Objectives. The approach in total knee arthroplasty (TKA) with severe valgus deformity is controversial. The lateral parapatellar approach has been proposed for several years, but surgical technique of this approach was unusual and difficult. Therefore, we have consistently been selected medial parapatellar approach (MPP) for all cases. In this study, we investigated the short term results of TKA for severe valgus deformity with MPP about clinical and radiographic assessment. Methods. Seven knees in seven cases of severe valgus knees with stand femorotibial angle (FTA) less than 160 degrees were enrolled. Osteoarthritis were 6 cases, hemophilic arthropathy was 1 case and no rheumatoid arthritis case. There were 6 female and 1 male, and mean age was 63.6 years (41–75 years). Duration of follow up ranged 3 months to 22.5 months, with mean of 10.9 months. We compared alignment on standing radiograph, range of motion (ROM), the Japanese Orthopaedic Association (the JOA) score for osteoarthritic knee pre/postoperatively, and examined post operative complication retrospectively. Results. Significant changes of the range of motion pre- and postoperation were not obtained. The mean JOA score improved 50.0 preoperatively to 76.7 postoperatively. The mean stand FTA was corrected 149 degrees preoperatively to 174 degrees postoperatively (p0.001). Postoperative complications occurred in two cases. Aseptic loosening of tibial component due to pyoderma gangrenosum was one case, and peroneal nerve palsy was another. In the former case, revision TKA with varus-valgus constrained prosthesis were performed after a year from primary surgery. In the latter case, weakness of the extensor hallucis longus muscle was fully recovered 4 months later. Conclusion. The medial parapatellar approach was beneficial for TKA of severe valgus knee over the short term

Abstract. Aim. To study and compare the rise of Inflammatory markers post TKR operated by Medial parapatellar approach with tourniquet (MP) and by Subvastus approach used without tourniquet. (SV). Materials and Methods. 100 patients were operated for a TKR by two experienced Arthroplasty surgeons utilising either the MP approach or the SV approach. (50 knees each). The groups were well matched as regards age, degree of deformity, obesity, pre-op knee scores and co-morbidities. The patients were managed peri-operatively in an identical manner .5 inflammatory markers viz: IL-6, AST, LDH, CRP and ESR were measured pre-operatively and at 12, 24,48 and 72 hours postoperatively. Additionally, the patients' VAS score at these intervals and Morbidity Index was determined. Results. All the 5 inflammatory markers increased post surgery in both groups. However, the rise of 4 out of the 5 inflammatory markers i(IL-6, AST, CRP, ESR) in the MP group was statistically significantly higher than in the SV group. The LDH values were similar in the two groups. The VAS scores were better in the SV group and the Morbidity Index showed a higher degree of morbidity in the MP group. Discussion. Surgical technique and approach can influence the rise of Inflammatory markers post TKR. Conclusion. The Subvastus tourniquetless approach reliably produces a lesser degree of rise in inflammatory markers post TKR than the medial parapatellar approach used with tourniquet. The subvastus approach should be utilised more to improve the immediate post-operative results following a TKR

Distal femur fractures (DFF) are common, especially in the elderly and high energy trauma patients. Lateral locked osteosynthesis constructs have been widely used, however non-union and implant failures are not uncommon. Recent literature advocates for the liberal use of supplemental medial plating to augment lateral locked constructs. However, there is a lack of proprietary medial plate options, with some authors supporting the use of repurposing expensive anatomic pre-contoured plates. The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility of a readily available cost-effective medial implant option. A retrospective analysis from January 2014 to June 2022 was performed on DFF (primary or revision) managed with supplemental medial plating with a Large Fragment Locking Compression Plate (LCP) T-Plate (~$240 AUD) via a medial sub-vastus approach. The T-plate was contoured and placed superior to the medial condyle. A combination of 4.5mm cortical, 5mm locking and/or 6.5mm cancellous screws were used, with oblique screw trajectories towards the distal lateral cortex of the lateral condyle. All extra-articular fractures and revision fixation cases were allowed to weight bear immediately. The primary outcome was union rate. This technique was utilised on sixteen patients; 3 acute, 13 revisions; mean age 52 years (range 16-85), 81% male, 5 open fractures. The union rate was 100%, with a median time to union of 29 weeks (IQR 18-46). The mean follow-up was 15 months. There were two complications: a deep infection requiring two debridements and a prominent screw requiring removal. The mean range of motion was 1–108. o. . Supplemental medial plating of DFF with a Large Fragment LCP T-Plate is a feasible, safe, and economical option for both acute fixation and revisions. Further validation on a larger scale is warranted, along with considerations to developing a specific implant in line with these principles

