Aims. Distraction osteogenesis with intramedullary lengthening devices has undergone rapid development in the past decade with implant enhancement. In this first single-centre matched-pair analysis we focus on the comparison of treatment with the PRECICE and STRYDE intramedullary lengthening devices and aim to clarify any clinical and radiological differences. Methods. A single-centre 2:1 matched-pair retrospective analysis of 42 patients treated with the STRYDE and 82 patients treated with the PRECICE nail between May 2013 and November 2020 was conducted. Clinical and lengthening parameters were compared while focusing radiological assessment on osseous alterations related to the nail’s telescopic junction and locking bolts at four different stages. Results. Osteolysis next to the telescopic junction was observed in 31/48 segments (65%) lengthened with the STRYDE nail before implant removal compared to 1/91 segment (1%) in the PRECICE cohort. In the STRYDE cohort, osteolysis initially increased, but decreased or resolved in almost all lengthened segments (86%) after implant removal. Implant failure was observed in 9/48 STRYDE (19%) and in 8/92 PRECICE nails (9%). Breakage of the distal locking bolts was found in 5/48 STRYDE nails (10%) compared to none in the PRECICE cohort. Treatment-associated pain was generally recorded as mild and found in 30/48 patients (63%) and 39/92 (42%) in the STRYDE and PRECICE cohorts, respectively. Temporary range of motion (ROM) limitations under distraction were registered in 17/48 (35%) segments treated with the STRYDE and 35/92 segments (38%) treated with the PRECICE nail. Conclusion. Osteolysis and periosteal reaction, implant breakage, and pain during lengthening and consolidation is more likely in patients treated with the STRYDE nail compared to the PRECICE nail. Temporary ROM limitations during lengthening occurred independent of the applied device. Implant-related osseous alterations seem to remodel after implant removal. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2023;105-B(1):88–96

Introduction: Prosthetic Disc surgery is a rapidly growing field in patients with symptomatic degenerative disc disease. Few reports of long-term follow up are yet published, but several authors have published case series including reports of significant complications and difficulties with revision surgery. 1. Advocates of disc replacement surgery have claimed that Osteolysis, whilst being a potential problem associated with artificial disc replacement, has not yet been reported. 2. . Methods: We present what we believe is the first histologically proven case of significant Osteolysis associated with artificial disc replacement in the world literature. We also present a literature review of the laboratory research into performance of artificial disc replacement, focusing on wear debris and particle generation. Results: Our report involves a 42-year-old lady with degenerative disc disease who underwent L5/S1 anterior lumbar interbody fusion in July 1999, with a simultaneous L4/L5 Charite disc prosthesis. In May of 2002 she developed significant back pain, and further investigation, including biopsy revealed polymer disintegration and associated Osteolysis. Attempted revision surgery in May 2003, using a combined anterior approach by a vascular and spinal surgeon, led to damage to the adherent common iliac vessels and inferior vena cava, and the attempt to remove the prosthesis was abandoned. Histological samples taken at surgery confirmed the presence of polyethylene wear debris. Posterior instrumented fusion was performed in June 2003 and the patient made a successful recovery. Discussion: It is important in modern spinal practice to be fully aware of both reported and potential risks of the use of new prostheses. We report an important complication associated with the use of artificial disc replacement. Revision of such prostheses is challenging, and we advise a combined surgical approach

Aims. Highly cross-linked polyethylene (HXLPE) has greatly improved the durability of total hip arthroplasty (THA) in young patients because of its improved wear characteristics. Few studies have followed this population into the second decade, and therefore the purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the clinical outcome for THA patients 50 years of age and younger at a minimum of 15 years postoperatively. The second purpose was to evaluate the radiological findings secondary to wear or mechanical failure of the implant. Methods. Between October 1999 and December 2005, 105 THAs were performed in 95 patients (53 female, 42 male) aged 50 years and younger (mean 42 years (20 to 50)). There were 87 patients (96 hips) that were followed for a minimum of 15 years (mean 17.3 years (15 to 21)) for analysis. Posterior approach was used with cementless fixation with a median head size of 28 mm. HXLPE was the acetabular bearing for all hips. Radiographs were evaluated for polyethylene wear, radiolucent lines, and osteolysis. Results. Clinical outcomes showed significant improvement of mean Harris Hip Scores from 52.8 (SD 13.5) preoperatively to 94.8 (SD 7.6) postoperatively. One hip was revised for recurrent instability, and there were no infections. No hips were revised for mechanical loosening or osteolysis. Mean polyethylene linear wear was 0.04 mm/year and volumetric wear was 6.22 mm. 3. /year, with no significant differences between head size or material. Osteolysis was not present in any of the hips. Conclusion. The use of HXLPE in THA for patients aged 50 years and younger has performed exceptionally well without evidence of significant wear causing mechanical loosening or necessitating revision. The radiolucent lines of the acetabular component must be followed to determine the prognostic significance. This investigation represents the longest clinical follow-up of a large, consecutive cohort of patients aged 50 years or younger with THA using HXLPE. This long-term analysis found negligible polyethylene wear, no incidence of aseptic loosening, and excellent clinical outcomes at and beyond 15 years of follow-up. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2021;103-B(7 Supple B):78–83

