Introduction. Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLr) is the most widely published operation in the orthopaedic literature. Over recent years there has been increased interest in the surgical technique and role of concomitant procedures performed during ACLr. The National Ligament Registry (NLR) collects robust data on ACLr performed in the UK. In this registry analysis we explore trends in ACLr surgery and how they relate to published literature and the growing industry portfolio available to surgeons. Methods. Using data from the NLR, 14,352 ACLr performed between 2013–2021 were analysed. High impact papers on ACLr were then cross referenced against this data to see if surgical practice was influenced by literature or whether surgical practice dictated publication. Common trends were also compared to key surgical industry portfolios (Arthrex, Smith and Nephew) to see how new technology influenced surgical practice. Results. The number of ACLr performed in isolation is decreasing. The number of ACL reconstructions involving meniscal surgery shows an increasing trend since 2013, with 57% of ACLr in 2021 now involving meniscus surgery. The number of ACLr with lateral extra-articular tenodesis (LET) has increased sharply since 2018, preceding the stability trial publication in 2020. Graft preference and size has remained static despite the introduction of new graft harvest and fixation devices. Additional procedures such as other ligament reconstruction and additional cartilage surgery have also remained static over time. Conclusion. In this analysis we looked at surgical trends in ACLr and their relation to literature and industry. Meniscal intervention is increasing, in keeping with the growing level of literature in this area. In the setting of LET, a high impact level 1 study appears to have significantly changed the practice of UK surgeons with a sharp increase in the number of LET procedures being performed. Industry appears to have little influence on the change in surgical trends, suggesting high quality evidence is what drives innovation in ACLr while industry supports rather than influences innovation. It will be interesting to see the impact of the stability 2 study, recent work on the medial structures of the knee and the commissioning of cartilage centres on future trends

This talk will initially give a brief overview of the motivations behind open access publishing and explain the practicalities of the different business models from an author's point of view. The talk will then discuss open access policy, particularly in Europe, and how the publishing landscape is constantly changing, with new initiatives and mandates being introduced all the time. Innovation in peer review such as transparent peer review and registered reports will be outlined and evaluated with examples from the BMC journals portfolio. The talk will then explain some of the funding options available to authors for open access publishing, and introduce the Springer Nature funding support service, which is available to anyone wishing to find out their options. Finally, the importance of data sharing will be discussed, as will the relatively new area of open access books

According to a report by Millennium Research Group in January 2011, the US orthopaedic extremity device market will generate over $4.6 billion in revenue by 2015. 1. With an ageing demographic and increasing demand for better quality of life into old age, there is clearly a commercial drive for the orthopaedic device community to develop new and innovative solutions to bone and joint problems. Devising such solutions is one thing; protecting them, so that research investment can be rewarded, is another. How is such protection achieved? The judicious use of intellectual property rights plays a key role, and this article aims to provide some information about the use of patents to protect innovation

Purpose: The authors would like to report a technical innovation in cemented hip arthroplasty. The new device, a “rim cutter” (patent pending) was designed in Exeter and aims at improving the surgical technique of insertion of cemented sockets. The principle aim of this innovation is to cut a rim around the periphery of the acetabulum to a set depth so that the flange of the socket seats into this rim and thus by sealing the space underneath the flange, there is a sustained rise in cement injection pressure behind the socket during implantation. This, improves cement macro and micro interlock, creates a congruent cement mantle with no radioluciencies, especially in the highly predictive DeLee-Charnley Zone I. Materials and methods: A retrospective clinical study was performed in order to assess the radiological result of the use of the rim cutter. Two groups of patients with 30 in each group (consecutive cases) were enrolled in the present study. In group A, the rim cutter device was used while in group B, the acetabulum was prepared without the use of the rim cutter. In all cases an Exeter contemporary cup and stem were used. All cases were evaluated with postoperative radiographs which were analysed to record the anatomic measurements with regard to:. i) centre of rotation of the socket (COR),. ii) height of the centre of rotation from the teardrop,. iii) lateralisation of the centre of rotation from the teardrop, and iv) the width of the cement mantle in the three acetabular zones. These values were compared with the equivalent measurements made for a normal contralateral hip. In addition to these measurements, any radiolucent line in any zone was recorded. The post-operative film was templated using Orthoview (TM, Southampton, Hampshire) software, which is a digital X ray templating system. Results: The group where the rim cutter was used showed significantly improved radiological parameters. In this group (group A) the socket was placed closer to the normal centre of rotation (COR) compared to the other group (group B) where the rim cutter was not used. This difference was statistically significant (p< 0.0001). Two cases in the non rim cutter group showed radioluciencies in Zone I. Similarly, with regard to the lateralisation of the COR, the implants in the rim cutter group were closer to the COR of the contralateral normal hip The cement mantle was found to be more concentric in the rim cutter group (in group A, more patients had the same width of cement mantle in all Zones) than the non rim cutter group. This difference between the two groups was statistically significant (p< 0.0001). Conclusions: The introduction of the new “rim cutter” represents a progression in the technique for the preparation of the acetabulum in cemented hip arthroplasty. It indicates a further step, following the introduction of flanged sockets