Dual plating of the medial and lateral distal femur has been proposed to reduce angular malunion and hardware failure secondary to delayed union or nonunion. This strategy improves the strength and alignment of the construct, but it may compromise the vascularity of the distal femur paradoxically impairing healing. This study investigates the effect of dual plating versus single plating on the perfusion of the distal femur. Ten matched pairs of fresh-frozen cadaveric lower extremities were assigned to either isolated lateral plating or dual plating of a single limb. The contralateral lower extremity was used as a matched control. A distal femoral locking plate was applied to the lateral side of ten legs using a standard sub-vastus approach. Five femurs had an additional 3.5mm reconstruction plate applied to the medial aspect of the distal femur using a medial sub-vastus approach. The superficial femoral artery and the profunda femoris were cannulated at the level of the femoral head. Gadolinium MRI contrast solution (3:1 gadolinium to saline ration) was injected through the arterial cannula. High resolution fat-suppressed 3D gradient echo sequences were completed both with and without gadolinium contrast. Intra-osseous contributions were quantified within a standardized region of interest (ROI) using customized IDL 6.4 software (Exelis, Boulder, CO). Perfusion of the distal femur was assessed in six different zones. The signal intensity on MRI was then quantified in the distal femur and comparison was made between the experimental plated limb and the contralateral, control limb. Following completion of the MRI protocol, the specimens were injected with latex medium and the extra-osseous vasculature was dissected. Quantitative MRI revealed that application of the lateral distal femoral locking plate reduced the perfusion of the distal femur by 21.7%. Within the dual plating group there was a reduction in perfusion by 24%. There was no significant difference in the perfusion between the isolated lateral plate and the dual plating groups. There were no regional differences in perfusion between the epiphyseal, metaphyseal or meta-diaphyseal regions. Specimen dissection in both plating groups revealed complete destruction of any periosteal vessels that ran underneath either the medial or lateral plates. Multiple small vessels enter the posterior condyles off both superior medial and lateral geniculate arteries and were preserved in all specimens. Furthermore, there was retrograde flow to the distal most aspect of the condyles medially and laterally via the inferior geniculate arteries. The medial vascular pedicle was proximal to the medial plate in all the dual plated specimens and was not disrupted by the medial sub-vastus approach in any specimens. Fixation of the distal femur via a lateral sub-vastus approach and application of a lateral locking plate results in a 21% reduction in perfusion to the distal femur. The addition of a medial 3.5mm reconstruction plate does not significantly compromise the vascularity of the distal femur. The majority of the vascular insult secondary to open reduction, internal fixation of the distal femur occurs with application of the lateral locking plate

The medial parapatellar approach in total knee arthroplasty is arguably the most common approach, but the subvastus approach is less insulting to the quadriceps mechanism. A single centre, randomized controlled trial was conducted in a metropolitan hospital to investigate whether the subvastus approach afforded better outcomes than the medial parapatellar approach. Ninety participants with knee osteoarthritis were randomized to either the subvastus or medial parapatellar approach. The primary outcome was the American Knee Society Score and secondary outcomes reported included pain, extension and flexion range of motion, quadriceps lag, girth, Oxford Knee Score, 3 meter timed up and go test, days to straight leg raise, surgeon perceived difficulty, operation duration, tourniquet duration and length of stay. Data were collected preoperatively, intra-operatively, days 1,2,3, discharge, 6 weeks and 6, 12 and 18 months post operatively. Analysis was undertaken on 76 participants revealing no significant difference with the primary outcome (p=0.076; MP 167.3±36.6; SV 153.1±36.6) or any other outcome except for surgeon perceived difficulty, which favored the medial parapatellar approach (p=0.001; MP 3.3/10±1.9; SV 5.4/10±2.3) and days to straight leg raise, which favoured the subvastus approach by 0.9 days (p=0.044; MP 2.8±1.9; SV 1.9±1.6). The subvastus approach is technically more difficulty and offers no clinical benefit over the medial parapatellar approach