Introduction: Osteolysis is a silent disease with few clinical symptoms until significant bone loss has occurred. Advanced osteolysis, with associated bone loss, can make revision surgery more difficult and compromise the ultimate outcome. In order to delineate the natural history of screw osteolysis in the AMK (Anatomic Modular Knee, Depuy) TKA, a cohort of patient were followed prospectively to determine the incidence and progression of osteolysis. Methods: Between October 1987 and November 1992, 370 patients had 450 uncemented AMK TKA performed at a single institution. Attempts were made to contact all patients in 1993 and 228 patients (280 TKA) agreed to participate in the study. Flouroscopically guided tangential views of the tibial tray were performed and any osteolysis was catalogued by location and graded based on the classification of Lewis et al. Eighty-seven knees had osteolysis for an incidence of 31%, with 52 line, 23 cyst, and 12 cavity. The patients with osteolysis were reassessed 3 years later. No progression was noted in patients with line osteolysis, but two patients with cyst and two patients with cavity had progressive osteolysis. Five knees had been revised for symptomatic osteolysis. This cohort was reassessed by chart and radiograph review in 2000. All patients who initially had cavitary osteolysis had been revised. In addition, 13 patients with cyst osteolysis progressed to cavity and ten knees had been revised. Of the 52 knees that had line osteolysis, 21 progressed to cyst or cavity and 15 knees were revised. Furthermore, 57 additional knees had developed osteolysis with 24 knees being revised. Osteolysis in the AMK is a silent and progressive disorder. We were unable to identify any risk factors that would classify certain patients as at risk for osteolysis. Consequently, we recommend regular periodic follow up in order to recognize osteolysis early

Osteolysis remains a common reason for revision after total hip arthroplasty (THA). For osteolysis associated with loose cups, revision is indicated. For osteolysis around a well-fixed cup, the decision is more controversial. The data available data support retention of the cupwith lesional treatment, working through screw holes and access channels for debridement and grafting. The choice of graft material to fill defects, if any, remains controversial. Several studies demonstrate good survivorship with cup retention strategies. Complete revision allows more complete debridement of the lesion and better graft fill, and allows implantation of a modern cup, typically with a full line of liners and bearing surfaces available. Additionally, revision allows fine tuning of the orientation of the cup, which may be advantageous for optimising hip stability. The author prefers to retain a well-fixed cup if it meets the following criteria: it is well-fixed to intra-operative testing, it is well-positioned, it is of sufficient size to allow insertion of a new liner with a reasonable head size, new liners are available, and the hip is stable to intra-operative trialing after liner insertion

Introduction: Osteolysis is a recognised complication in both cemented and cementless arthroplasty. This may be caused by macrophage mediated reaction to small particulate polyethylene debris. The effective joint space describes the area where polyethylene particles may travel, such as through holes in the cup, to cause a local osteolytic process. Methods: Twenty four cases of osteolysis (in twenty three patients) requiring revision were identified from patients on whom we had performed the primary arthroplasty. These cases were compared to an overall group of 560 primary hip arthroplasty cases performed during the same time and with the same implants. Results: The 24 index cases were revised for osteolysis. This represents 4.3% of the total group in this series of implants. Secondary loosening of the acetabular component was present in 7/24 with 13/24 cups being well fixed at the time of revision. All the cups with secondary loosening had evidence of bone ingrowth & had been undermined by the osteolytic process. In 4 cases, either a pelvic fracture or pelvic dissociation had occurred through an osteolytic lesion. In 21 cases femoral stems were revised, but none of these were loose, and none had significant osteolysis around the stems. The average time from primary procedure to revision was 72 months. The osteolytic group was younger than the overall group at the time of index surgery (53 years vs 63 years, p< 0.0001). There were 16 females and 7 males (p = 0.06). The osteolytic group were also less likely to have an initial diagnosis of primary osteoarthritis than the control group (p=0.05). Other diagnoses in the osteolytic group included dysplasia, previous trauma and inflammatory arthropathy. Acetabular liner thickness was assessed for all patients. The osteolytic group had a significantly higher proportion of cases with polyethylene thickness of less than 7mm (p < 0.005), and less than 6mm (p < 0.0001). There was no difference in the mean height and weight of the two groups. Conclusion: Osteolysis is multifactorial and facilitated by screw holes in the acetabular shell that increase the “effective joint space.” Younger females with small ace-tabular components and thin polyethylene are most at risk. Alternate bearing surfaces or acetabular components without holes may alleviate this problem. These cases represent our experience with osteolytic lesions within the acetabulum requiring revision. There were no cases of cup loosening in our overall group other than the 7/24 that had been undermined by the osteolytic process. Revision to ceramic on ceramic bearing implants is our preferred method of treating this problem