With the advent of new hip implants (resurfacing and short stem prosthese) current treatment recommendations have to be reevaluated. The indication for surgical treatment in hip osteoarthritis as well as the choice of implants is mainly based on personal experience of the surgeoun (internal evidence) and clinical data (external evidence). Experimental studies can support the information from clinical trials and are necessary to evaluate the mechanical properties of an implant. They do not replace the clinical evaluation, however. The level of evidence depends on type, quality and quantity of available data from published investigations. Recent innovations like surface replacement and short stem prostheses have mainly been investigated in single center observational studies with a relatively short followup. Wider introduction of new implants, however, needs continuous evaluation of clinical and radiographic performance. Examples are given, how this monitoring should be performed in a clinical setting

Introduction

Osteotomy is a key step in distraction osteogenesis. Various techniques of osteotomy have been described with its own benefits and pitfalls. Percutaneous osteotomy using multiple drill holes is one of the most widely used osteotomy techniques. It still remains a challenge however to keep the drill holes aligned prior to the osteotomy. Moreover, the efficacy of percutaneous irrigation practice to keep the temperature low during drilling with this technique is also debatable. With an aim to overcome these challenges, we are introducing a device called the Double Barrel Drill Sleeve (DBDS) to perform percutaneous osteotomies. We attempted to compare this method to the conventional multiple drill holes technique using laboratory experiments and clinical data.

Complex spinal deformities can cause pain, neurological symptoms and imbalance (sagittal and/or coronal), severely impairing patients’ quality of life and causing disability. Their treatment has always represented a tough challenge: prior to the introduction of modern internal fixation systems, the only option was an arthrodesis to prevent worsening of the deformity. Then, the introduction of pedicle screws allowed the surgeons to perform powerful corrective manoeuvres, distributing forces over multiple levels, to which eventually associate osteotomies. In treating flexible coronal deformities, in-ternal fixation and corrective manoeuvres may be sufficient: the combination of high density pedicle screws and direct vertebral rotation revolutionized surgical treatment of scoliosis.

However, spinal osteotomies are needed for correcting complex rigid deformities; the type of osteot-omy must be chosen according to the aetiology, type and apex of the deformity. When dealing with large radius deformities, spread over multiple levels and without fusion, multiple posterior column os-teotomies such as Smith-Petersen and Ponte (asymmetric, when treating scoliosis) can be performed, dissipating the correction over many levels. Conversely, the management of a sharp, angulated de-formity that involves a few vertebral levels and/or with bony fusion, requires more aggressive 3 col-umn osteotomies such as Pedicle Subtraction Osteotomies (PSO), Bone Disc Bone Osteotomies (BDBO) or Vertebral Column Resection (VCR). Sometimes the deformity is so severe that cannot be corrected with only one osteotomy: in this scenario, multilevel osteotomies can be performed.