Management of a knee with valgus deformities has always been considered a major challenge. Total knee arthroplasty requires not only correction of this deformity but also meticulous soft tissue balancing and achievement of a balanced rectangular gap. Bony deformities such as hypoplastic lateral condyle, tibial bone loss, and malaligned/malpositioned patella also need to be addressed. In addition, external rotation of the tibia and adaptive metaphyseal remodeling offers a challenge in obtaining the correct rotational alignment of the components. Various techniques for soft tissue balancing have been described in the literature and use of different implant options reported. These options include use of cruciate retaining, sacrificing, substituting and constrained implants. Purpose. This presentation describes options to correct a severe valgus deformity (severe being defined as a femorotibial angle of greater than 15 degrees) and their long term results. Methods. 34 women (50 knees) and 19 men (28 knees) aged 39 to 84 (mean 74) years with severe valgus knees underwent primary TKA by a senior surgeon. A valgus knee was defined as one having a preoperative valgus alignment greater than 15 degrees on a standing anteroposterior radiograph. The authors recommend a medial approach to correct the deformity, a minimal medial release and a distal femoral valgus resection of angle of 3 degrees. We recommend a sequential release of the lateral structures starting anteriorly from the attachment of ITB to the Gerdy's tubercle and going all the way back to the posterolaetral corner and capsule. Correctability of the deformity is checked sequentially after each release. After adequate posterolateral release, if the tibial tubercle could be rotated past the mid-coronal plate medially in both flexion and extension, it indicated appropriate soft tissue release and balance. Fine tuning in terms of final piecrusting of the ITB and or popliteus was carried out after using the trial components. Valgus secondary to an extra-articular deformity was treated using the criteria of Wen et al. In our study the majority of severe valgus knees (86%) could be treated by using unconstrained (CR, PS) knee options reserving the constrained knee / rotating hinge options only in cases of posterolateral instability secondary to an inadequate large release or in situations with very lax or incompetent MCL. Results. The average follow up was 10 years (range 8 to 14 years). The average HSS knee scores improved from 48 points preoperatively (range 32 to 68 points) to 91 points (range 78 to 95 points) postoperatively. The average postoperative range of motion measured with a goniometer was 110 degrees (range 80 to 135 degrees) which was a significant improvement over the preoperative levels (average 65 degrees). None of the patients were clinically unstable in the medioloateral or anteroposterior plane at the time of final follow up. The average preoperative valgus tibiofemoral alignment was 19.6 degrees (range 15 degrees to 45 degrees). Postoperatively the average tibio-femoral alignment was 5 degrees (range 2 degrees to 7 degrees) of valgus. No patient in the study was revised. Conclusion. Adequate lateral soft tissue release is the key to successful TKA in valgus knees. The choice of implant depends on the severity of the valgus deformity and the extent of soft tissue release needed to obtain a stable knee with balanced flexion and extension gaps. The most minimal constraint needed to achieve stability and balance was used in this study. In our experience the long term results of TKR on severe valgus deformities using minimal constrained knee have been good

CURRENT INDICATIONS. The ideal patient for unicompartmental arthroplasty has been described as an elderly sedentary individual with significant joint space loss isolated to either the medial or lateral compartment. Angular deformity should be no more than 5 or 10 degrees off a neutral mechanical axis. Ideal weight is below 180 pounds. Pre-operative flexion contracture should be less than 15 degrees. At surgery, the anterior cruciate ligament is ideally intact and there is no evidence of inflammatory synovitis. (Kozinn, Scott, 1989) Indications for the procedure have broadened today because of the availability of less invasive operative techniques and more rapid recovery with UKA. Because of its conservative nature, the procedure is being thought of as a conservative first arthroplasty in the middle-aged patient. Because of its less invasive nature with more rapid recovery and potentially less medical morbidity, it is being considered as the “last arthroplasty” in the octogenarian or older. OUTCOMES OF UKA. Initial results reported for UKA in the 1970s were not as encouraging as they are today. This is most likely due to lessons that had yet to be learned about patient selection, surgical technique and prosthetic design. By the 1980s, reported results were improving with post-operative range of motion much higher than that reported for TKA. As longer follow-ups were reported, results were obtained that were competitive with those reported for TKA. Through the first post-operative decade, revision rates were being seen at approximately 1% failure per year or a 90% survivorship of the prosthesis at 10 years. More recently, however, some 10-year results have been reported that have survivorship well over 95% at 10 years. Modes of failure most often consist of problems with component wear or loosening or due to secondary degeneration of the opposite compartment. This latter complication is usually a late cause of failure, but can occur early if the alignment of the knee is over-corrected by the surgical technique. UKA AS AN OPTION IN THE MIDDLE-AGED PATIENT. Although the classic selection criteria for UKA have emphasised the elderly patient as a candidate, the indications for UKA have been extended to a younger age group. The advantages of UKA in the middle-aged patient (especially female) are its higher initial success, few early complications, preservation of both cruciate ligaments and easier future conversion. Caution should be used, however, in advocating this procedure for the young, heavy, athletic person, as high levels of physical activity may be detrimental to the longevity of the procedure. LATERAL UKA. Lateral UKA is performed much less often than medial UKA (approximately 10% of UKAs are lateral). It is technically more challenging than medial arthroplasty. Some surgeons perform the procedure through a small lateral arthrotomy while others advocate a medial approach with care to avoid injury to the medial meniscus. This medial approach still yields excellent results with a short recovery while allowing the surgeon wide exposure to assess the joint, accurately perform the procedure and intra-operatively convert to a total knee arthroplasty if indicated. THE FUTURE. Research must continue in the areas of ideal patient selection, prosthetic design and surgical technique. Improvements in the durability of the polyethylene will enhance longevity. Mobile bearing articulations may improve long-term polyethylene wear by providing increased surface conformity without constraint

