Aims. Osteochondral lesions of the talus (OLT) are a common cause of disability and chronic ankle pain. Many operative treatment strategies have been introduced; however, they have their own disadvantages. Recently lesion repair using autologous cartilage chip has emerged therefore we investigated the efficacy of particulated autologous cartilage transplantation (PACT) in OLT. Methods. We retrospectively analyzed 32 consecutive symptomatic patients with OLT who underwent PACT with minimum one-year follow-up. Standard preoperative radiography and MRI were performed for all patients. Follow-up second-look arthroscopy or MRI was performed with patient consent approximately one-year postoperatively. Magnetic resonance Observation of Cartilage Repair Tissue (MOCART) score and International Cartilage Repair Society (ICRS) grades were used to evaluate the quality of the regenerated cartilage. Clinical outcomes were assessed using the pain visual analogue scale (VAS), Foot Function Index (FFI), and Foot Ankle Outcome Scale (FAOS). Results. All patients had ICRS grade IV cartilage lesions, except for one (ICRS grade III). The paired MOCART scores significantly improved from 42.5 (SD 1.53) to 63.5 (SD 22.60) (p = 0.025) in ten patients. Seven patients agreed to undergo second-look arthroscopy; 5 patients had grade I (normal) ICRS scores and two patients had grade II (nearly normal) ICRS scores. VAS, FFI, and all subscales of FAOS were significantly improved postoperatively (p ≤ 0.003). Conclusion. PACT significantly improved the clinical, radiological, and morphological outcomes of OLT. We consider this to be a safe and effective surgical method based on the short-term clinical results of this study. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2023;4(12):942–947

Aims. To describe outcome reporting variation and trends in non-pharmacological randomized clinical trials (RCTs) of distal tibia and/or ankle fractures. Methods. Five electronic databases and three clinical trial registries were searched (January 2000 to February 2022). Trials including patients with distal tibia and/or ankle fractures without concomitant injuries were included. One reviewer conducted all searches, screened titles and abstracts, assessed eligibility, and completed data extraction; a random 10% subset were independently assessed and extracted by a second reviewer at each stage. All extracted outcomes were mapped to a modified version of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health framework. The quality of outcome reporting (reproducibility) was assessed. Results. Overall, 105 trials (n = 16 to 669 participants) from 27 countries were included. Trials compared surgical interventions (n = 62), post-surgical management options (n = 17), rehabilitative interventions (n = 14), surgical versus non-surgical interventions (n = 6), and pre-surgical management strategies (n = 5). In total, 888 outcome assessments were reported across seven domains: 263 assessed body structure or function (85.7% of trials), 136 activities (68.6% of trials), 34 participation (23.8% of trials), 159 health-related quality of life (61.9% of trials), 247 processes of care (80% of trials), 21 patient experiences (15.2% of trials), and 28 economic impact (8.6% of trials). From these, 337 discrete outcomes were described. Outcome reporting was inconsistent across trials. The quality of reporting varied widely (reproducibility ranged 4.8% patient experience to 100% complications). Conclusion. Substantial heterogeneity in outcome selection, assessment methods, and reporting quality were described. Despite the large number of outcomes, few are reported across multiple trials. Most outcomes are clinically focused, with little attention to the long-term consequences important to patients. Poor reporting quality reduces confidence in data quality, inhibiting data synthesis by which to inform care decisions. Outcome reporting guidance and standardization, which captures the outcomes that matter to multiple stakeholders, are urgently required. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2022;3(10):832–840

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When a total ankle arthroplasty (TAA) fails, it can be converted to a fusion or a revision arthroplasty. Despite the increasing numbers of TAAs being undertaken, there is little information in the literature about the management of patients undergoing fusion following a failed TAA. The primary aim of this study was to analyze the survival of fusions following a failed TAA using a large dataset from the National Joint Registry (NJR).

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Arthroscopic microfracture is a conventional form of treatment for patients with osteochondritis of the talus, involving an area of < 1.5 cm². However, some patients have persistent pain and limitation of movement in the early postoperative period. No studies have investigated the combined treatment of microfracture and shortwave treatment in these patients. The aim of this prospective single-centre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was to compare the outcome in patients treated with arthroscopic microfracture combined with radial extracorporeal shockwave therapy (rESWT) and arthroscopic microfracture alone, in patients with ostechondritis of the talus.

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This study evaluated the effect of treating clinician speciality on management of zone 2 fifth metatarsal fractures.

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Despite the increasing numbers of ankle arthroplasties, there are limited studies on their survival and comparisons between different implants. The primary aim of this study was to determine the failure rates of primary ankle arthroplasties commonly used in the UK.

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This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the in vivo ankle kinetic alterations in patients with concomitant chronic ankle instability (CAI) and osteochondral lesion of the talus (OLT), which may offer opportunities for clinician intervention in treatment and rehabilitation.