Since the 1970s Swanson implant arthroplasty has become a treatment of choice in metacarpohalangeal (MCP) joint arthroplasty in destructed MCP joints of rheumatoid patients. Sutter (Avanta) implant is also composed of silicone but the centre of rotation is more anatomical, and volar to improve extension moment. Clinical results about these implants have been similar but fracture rates of Sutter implant have been reported to be high. Reason for osteolysis is inflammation reaction to silicone particles released from prostheses due to movement of prosthesis in bone or implant fractures. Reports about osteolysis around Swanson implants present variable result. There is not grading of osteolysis in the literature before and we created a new radiographic grading for osteolysis around silicone MCP implants. Grading is based on involvement of cortical bone: Grade I: Osteolysis varying from a single clear line adjacent to the stem of the prosthesis to a larger, clear area which did not involve the bone cortex; Grade II: Osteolysis affecting the bone cortex to a maximum of one half of the thickness of the cortex; Grade III: Osteolysis affecting the cortex to more than one half of its thickness but not perforating the cortex; Grade IV: Osteolysis perforating the cortex. In this study we compare the incidence of radiographic osteolysis following insertion of 89 Swanson and 126 Sutter MCP implants in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Before surgery hands were randomised one by one to Swanson and Sutter implant groups. The mean follow-up time in the two groups of patients was 57 (40–80) and 55 (36–79) months, respectively. A total of 45 (60%) metacarpal and 40 (53%) proximal phalangeal bones showed no osteolytic changes in the Swanson group. In the Sutter group numbers were 20 (21%) and 26 (27%). In the Swanson group, there was less cortical osteolysis and there were 4 (5%) perforations of a metacarpal and no perforations of a proximal phalanx. In the Sutter group, there were 9 (9%) perforations in a metacarpal and 5 (5%) in a proximal phalanx. (p< 0.001). To create a single independent observation of osteolysis for a hand, the worst osteolysis of a metacarpal or proximal phalanx was recorded. There was only one (5%) perforation in the Swanson group, while there were 8 (30%) perforations in the Sutter group (p=0.011). In all grades of our classification, osteolysis was more frequent in the Sutter than in the Swanson group

Purpose of the study: The alumina-polyethylene bearing has been used for many years but no study has evaluated polyethylene wear and osteolysis with a 32 mm head with a follow-up exceeding 20 years. Material and methods: Thirty-six arthroplasties implanted between 1983 and 1985 (26 patients, mean age 54 years, range 35–65 years) were studied. The same cemented implants were used in all cases, with no loosening. Penetration of the head into the polyethylene was measured annually on digital radiographs and with computer assistance. Osteolysis was quantified in mm. 2. on the merckel. Results: At 20 years follow-up (minimum) or more, penetration of the femoral head into the cup was on average 0.07mm/y. The characteristic feature of the wear curve was the perfect stability after the third year and the absence of any increase over time. Extrapolation of the straight part of the curve to the origin determined the creep. True wear was limited: 0.05mm/y. It was not modified by the polyethylene thickness (eight 52mm cups, twenty-three 50mm and five 48mm). Corresponding volumetric wear was estimated at 640 mm3 at maximum follow-up. At last follow-up, osteolysis measured in mm. 2. on the meckel was 65 mm. 2. on average. In general, this osteolysis appeared around the second year with an imprint on the merckel; it then increased linearly and regularly to the 20th year. Acetabular osteolysis was nevertheless greater than that observed with the Al/Al bearing of controlateral hips implanted at the same period when evaluated on the scan for both hips (20 cases). Discussion: The alumina-polyethylene bearing enables long implant survival for at least 20 years, even for relatively thin polyethylene thicknesses. The characteristic feature of the bearing is the linear polyethylene wear which does not increase with time but remains constant, undoubtedly in relation to the absence of any change in the roughness of the head despite the very long follow-up. Osteolysis remains minimal, but superior to that observed with Al/Al bearings implanted during the same period in controlateral hips