To determine the effect of Dexamethasone on post-operative pain management in patients undergoing Total Knee Arthroplasty in terms of numerical pain rating scale and total opoid consumption. This Randomized Controlled Trail (RCT) was conducted for 02 years (7th September 2015 to 6th September 2017). All patients undergoing primary Unilateral Total Knee Replacement (TKR) for Osteoarthritis knee were included in the study. Patients with poor glycemic control (HbA1c > 7.6), Hepatic/Renal failure, corticosteroids/ Immunosuppression drug usage in the last 06 months, known psychiatric illnesses were excluded from the study. All patients were operated by consultant Orthopaedic surgeon under Spinal Anaesthesia and tourniquet control using medial para-patellar approach. Patients were randomly divided into 02 groups, A and B. 79 patients were placed in each group. Group A given 0.1mg/kg body weight Dexamethasone Intravenously 15 minutes prior to surgery and another dose 24 hours post-operatively while in group B (control group) no Dexamethasone given. Post-operative pain using the numerical pain rating scale (NRS) and total narcotics consumed converted to morphine dose equivalent noted immediately post-op, 12-, 24- and 48-hours post-operatively. Data analysis done using SPSS version 23. A total of 158 patients were included in the study. Of the total, 98 (62.02%) were females and 60 (37.98%) males. Average BMI of patients 26.94 ±3.14 kg/m2. Patients in group A required less post-operative analgesics (p < 0 .01) and had a better numerical pain rating scale score (p < 0 .01) as compared to group B. Pain scores at 24- and 48-hours post-op were significantly less for Dexamethasone group (p < 0 .01). Use of Dexamethasone per- and post-operatively reduces the pain and amount of analgesics used in patients undergoing TKA. For any reader queries, please contact . drjunaidrmc@gmail.com

With the success of the medial parapatellar approach (MPA) to total knee arthroplasty (TKA), current research is aimed at reducing iatrogenic microneurovascular and soft tissues damage to the knee. In an effort to avoid disruption to the medial structures of the knee, we propose a novel quadriceps-sparing, subvastus lateralis approach (SLA) to TKA. The aim of the present study is to compare if a SLA can provide adequate exposure of the internal compartment of the knee while reducing soft tissue damage, compared to the MPA. Less disruption of these tissues could translate to better patient outcomes, such as reduced post-operative pain, increased range of motion, reduced instances of patellar maltracking or necrosis, and a shorter recovery time. To determine if adequate exposure could be achieved, the length of the skin incision and perimeter of surgical exposure was compared amongst 22 paired fresh-frozen cadaveric lower limbs (five females/six males) which underwent TKA using the SLA or MPA approach. Additionally, subjective observations which included the percent of visibility of the femoral condyles and tibial plateau, as well as the patellar tracking, were noted in order to qualify adequate exposure. All procedures were conducted by the same surgeon. Subsequently, to determine the extent of soft tissue damage associated with the approaches, an observational assessment of the dynamic and static structures of the knee was performed, in addition to an examination of the microneurovascular structures involved. Dynamic and static structures were assessed by measuring the extent of muscular and ligamentus damage during gross dissection of the internal compartment of the knee. Microneurovascular involvement was evaluated through a microscopic histological examination of the tissue harvested adjacent to the capsular incision. Comparison of the mean exposure perimeter and length of incision was not significantly different between the SLA and the MPA (p>0.05). In fact, on average, the SLA facilitated a 5 mm larger exposure perimeter to the internal compartment, with an 8 mm smaller incision, compared to the MPA, additional investigation is required to assert the clinical implications of these findings. Preliminary analysis of the total visibility of the femoral condyles were comparable between the SLA and MPA, though the tibial plateau visibility appears slightly reduced in the SLA. Analyses of differences in soft tissue damage are in progress. Adequate exposure to the internal compartment of the knee can be achieved using an incision of similar length when the SLA to TKA is performed, compared to the standard MPA. Future studies should evaluate the versatility of the SLA through an examination of specimens with a known degree of knee deformity (valgus or varus)