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To systematically review qualitative studies of patients with distal tibia or ankle fracture, and explore their experience of injury and recovery.

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To identify a core outcome set of postoperative radiographic measurements to assess technical skill in ankle fracture open reduction internal fixation (ORIF), and to validate these against Van der Vleuten’s criteria for effective assessment.

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The ideal management of acute syndesmotic injuries in elite athletes is controversial. Among several treatment methods used to stabilize the syndesmosis and facilitate healing of the ligaments, the use of suture tape (InternalBrace) has previously been described. The purpose of this study was to analyze the functional outcome, including American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society (AOFAS) scores, knee-to-wall measurements, and the time to return to play in days, of unstable syndesmotic injuries treated with the use of the InternalBrace in elite athletes.

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The aim of this study was to investigate whether on-demand removal (ODR) is noninferior to routine removal (RR) of syndesmotic screws regarding functional outcome.

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A multicentre, randomized, clinician-led, pragmatic, parallel-group orthopaedic trial of two surgical procedures was set up to obtain high-quality evidence of effectiveness. However, the trial faced recruitment challenges and struggled to maintain recruitment rates over 30%, although this is not unusual for surgical trials. We conducted a qualitative study with the aim of gathering information about recruitment practices to identify barriers to patient consent and participation to an orthopaedic trial.

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A pilon fracture is a severe ankle joint injury caused by high-energy trauma, typically affecting men of working age. Although relatively uncommon (5% to 7% of all tibial fractures), this injury causes among the worst functional and health outcomes of any skeletal injury, with a high risk of serious complications and long-term disability, and with devastating consequences on patients’ quality of life and financial prospects. Robust evidence to guide treatment is currently lacking. This study aims to evaluate the clinical and cost-effectiveness of two surgical interventions that are most commonly used to treat pilon fractures.

We carried out a prospective study over a period of 12 months to measure the exposure to radiation of the hands of a dedicated foot and ankle surgeon. A thermoluminescent dosimeter ring (TLD) was used to measure the cumulative dose of radiation. Fluoroscopy was used in operations on the foot and ankle. The total screening time was 3028 s, with a mean time per procedure of 37.4 s (0.6 to 197). This correlated positively with the number of procedures performed (r = 0.92, p < 0.001), and with the dose of radiation in both the left (r = 0.85, p = 0.0005) and right TLDs (r = 0.59, p = 0.419). There was no significant difference in the dose of radiation between the two hands (t-test, p = 0.62). The total dose to the right TLD over the 12 months was 2.4 millisieverts. This is a simple and convenient method for evaluating the exposure of a single surgeon to radiation. The radiation detected was well below the annual dose limit set by the International Commission on Radiological Protection

Introduction:. Prompted by the success of hip and knee arthroplasty, total ankle replacement (TAR) has become increasingly popular as a treatment for end stage arthritic complaints of the ankle. Glazebrook et al proposed a three grade classification of complications to assist prediction of early implant failure. We have compared the experience of a tertiary referral centre in the UK to Glazebrook's proposed system. Method:. A retrospective review of the Sheffield Foot and Ankle Unit TAR database was performed from 1995 to 2010. All complications were recorded and categorised using Glazebrook's proposed system. Glazebrook described eight main complications of increasing severity. Low grade complications; Post operative bone fracture, Intra-operative bone fracture and wound healing problems were very unlikely to lead to revision. Medium grade complications; technical error and subsidence, lead to failure < 50% of the time. High grade complications; deep infection, aseptic loosening and implant failure lead to revision > 50% of the time. Results:. 217 TAR were implanted in 198 patients with a minimum follow up of 30 months. The complication rate was 23% with a revision rate of 17%. All complications recorded in our study except intraoperative bone fracture and wound healing had a failure rate of at least 50%. Conclusion:. The proposed classification system of Glazebrook et al was the first step towards an international system of classifying TAR complications. Most complications associated with TAR have a significant impact on the lifespan of a TAR. Glazebrook et al's proposed three tier system did not reliably reflect our experience. We would categorise complications as either high or low risk for early failure of TAR

