frame removal. Open fractures (mean 214 days, median 182) took longer to heal than closed fractures (mean 177 days, median 177). Minor complications included snapped wires (2) and minor pinsite infections treated with oral antibiotics (9). Conclusion. The Ilizarov Method is a very safe technique to successfully treat segmental tibia fractures with high union rates (93%)

Introduction. Ankle fusion presents a difficult problem in the presence of infection, inadequate soft tissue, poor bone stock and deformity. Nonunion and infection remains a problem even with internal fixation. Ilizarov frame provides an elegant solution to the problem with stable remote fixation while allowing lengthening, deformity correction and weight bearing. Patients and methods. Twenty-one consecutive patients were studied. The mean age at onset of disease was 52 years (range 4-70). Mean duration of the problem was 59.9 months (6-372). Aetiology included traumatic arthritis in 5, traumatic arthritis with osteomyelitis in 1, failed ankle fusion in 8, septic arthritis in 1, infected ankle fracture nonunion in 1, avascular necrosis of talus in 1, congenital deformity in 3 and failed ankle arthroplasty in 1. 15 patients had deformity of the ankle at the time of presentation. 15 of the 21 patients had either clinical or radiological evidence of infection. Treatment principles involved local excision, deformity correction with good alignment and soft tissue management. Static Compression was achieved with an Ilizarov frame while dynamic fixation was performed in 3 cases for lengthening. Antibiotics treatment was continued until union in the infected cases. On achieving union the frame was removed and a below knee cast was applied for 4 weeks. Results. Fusion was achieved in all cases at an average time of 5 months. One patient had below knee amputation for chronic pain. There was no recurrence of infection. Complications included pin site infection, lateral impingement, drug reaction and hind-foot pain. The results were assessed in terms of SF36 and Modified foot and ankle score. Conclusion. The Ilizarov ankle fusion is a reliable salvage procedure in difficult ankle problems

The purpose of this study was to review the long term functional results of patients undergoing treatment for high energy tibial plateau fractures. Between January 1994 and June 2013 our unit managed 105 high energy tibial plateau fractures (Schatzker IV-VI) with an Ilizarov frame. All cases were treated via ligamentotaxis and percutaneous fine wire fixation or with a limited open reduction of the joint surface. A retrospective analysis of all patients that have undergone Ilizarov fixation of a tibial plateau fracture was performed with radiological and clinical functional outcome measurements. We analysed 105 patients with a mean follow up of 93.5 months (range 5–200). The patient group had an average age of 49 years (range 15–87) with 62 patients being male. Fracture pattern was analysed with Schatzker's classification showing 18 type IV, 10 type V and 77 type VI tibial plateau fractures. All fractures had an average time to union of 145 days. Patients had and average range of movement of 117 degrees. Patients undergoing Ilizarov treatment for high energy tibial plateau fractures achieve successful results long term. Definitive treatment should be decided with respect to fracture pattern and the soft tissue envelope. The management aim should be to achieve anatomical reduction and stable fixation to enable early mobilization. Our study confirms the good functional outcomes and low morbidity that can be achieved in high energy fractures treated with Ilizarov fixation

Introduction. The optimal treatment of high-energy tibia fractures remains controversial. The role of external fixators has been shown to be crucial. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of using either Taylor Spatial Frame (TSF) or Ilizarov frames in treatment of high-energy tibia fractures in a tertiary trauma referral centre. Methodology. Retrospective review of consecutive series identified two treatment groups; Group 1(TSF) and Group 2 (Ilizarov). Time in frame (healing time) was defined as time from insertion to removal of frame. All patients with incomplete data secondary to loss to follow-up or death were eliminated. Results. Data was available for 112 patients (Group 1 N37 and Group 2 N85) with average ages for of 46.43 and 44.64 years respectively and a male to female ratio of 23:14 and 63:22. 7 open tibial fractures and 24 distal tibia fractures were treated in Group 1 with 18 open tibia fractures and 24 pilon fractures in Group 2. Average healing time was 174.35 (124–340) and 176.41 (102–555) days respectively. Smoker's average healing time was 181.86 and 213.86 days per group. Non-smokers average healing time was 161.86 and 174 days for the two groups. N5 and N26 patients were recorded as high-energy injuries with associated other multiple fractures or visceral injuries with average frame times of 192.2 and 194.69 days respectively. All fractures went to union with only one infection in the Ilizarov group. Conclusion. Smoking and associated high-energy injuries lead to an increase in healing time for both groups. Despite the rigid nature of TSF, healing time is similar to Ilizarov frame