Purpose. The purpose of this study is to evaluate stiff knees which have a preoperative arc of motion (AOM) < 65 degrees and maximum flexion < 90 degrees under anesthesia for primary TKA. Material and Methods. We prospectively evaluated 25 knees, 20 patients, the follow up period was 5±3 years, OA 13, RA 10 and traumatic OA 2 knees. All case were medial para-patella approaches and snip was added in one knee operation, 23 PS-type and 2 constrain-type TKAs. Results. Preoperative and postoperative FTA were 185.3±8.4 and 174.2±2.8 degrees, α95.5±3.0, β88.6±2.1, γ4.1±2.9, σ83.8±3.0, CTA1.4±1.9 degrees. Soft tissue releases were performed in Clayton stage I 9, II 14 and III 2 knees, and additional resection for the posterior capsule 11, vastus intermedius 2 and ITT 4 knees and lateral release 4 knees. Additional bone cuts were performed in 19 knees including femur 14 knees and tibia 12 knees. Component gaps (20/30/40lb) of medial and lateral were 9.8±0.8/10.8±2.9/12.2±1.9 mm and 11.0±2.1/12.6±2.5/13.6±2.8 mm at 0 degrees, they were 11.4±2.8/13.5±3.6/15.8±4.1 mm and 12.5±2.7/15.1±3.8 /18.0±4.2 mm at 90 degrees. (Figure1) MCL avulsion was in 3 knees. AOMs in preoperative, perioperative, 1-year later and final observation were 45.0±16.5, 110.4±15.5, 110.8±18.4 and 113.4±18.2 degrees. (Figure2) Flexions were72.5±17.7, 104.0±14.0, 104.0±14.0 and 106.5±14.4 degrees. Extensions were −28.3±10.5, −6.0±7.5, −6.0±7.0 and −6.9±7.8 degrees. There were no statistical differences between perioperative and final AOM, flexion and extension, and between OA and RA. Discussion. AOM improved and remained after the surgeries. We evaluated soft tissue release and component gaps in 25 stiff knees when preoperative arc of motion (AOM) was < 65 degrees and maximum flexion < 90 degrees under anesthesia for primary TKA. There were no statistical differences between perioperative and final AOM, flexion and extension, and between OA and RA. For any figures or tables, please contact the authors directly

The subvastus approach has potential early advantages over the medial parapatellar approach because it avoids disruption of the quadriceps tendon. We present a systematic review and meta-analysis of the functional outcomes and complications associated with these two approaches. Following an extensive search of prospective trials published in any language before 1st August 2014, studies were screened in duplicate according to pre-defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Sixteen randomised controlled trials were included in the meta-analysis comprising of 1,711 total knee replacements. Knee society score and range of movement were significantly superior in the subvastus group at early and one-year follow up. The subvastus approach was also associated with a statistically significant reduction in the requirement for intraoperative lateral release, perioperative blood loss, visual analogue score for pain on day 1 post operatively, and the number of days to achieve active straight leg raising. Both tourniquet time and total operative time were increased for the subvastus approach. There was no statistically significant difference in complications such as stiffness requiring MUA, superficial and deep infection and deep vein thrombosis. The subvastus approach confers a functional advantage over the medial parapatellar approach to the knee which lasts for a minimum of one year postoperatively

Soft tissue balancing remains the most subjective and most artistic of current techniques in total knee arthroplasty. The flexion gap is traditionally measured at approximately 45 degree of hip flexion and 90 degree of knee flexion on the operation table. Despite of aiming equal joint gaps or tensions in flexion and extension, influence of the thigh weight on the flexion gap has not been documented. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the flexion gaps in the 90–90 degree flexed position and the traditional 45–90 degree flexed position of hip-knee joints. Thirty patients with osteoarthritic knee underwent total knee arthroplasty. After the PCL sacrifice, soft tissue releases, and bone cuts. Biomechanical properties of the soft tissue were obtained during the surgery, using the specially designed system. The system consists of two electric load cells in the tensioning device, digital output indicators, and an XY plotter. Load displacement curves were obtained in extension and in flexion. 160N was applied to open the joint gaps in the traditional 45–90 degree flexed position and the 90–90 degree flexed position of hip-knee joints. The flexion gap in the 90–90 degree flexed position of hip-knee joints was 2.1±1.2mm wider than that in the traditional 45–90 degree flexed position of hip-knee joints. The flexion gap had significant difference between the two different hip flexion angles. To avoid the influence of the thigh weight and obtain equal joint gaps or tensions in flexion and extension, the flexion gap should be checked in the 90–90 degree flexed position of hip-knee joints. Interestingly, the stiffness of curves obtained from the lateral in flexion is 1/3 lower than the other three. Therefore, it is very difficult to match these four. The effect of patellar position on soft tissue balancing in TKA is also under debate. We developed the digital tensor system to measure the load (N) and the distance (mm) of extension and flexion gaps in medial and lateral compartment separately with setting of femoral component trial. The gap load and distance in extension and flexion position of PS and CR TKA in both patella everted and reset position were measured. Thirty-four patients who underwent primary TKA for medial type osteoarthritis using medial parapatellar approach were included. The load was measured at the gap distance, which is equal to the sum of implants including polyethylene insert. In extension, there was no significant difference between the load in patella everted and reset position in both PS-TKA and CR.-TKA. In flexion, there was a significant decrease of the load, which is comparable to the increase of gap distance of approximately 2mm, by resetting the patella from eversion in PS-TKA. There was, however, no significant difference in CR-TKA by resetting the patella. There was no significant difference in the ratio of medial / lateral load in both PS-TKA and CR.-TKA. Soft tissue balancing of PS-TKA with medial parapatellar approach should be performed after resetting the patella. It is still unclear whether we can adjust these materials precisely and constantly or not