Osteolysis has been reported following ACJ reconstruction with a synthetic graft. We present the first study into its prevalence and pattern, and its effect on patient outcome. Patients who underwent treatment of an unstable ACJ injury using the Surgilig/LockDown implant were identified via our database. Patients were invited to attend a dedicated outpatient clinic for clinical examination, radiographic evaluation, and completion of outcome scoring. Patients who were unable to attend were contacted by telephone. 49 patients were identified. We assessed 21 clinically at a mean of 7 years post-procedure (range 3–11 years). All had radiographic evidence of distal clavicle and coracoid osteolysis. We did not observe progression of osteolysis from the final post-operative radiographs. A further 13 were contacted by phone. The mean Oxford Shoulder Score was 43 (range 31–48) and mean DASH score was 8.5 (range 3–71). The average Patient Global Impression of Change score was 6 (range 2–7). Six patients underwent removal of a prominent screw at a mean of 2 years after surgery; the pattern of osteolysis was no different in this group. All patients had comparable abduction, forward flexion and internal rotation to their uninjured shoulder. We did not observe any relationship between patient demographics, position of implant or etiology and the pattern of osteolysis. Osteolysis of the distal clavicle and/or coracoid is always seen following synthetic reconstruction of the ACJ using this implant, but is non-progressive. Range of shoulder movement is largely unaffected and patient outcomes remain high

Introduction: Osteolysis of the pelvis secondary to polyethylene wear of uncemented acetabular implants has emerged as the most serious and challenging consequence of THR. A very large number of patients have and will continue to receive implants at the risk of being associated with osteolysis. The early detection of osteolysis allows the initiation of treatment programs that preserve bone stock. Because osteolysis occurs and progresses in the absence of clinical symptoms, appropriate follow-up surveillance must be instituted. Our initial study of the usefulness of CT scans in detecting clinically silent and radiographically unobservable osteolysis indicated that x-rays greatly understated the incidence and location of osteolysis. The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of CT scan identifiable osteolysis in young, active patients with a single cup design and a minimum follow-up of 7 years. Methods: Between 1990–1995, 117 hips (105 patients) underwent an uncemented total hip replacement with a patient-matched femoral component and a titanium plasma sprayed, multi-holed acetabular shell with a compression molded, polyethylene, irradiated in air. 57 patients underwent a CT scan using a metal subtraction software technique. All patients were classified based on their CT scans: Group I: no osteolysis; Group II: cavitary osteolysis; Group III: segmental osteolysis. All patients had standard AP, Frog – lateral and shoot-through lateral radiographs, performed at the time the CT scan was obtained. Results: 37.2% of hips were in Group I, 53.5% in Group II and 9.3% in Group III. No patients in Group I had x-ray evidence of osteolysis (i.e. there were no false negative CT scans). 12% of patients in Group II had x-ray evidence of osteolysis. 22% of patients in Group III had x-ray evidence of osteolysis. There was no correlation between the incidence of osteolysis seen on CT scans with: 1) activity level; 2) age; 3) sex; 4) weight, and 5) size of acetabular component. There was no correlation between polyethylene wear measured using the Martel method and pelvic osteolysis. There was a correlation between the length of implantation and pelvic osteolysis. The average follow-up for patients in Group III was 105.5 months (range 85 – 115) vs. 89.4 months (57 – 117) for Group II and 81.5 months (51 – 112) for Group I. Of the patients with follow-up greater than eight years, 25% had Group III osteolysis. No patients have required revision or polyethylene liner exchange thus far. Discussion: This study indicates that: 1) x-rays are an unreliable method for determining the presence. Location or extent of osteolysis, 2) the incidence of osteolysis based upon CT scans (Group II – III) is 63%; 3) Osteolysis, even if extensive (Group 3) is NOT associated with symptoms; 4) the pattern of osteolysis seen on CT scan strongly suggests that the presence of screws plays an important factor in the process; 5) CT scans are helpful in the planning process for acetabular revision. They allow the precise determination of the location and extent of osteolysis; 6) CT scans are also potentially useful for determining the impact of medical (e.g. alidronate) or surgical (e.g. bone grafting) treatment of osteolysis; 7) CT scans may be very helpful in assessing whether new polyethylenes are associated with reduced osteolysis. The authors strongly recommend that: 1) a surveillance program be established for careful, regular follow-up of patients with THR in place more than 7 years; 2) CT scans be considered as part of that surveillance program, and 3) cups with screws NOT be used routinely in primary THR surgery