Introduction and aims. Robotic Assisted Arthroplasty (RAA) is increasingly proliferative in the international orthopaedic environment. Traditional bibliometric methods poorly assess the impact of surgical innovations such as robotic technology. Progressive Scholarly Acceptance (PSA) is a new model of bibliographic analysis which quantitatively evaluates the impact of robotic technology in the orthopaedic scientific community. Methods. A systematic literature search was conducted to retrieve all peer-reviewed, English language publications studying robotic assisted hip and knee arthroplasty between 1992 and 2017. Review articles were excluded. Articles were classified as either “initial investigations” or “refining studies” according to the PSA model, described by Schnurman and Kondziolka. The PSA end-point is defined as the point in time when the number of studies focussed on refining or improving a novel technique (RAA) outnumbers the number of initial studies assessing its efficacy. Results. The study identified 73 original studies published since 1992 in the field of RAA. The procedures reported were total hip and total knee replacement, and uni-compartmental knee replacement. Publications originated from 17 countries and 117 organisations. Fifty percent of studies identified were published in the last 5 years at an average of 7 publications per year, compared to an average of 2.7 publications per year from 1992 to 2012. Fifty-eight publications (79.4%) were classified as initial investigations and 15 (20.5%) were classified as refining studies. Conclusions. PSA model analysis of RAA is indicative of a significant increase in published research, particularly over the last 5 years. However, the majority of publications are efficacious rather than technique refining. This implies that RAA has not reached the threshold of general acceptance by the Orthopaedic community

Summary

Each patient received Cognitive Reassurance appropriate for and proportionate to his/her capacity through evidence informed explanation/education to enhance effective self-care and realistic self-management.

We explore the limitations of complete reliance on evidence-based medicine which can be diminished by confounding issues and sampling bias. Other strategies which may be reasonably invoked are discussed.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2014; 96-B:997–9.

The future of work brings several challenges and opportunities for occupational health and safety on three major drivers: the rapid progress of technological innovation; demographic changes, in particular ageing of the workforce and migration; and changes in the labour market, especially owing to new ways of per-forming jobs. Innovation technologies are leading to an overall transformation of industrial processes that offer huge developmental perspectives in the world of work and opportunities for society. In the field of prevention of musculoskeletal disorders, relevant progresses have been made in the clinical setting and in the context of care, also in relation to the ageing society. In the near future, the adaptation of workstations and the implementation of sensors and enabling technologies (collaborative robots and exoskeletons) will offer, together with the innovations in the clinic and orthopaedic surgery, a significant contribution to the reduction of risks from biomechanical overload, as well as support interventions to increase work ability and reduce the impact of disability. However, the potential risk scenarios for health and safety in the workplace, along with the progress in occupational health research, lead to the need for creating an inte-grated system of skills and approaches to adopt a Prevention through Design perspective. This requires designing and conceiving processes taking into consideration occupational risk prevention and guarantee-ing the return to work in a multidisciplinary and integrated perspective

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most prevalent degenerative joint disease that is a leading cause of disability worldwide. Existing therapies of OA only address the symptoms. Liraglutide is a well-known anti-diabetic medication that is used to treat type 2 diabetes and obesity. In inflammatory and post-traumatic OA animal models, liraglutide has demonstrated anti-inflammatory, pain-relieving, and cartilage-regenerating effects1 . The objective of this study is to investigate liraglutide's ability to reduce inflammation and promote anabolism in human OA chondrocytes in vitro. Pellets formed with human OA chondrocytes were cultured with a chondrogenic medium for one week to form cartilage tissue. Afterward, pellets were cultured for another 2 weeks with a chondropermissive medium. The OA group was treated with IL-1β to mimic an inflammatory OA condition. The drug group was treated with 0.5 or 10 µM liraglutide. On days 0, 1, and 14, pellets were collected. Conditioned medium was collected over the 2 weeks culture period. The gene and protein expression levels of regenerative and inflammatory biomarkers were evaluated and histological analyzes were performed. Results showed that the nitric oxide release of the OA + 0.5 µM liraglutide and OA + 10 µM liraglutide groups were lower than the OA group. The DNA content of the OA + 0.5 µM liraglutide and OA + 10 µM liraglutide groups were higher than the OA group on day 14. The RT-qPCR results showed that the anabolism (ACAN, COMP, and COL2) markers were higher expressed in the OA + 0.5 µM liraglutide and OA + 10 µM liraglutide groups when compared with the OA group. The inflammation (CCL-2 and IL-8) markers and catabolism markers (MMP-1, MMP-3, ADAMTS4, and ADAMTS5) had lower expression levels in the OA + liraglutide groups compared to the OA group. The histomorphometric analysis (Figure 1) supported the RT-qPCR results. The results indicate that liraglutide has anabolic and anti-inflammatory effects on human OA chondrocyte pellets. Acknowledgments: This project has received funding from the Eurostars-2 joint program with co-funding from the European Union Horizon 2020 research and innovation program. The funding agencies supporting this work are (in alphabetical order of participating countries): France: BPI France; Germany: Project Management Agency (DLR), which acts on behalf of the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF); The Netherlands: Netherlands Enterprise Agency (RVO); Switzerland: Innosuisse (the Swiss Innovation Agency). For any figures and tables, please contact the authors directly