Pilon fractures are associated to significant soft tissue injury, as well as soft tissue complications. The soft tissue on the medial side of the distal tibia is often involved, likely due to a lack of muscle investment. Medial approaches and medial plate application may well add to the soft tissue trauma. The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between medial plating and soft tissue complications in our center. This is a retrospective study based on a prospective database. Pilon cases treated with plate and screw fixation were identified between 2011 and 2014. Injury characteristics, patient demographics, and soft tissue complications were collected from chart review. Soft tissue complications recorded included any wound or skin problem, as well as patient complaints of hardware irritation leading to hardware removal. Logistic regression was employed. Independent variables for the model included medial plating, the presence of open fracture, smoking status and diagnosis of diabetes. Two models were created, one with the dependent variable as presence of any soft tissue complication, and the second model with the dependent variable as presence of a wound complication, which required surgical intervention. The study included 91 patients, 89 of whom had full data with an average follow up of 11.6 months (1–33 months). The incidence of soft tissue complications, including hardware irritation, was 26% (n=23), and 13% (n=12) required surgical treatment. Smoking status was the only predictor of soft tissue complications with an odds ratio of 3.6 (95%CI 1.2, 10.4; p=0.02), while controlling for other independent variables. The model explained 12% of the variation in soft tissue complications (Cox and Snell 0.119, p=0.028). In the second model, presence of a medial plate predicted soft tissue complications requiring surgical intervention with an odds ratio of 8.8 (95%CI 1.1, 73.7; p=0.045), while controlling for the other independent variables. The model explained 10% of the variation in soft tissue complications requiring surgical intervention (Cox and Snell 0.095, p=0.035). The use of a medial plate does not appear to correlate to general soft tissue complications in pilon fractures. Smoking status increased the odds of a soft tissue complication more than three fold. The use of medial plating did increase the odds of soft tissue complications that required surgical treatment almost nine fold. It appears medial plating is not related to soft tissue complications, however treating soft tissue compilations in the presence of a medial plate may require more invasive methods

Background of study. Total Knee Replacement (TKR) is one of the commonest elective arthroplasty operations. Crepe dressings are used following TKR by most surgeons as it may provide comfort and hemostasis through external pressure however, may reduce early range of motion (ROM). Avoiding crepe dressings after TKR saves operating time, avoids bulky dressings (which may reduce ROM) and allows interventions such as cryotherapy in the early post-operative period. There are no published studies comparing the use of crepe dressing after TKR with an impermeable dressing alone. Materials and Methods. We did a retrospective study, analysing patients who had a TKR with the use of crepe dressings compared with patients who had an impermeable dressing alone. All patients had cruciate retaining PFC Implants through the medial para-patellar approach. We compared ROM (at initial physio contact and on discharge), rate of wound leakage, opioid requirements and duration of inpatient stay. Results. Data from 40 patients with similar demographics was analysed; 20 in each group. There was no significant difference in; the ROM at initial physiotherapy contact and at discharge (P< 0.01), rate of wound leakage, opioid use and pain score during inpatient stay. The duration of inpatient stay was shorter in patients in whom a crepe dressing was not used. Conclusion. Avoiding the use of Crepe dressings after TKR does not improve early ROM, pain scores, opioid use or wound leakage in the immediate post-operative period. The duration of inpatient stay was shorter without a crepe dressing. Therefore, both practices can be safely used in clinical practice