The Pelvic Support Osteotomy (PSO) or Ilizarov Hip Reconstruction(IHR) is well described for the treatment of septic sequelae of infancy. The purpose of this study was to clinically, functionally and radiographically assess our short-term results of this procedure. 25 patients (16 boys, 9 girls) who had undergone a IHR using the Ilizarov/TSF construct over a period of 10 years for a variety of pathologies were reviewed. The mean age at surgery was 15 years 4 months. The pre-operative diagnoses were SCFE(10), hip sepsis (6), DDH (6) and Perthes (3). All had significant leg length discrepancies, 16 had a painful stiff hip, 6 had a painful mobile hip and 3 had a painless unstable hip. At surgery, a mean measured proximal valgus angle of 51° and a mean extension angle of 15° was achieved. Distal femoral lengthening averaged 4.2 cm and distal varus correction was a mean of 8°. The mean fixator time was 173 days. At a mean of 2 years and 7 months follow-up the lower-extremity length discrepancy had improved from a mean of 5.6 cm apparent shortening to 2.3 cm. Trendelenberg sign was eliminated in 18/25 cases. Improvements in range of hip movements and gait parameters were observed. Stance time asymmetry, step length asymmetry, pelvic dip and trunk lurch improved significantly. One patient had conversion to a total hip replacement after 7 years, 4 patients required re-do PSO due to remodelling of the proximal osteotomies, two had heterotopic ossification and two had significant knee stiffness due to lack of compliance. The early results of IHR are encouraging to equalise limb lengths, negate trendelenburg gait, provide a mobile hip with a reasonable axis and the possibility of conversion to THR in the future if needed. Complications need to be anticipated and the effects of remodelling and maintaining adequate knee range of motion must be emphasised

The goal of this paper is to compare the results and complication namely infection rates, of the techniques of Standard Ilizarov lengthening, lengthening over nail (LON) and lengthening then nailing (LTN) utilizing a standard nail (STD) and a special nail with a core of cement releasing antibiotics (SAFE). In a first study done between 1993 and 2008, we have compared 25 patients treated with lengthening with a Ilizarov frame (LIF) with 26 patients where a standard nail was used to do a lengthening over nail technique (LON). From 2009 and 2012 we have utilized the SAFE nail in 17 patients to perform lengthening over nail (SAFE-LON) and lengthening then nailing (SAFE-LTN) techniques. 7 patients had a pseudarthrosis, 5 a malconsolidation with shortening and or axial deviation and 5 a bone loss after infection of total knee replacements. We used a lengthening over nail in 4 cases, a lengthening and axial correction then nailing in three, acute compression and proximal lengthening then nailing in five patients and knee arthrodesis and femoral or tibial lengthening then nailing in another 5 cases. We have used a Ilizarov frame in all cases. We found that with LON technique, the external fixation time was 3 times lower, promoting the recovery of full range of knee mobility in half the time, comparatively with LIF technique, with statistically very significant differences. We found a rate of 30% of intercurrences on the LON group and 24% in the Ilizarov, difference that was not statistically significant. 3 patients got bone infection after LON technique, a rate of 11.5%. Late consolidation and fracture of regenerate appeared only in the Ilizarov technique group, whereas in the LON technique we had 3 cases of premature consolidation of the regenerate. In the SAFE-LON and SAFE-LTN techniques utilizing the SAFE nail with antibiotics, we found a decrease of the overall intercurrence rate from 30% to 12% and namely, bone infection was cured or didn't appeared after nailing with this new device in all cases. LON and LTN techniques are somehow more demanding, but much more comfortable for the patient, which need to carry the frame for less time, It permits an earlier return to activity, about half the time, it controls better delayed regenerate and its fracture does not increase complication rate and costs of treatment and prevents infection when converting from external to internal fixation