Background. The recent emphasis on using “evidence based medicine” for decision-making in patient care has prompted many publishers to mention the level of evidence of articles in their journals. The “quality” of a journal may thus be reflected by the proportion of articles with high levels of evidence and assist it achieve citations and therefore an Impact Factor. The purpose of this study was to survey published Foot and Ankle literature to evaluate changes in the level of evidence over ten years. Methods. Articles from Foot and Ankle International, JBJS Br, JBJS Am, Foot and Foot and Ankle Surgery were used. We looked at the years 2000 and 2010 and ranked the articles by a five-point level of evidence scale, according to guidelines from the Centre for Evidence Based Medicine. 498 articles were ranked. Studies of animals, studies of cadavera, basic-science articles were excluded. Results. For both years 2000 and 2010 combined, 63.5% of the articles were therapeutic, 25.5% were prognostic, 10.6% were diagnostic, and 0.8% were economic. In 2000 the ratings were 1.3% as Level I, 5.8% as Level II, 11.9% as Level III, 44.7% as Level IV and 36.3% as level V. In 2010 the ratings were 2.9% as Level I, 9.6% as Level II, 15.4% as Level III, 38.2% as Level IV and 33.8% as level V. Conclusion. The literature in foot and ankle surgery has responded to the demand for more evidence-based medicine with an increase in level I and II papers but the rate of change has been slow. The majority of evidence remains in the level IV and V

It is recognised that as the severity of hallux valgus (HV) worsens, so do the clinical and radiological signs of arthritis in the first metatarsophalangeal joint. However, few studies specifically document the degenerate changes. The purpose of this study is to determine if intraoperative mapping of articular erosive lesions of the first MTP joint can be correlated to clinical and/or radiographic parameters used during the preoperative assessment of the HV deformity. Materials & Methods. We prospectively analysed 50 patients who underwent surgery between Jan 2009 & Jan 2010. Patients with a known history of previous first metatarsophalangeal joint surgical intervention, trauma, or systemic arthritis were excluded from analysis. Preoperative demographics and AOFAS scores were recorded. Radiographic measurements were obtained from weight bearing radiographs. Intraoperative evaluation of the first metatarsal head, base of the proximal phalanx, and sesamoid articular cartilage erosion was performed. Cartilage wear was documented using International Cartilage Research Society grading. Results. three patients did not have scoring or cartilage wear documentation carried out and were excluded. The mean age was 56 years. The mean hallux valgus angle was 31 degrees. The mean IMA was 15 degrees. The mean AOFAS score was 62. Patients with no inferomedial (IM) and inferolateral (IL) wear had significantly better AOFAS score than patients who had IM & IL wear (p < 0.05). Patients who had IM & IL wear had a significantly higher HVA (p < 0.05). There was a significant positive correlation between hallux valgus angle and AOFAS score. We also found correlation between sesamoid wear and AOFAS score and HV angle. Conclusion. we conclude that preoperative clinical and radiographic measurements can be used to predict the incidence and location of articular erosions in the 1st MTPJ and are helpful in the preoperative assessment of the HV deformity

Introduction. Osteochondral defects of the talus are usually a consequence of trauma. They can cause chronic pain and serious disability. Various interventions, non-surgical and surgical, have been used for treating these defects. The objective of this Cochrane systematic review of randomised control trials is to determine the benefits and harms of the interventions used for treating osteochondral defects of the talus in adults. Methods. We searched the Cochrane Bone, Joint and Muscle Trauma Group Specialised Register, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, MEDLINE In-Process, EMBASE, Current Controlled Trials, the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform and reference lists of articles. Date of last search: December 2009. Eligible for inclusion were any randomised or quasi-randomised controlled clinical trials evaluating interventions for treating osteochondral defects of the talus in adults. Our primary outcomes included pain, ankle function, treatment failure (unresolved symptoms or reoperation) and health-related quality of life. Preference was given to validated, patient-reported outcome measures. Two review authors independently evaluated trials for inclusion and, for the included trial, independently assessed the risk of bias and extracted data. Results. One small trial with 15 participants and six months follow-up was included. This trial was published only as a conference abstract, which provided inadequate information to judge the trial's methods and no numerical results. The trial reported that a series of three intra-articular hyaluronan injections started three weeks after arthroscopic microfracture did not improve pain but may have improved one aspect of mobility. There were no available data to check this claim. An important finding of this review is that one allegedly randomised trial, which compared three surgical interventions, was not randomised or quasi-randomised. Upon further clarification from contacting the lead trial author, it became clear that this was a comparative study only. The only other randomised trial found was an ongoing trial with a published protocol. This is studying pulsed electromagnetic fields after arthroscopic treatment for osteochondral defects of the talus. Conclusions. There is insufficient evidence from randomised trials to determine which interventions are best for osteochondral defects of the talus in adults. High quality randomised trials are required to guide non-surgical and surgical treatment decisions for these injuries

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Total ankle arthroplasty (TAA) surgery is complex and attracts a wide variety of complications. The literature lacks consistency in reporting adverse events and complications. The aim of this article is to provide a comprehensive analysis of each of these complications from a literature review, and to compare them with rates from our Unit, to aid clinicians with the process of informed consent.

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Flexor hallucis longus (FHL) tendon transfer is a well-recognized technique in the treatment of the neglected tendo Achillis (TA) rupture.