Surgeon-performed periarticular injection and anesthesiologist-performed femoral nerve or adductor canal block with local anesthetic have been used in multimodal pain management for total knee arthroplasty (TKA) patients. Anesthesiologist-performed adductor canal blocks are costly, time consuming, and may be unreliable. We investigated the feasibility of a surgeon-performed saphenous nerve (“adductor-canal”) block from within the knee joint. A retrospective analysis of 94 thigh-knee MRI studies was performed to determine the relationship between the width of the distal femur at the epicondylar axis and the proximal location of the saphenous nerve after its exit from the adductor canal and separation from the superficial femoral artery. After obtaining these data, TKA resections and trial component implantation were performed, using a medial parapatellar approach, in 11 fresh cadaveric lower extremity specimens. Using a blunt tip 1.5cm needle, we injected 10 ml each of two different colored solutions at two different intra-articular medial injection locations, and after 30 minutes, dissected the femoral and saphenous nerve and femoral artery from the hip to the knee to determine the location of the injections. Based upon the MRI analysis, the saphenous nerve was located (and had exited the adductor canal) at a mean of 1.5 times the epicondylar width in females, and mean 1.3 times the epicondylar width in males, proximal to the medial epicondyle. After placement of TKA trial components and injection, the proximal injection site solution bathed the saphenous nerve in 8 of 11 specimens. The proximal blunt needle and solution was adjacent, but did not puncture, the femoral artery and vein in only one specimen. This study suggests that a surgeon-performed injection of the saphenous nerve from within the knee is a feasible procedure. This technique may be a useful alternative to ultrasound guided block. A trial comparing surgeon and anesthesiologist-performed nerve block should be considered to determine the clinical efficacy of this procedure. Our anecdotal use of this intra-articular injection over the past year has been favorable. Newer, extended release anesthetic agents should be investigated with this technique

Operative repair of tendo Achilles ruptures is associated with a lower re-rupture rate. A medial approach is made and the tendon ends debrided. The tendon is repaired with two non-absorbable core sutures and an absorbable perimeter suture, with care to avoid any lengthening of the musculotendinous unit. The tendon sheath is repaired, with a deep fascial releasing incision to allow apposition of the edges if necessary. In the case of insertional avulsions, the avulsed bony fragment is excised and the tendon repaired to bone with a 3.5 mm corkscrew anchor and non-absorbable suture. A frontslab is applied with the ankle in gravitational equinus and worn for eight weeks with protected weight bearing. Sutures are removed at 10 to 14 days and active range of motion commenced. At eight weeks, weight bearing as tolerated is allowed with a heel raise and physiotherapy for calf strenghthening is commenced. Recovery of full strength will take one year

Isolated talonavicular arthrodesis is a common procedure particularly for posttraumatic arthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Two surgical approaches are commonly used: the medial and the dorsal approach. It is recognized that access to the lateral aspect of the talonavicular joint can be limited when using the medial approach and it is our experience that using the dorsal approach addresses this issue. We performed an anatomical study using cadaver specimens, to compare the amount of articular surface that can be accessed, and therefore prepared for arthodesis, by each surgical approach. Medial and dorsal approaches to the talonavicular joint were performed on each of 11 cadaveric specimens (10 fresh frozen, 1 embalmed). Distraction of the joint was performed as used intraoperatively for preparation of articular surfaces during talonavicular arthrodesis. The accessible area of articular surface was marked for each of the two approaches using a previous reported technique. Disarticulation was performed and the marked surface area was quantified using an immersion digital microscribe, allowing a three dimensional virtual model of the articular surfaces to be assessed. The median percentage of accessible total talonavicular articular surface for the medial and dorsal approaches was 71% and 92% respectively. This difference was significant (Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test, p< 0.001). This study provides quantifiable measurements of the articular surface accessible by the medial and dorsal approaches to the talonavicular joint. These data support for the use of the dorsal approach for talonavicular arthrodesis

Objective. To compare clinical parameters associated with medial parapatellar and midvastus approaches for total knee arthroplasty in the early post-operative period. Methods and results. We present a prospective observational study of 77 patients undergoing primary total knee arthroplasty using medial parapatellar(40) or midvastus approach(37). The prosthetic design and physical intervention was standardised in all the patents. The Oxford Knee Score, pain scale, knee flexion, unassisted straight leg raise, standing and walking were compared at 3rd, 5th and 7th day post-operatively, then at 6 weeks and at 3 months. The patients and physiotherapist were blinded to the type of approach used. The average age was 67 years (range 42 to 88). There were 42 women and 35 men. The average hospital stay was 7 days (range 2 to 15). There was statistically significant difference in duration of hospital stay, unassisted straight leg raise and standing at 3 days (p=0.001) and pain scale at 5 days, all in favour of midvastus approach. There was no statistically significant difference in Oxford Knee Scores and duration to achieving full flexion and walking. The average duration to achieving straight leg raise for the midvastus group was 5 days and for the medial parapatellar approach group was 8 days. Conclusion. The study shows that total knee arthroplasty performed through the midvastus approach resulted in less post-operative pain, earlier unassisted straight leg raise and ambulation and, therefore, shorter hospital stay as compared to a medial parapatellar approach