The subject of noise in the operating theatre was recognized as early as 1972 and has been compared to noise levels on a busy highway. While noise-induced hearing loss in orthopaedic surgery specifically has been recognized as early as the 1990s, it remains poorly studied. As a result, there has been renewed focus in this occupational hazard. Noise level is typically measured in decibels (dB), whereas noise adjusted for human perception uses A-weighted sound levels and is expressed in dBA. Mean operating theatre noise levels range between 51 and 75 dBA, with peak levels between 80 and 119 dBA. The greatest sources of noise emanate from powered surgical instruments, which can exceed levels as high as 140 dBA. Newer technology, such as robotic-assisted systems, contribute a potential new source of noise. This article is a narrative review of the deleterious effects of prolonged noise exposure, including noise-induced hearing loss in the operating theatre team and the patient, intraoperative miscommunication, and increased cognitive load and stress, all of which impact the surgical team’s overall performance. Interventions to mitigate the effects of noise exposure include the use of quieter surgical equipment, the implementation of sound-absorbing personal protective equipment, or changes in communication protocols. Future research endeavours should use advanced research methods and embrace technological innovations to proactively mitigate the effects of operating theatre noise. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2024;106-B(10):1039–1043

The term macromolecular crowding is used to describe equilibria and kinetics of biochemical reactions and biological processes that occur via mutual volume exclusion of macromolecules in a highly crowded structureless medium. In vivo, the extracellular space is heavily crowded by a diverse range of macromolecules and thus, biological processes occur rapidly, whilst in vitro, in the absence of macromolecules, the same processes occur very slowly, if they are initiated at all (1-3). This talk will discuss the concept of macromolecular crowding, alone or in combination with other in vitro microenvironment modulators, in tendon engineering context. Acknowledgements: This work has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme, grant agreement No. 866126. This publication has emanated from research supported by grants from Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) under grant number 19/FFP/6982

Infections are among the most diffused complications of the implantation of medical devices. In orthopedics, they pose severe societal and economic burden and interfere with the capability of the implants to integrate in the host bone, significantly increasing failure risk. Infection is particularly severe in the case of comorbidities and especially bone tumors, since oncologic patients are fragile, have higher infection rate and impaired osteoregenerative capabilities. For this reason, prevention of infection is to be preferred over treatment. This is even more important in the case of spine surgery, since spine is among the main site for tumor metastases and because incidence of post operative surgical-site infections is significant (up to 15-20%) and surgical options are limited by the need of avoiding damaging the spinal cord. Functionalization of the implant surfaces, so as to address infection and, possibly, co- adjuvate anti-tumor treatments, appears as a breakthrough innovation. Unmet clinical needs in infection and tumors is presented, with a specific focus on the spine, then, new perspectives are highlighted for their treatment

Dislocation following total hip arthroplasty (THA) is a well-known and potentially devastating complication. Clinicians have used many strategies in attempts to prevent dislocation since the introduction of THA. While the importance of postoperative care cannot be ignored, particular emphasis has been placed on preoperative planning in the prevention of dislocation. The strategies have progressed from more traditional approaches, including modular implants, the size of the femoral head, and augmentation of the offset, to newer concepts, including patient-specific component positioning combined with computer navigation, robotics, and the use of dual-mobility implants. As clinicians continue to pursue improved outcomes and reduced complications, these concepts will lay the foundation for future innovation in THA and ultimately improved outcomes. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2022;104-B(1):8–11