INTRODUCTION. In gap balancing technique, we decided the femoral component rotation according to the ligament balance in flexion. Component and limb alignment are important considerations during TKA. Three-dimensional positioning of TKA implants and exact mechanical axis has an effect on implant loosening, polyethylene stresses, and gait. According to the recent report, the navigation system made it possible to achieve aligned implants more than conventional TKA. Hybrid Navigation technique which is our procedure is combination of navigation system and modified gap technique. In other words, exact mechanical axis is gained by navigation system, stable stability of knee joint is gained by modified gap technique. PURPOSE. The purpose of this study is to carry out clinical evaluation and image evaluation of the patients who underwent hybrid navigation technique TKA. METHODS. We performed TKA using the hybrid navigation technique in 100 knees from April 2012 to April 2015. We evaluated hybrid navigation TKA which we were able to follow up more than five years. 33 knees were available for follow up. We investigated the mid-term results of TKA after a mean follow up period of 5 years and 8 months. We evaluated range of motion(ROM), Japan Orthopaedic Association (JOA)score, complications, revision rate as clinical evaluations. And we evaluated radiolucent line(RLL), loosening in X-ray, implantation accuracy in computed tomography(CT) as image evaluations. Surgical technique was that the knees were exposed using a medial parapatellar approach without patella turnover, and the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments were resected. And next osteotomy distal femur and proximal tibia using CT-free Navigation, step-wise medial soft tissue release was performed to make the rectangular extension joint gap using gap tensor space (off set balancer) at 40 pounds of distraction force. Flextion gap was made at the same distraction force, thereby we determined external rotation angle of femur osteotomy in a patella reduction position. CT of the whole leg was taken preoperation and postoperation the first postoperative week in all cases. RESULTS. In CT evaluation, coronal and sagittal alignments of femoral componet were mean 90.92° and mean flex 3.02°. These alignment of tibial componet were 90.54° and mean posterior slope 3.0°. Outliers(>3°)of coronal aligment were 6% (2 knees)in femoral componet, and 6%(2 knees) in tibial componet. In clinical evaluation, mean preoperative ROM(flex) was 105 degrees which improved 122 degrees at final follow up. Mean preoperative JOA score was 46.3 which improved 85.8 at final follow up. In image evaluation, there were no incidence of component loosening(RLL>2mm). We experienced two complications(1 deep infection and 1 intraoperative fracture), but there were no postoperative fracture and DVT/PE. The revision arte was 3%(1 knee) due to deep infection. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION. Mid-term postoperative results has shown a good prognosis. We will not understand that we do not observe long-term results in future, neverthless we believe that this technique should be considered as an alternative means of conducting TKA

Introduction. Isolated trochlea fractures are very rare and have only been described previously as case reports. Aims. To report on a case of isolated trochlea fracture and to present a review of the literature. Results. There have only been four previous reports of isolated trochlea fracture. Our fifth case is included in the analysis of the literature given below. Average age 26 (Range 12–33). 60% female, 80% left sided. Dominance only stated in 40% of cases- 50% dominant side. Mechanism of injury: 60% low velocity fall onto an outstretched hand, 40% high velocity- RTA & fall off horse- exact mechanism of injury unknown. Patients all presented with elbow held in flexion, pain and swelling over the medial aspect and a painfully reduced range of motion. Diagnosis made on plain radiographs in 80%, tomograms required in 20%. AP noted to be essential to differentiate from more common capitellum fracture. 20% of fractures associated with comminution. Management consisted of open reduction through a medial approach and internal fixation in 80% (20% headless screw, 20% k-wire, 40% 4.0mm partially threaded cancellous screws) and olecranon traction in 20%. Elbows were immobilised from 3 to 8 weeks. Time to union ranged from 6 weeks (80%) to 13 weeks (20%). Outcomes were uniformly excellent with 40% being asymptomatic with a FROM, 20% asymptomatic with 10 degrees loss of extension and 40% asymptomatic with 5–20 degrees loss of flexion. There were no reported complications. Conclusion. These are rare injuries and can occur through high and low energy mechanisms. They tend to occur in younger age groups. Diagnosis can be made readily with plain radiographs- the AP is essential in differentiating it from the more common capitellum fracture. The prognosis for this intra-articular fracture is good to excellent