Introduction. Periprosthetic osteolysis resulting in aseptic loosening is a leading cause for total hip arthroplasty (THA) failure. Individuals vary in their susceptibility to osteolysis, and it is thought that heritable factors contribute to this variation. We conducted two genome-wide association studies to identify genetic risk loci associated with osteolysis and genetic risk loci associated with time to prosthesis failure due to osteolysis. Patients/Materials & Methods. The Norway cohort comprised 2,624 subjects after THA recruited from the Norwegian Arthroplasty Registry, 779 with revision surgery for osteolysis. The UK cohort comprised 890 subjects recruited from hospitals in the north of England, 317 with radiographic evidence or revision surgery for osteolysis. All subjects had received a fully cemented or hybrid THA using small-diameter metal or ceramic-on-conventional polyethylene bearing. Osteolysis susceptibility case-control analyses and quantitative trait analyses for time to prosthesis failure were undertaken after genome-wide genotyping. Finally, a meta-analysis of the discovery datasets was undertaken. Results. Genome-wide association analysis identified 4 and 11 independent suggestive genetic signals for osteolysis susceptibility at P≤5×10. −6. in the Norwegian and UK cohorts, respectively. Following meta-analysis, 5 independent genetic signals showed suggestive association with osteolysis at P≤5×10. −6. , with the strongest comprising 18 correlated variants on chromosome 7 (lead signal rs850092, Figure 1, p=1.13×10. −6. ). Genome-wide quantitative trait analysis in cases only showed a total of 5 and 9 independent genetic signals for time to prosthesis failure at P≤5×10. −6. , respectively. Following meta-analysis, 11 independent genetic signals showed suggestive evidence of association with time to failure at P≤5×10. −6. , with the largest association block comprising 174 correlated variants in chromosome 15 (lead signal rs10507055, Figure 2, p=1.40×10. −7. ). Discussion. These studies provide the first genome-wide insights into the heritable biology of osteolysis, a major complication of joint replacement surgery. Although there were no dominant signals of genome-wide significance, we find replicating evidence for several independent genetic loci both for osteolysis susceptibility and time to prosthesis failure at P≤5×10. −6. , consistent with the complex aetiology of the disease. Conclusion. The heritable contribution to osteolysis is modest. The identified genetic loci may however provide novel avenues for therapy development in this condition. For any figures and tables, please contact the authors directly

Aim

The osteolytic process of osteomyelitis is, according to textbooks, caused by increased osteoclast activity due to RANKL production by osteoblasts. However, recent findings contradict this theory. Therefore, the aim was to investigate, in a porcine osteomyelitis model, how osteolysis is affected by massive inflammation and RANKL blocking, respectively. In parallel, patients with chronic osteomyelitis, diabetes, foot osteomyelitis, and fracture related infections (FRI) were included for advanced histological analysis of osteolysis.

Aims: Periprosthetic osteolysis, generally ascribed to cup polyethylene debris is the most common reason for revision THR. We carried out a radiological – retrieval study in 63 patients undergoing revision THR in order to explore potential correlation between osteolysis and wear in the cup. Material and Methods: 43 intact polyethylene liners were retrieved following revision THR because aseptic loosening. Radiological osteolysis was assessed from the De Lee and Gruen zones. The linear wear depth in the cups was measured using the shadowgraph technique and the volumetric wear was assessed using the Hashimoto formula. Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS® software package. Results: There was a statistically significant inverse correlation between Volumetric Wear Rate (VWR)-Total Femoral Osteolysis (TFO) (p=0.024), VWR -Total Osteolysis TO (p=0.003), Volumetric Wear (VW) – TFO (p=0.015), and a trend between VW – TO (p=0.087). This shows that increased levels of osteolysis appear to be associated with lower VWR. Conclusions: Overall these results demonstrate an overall inverse relationship between long term wear of the polyethylene and periprosthetic osteolysis in pre-revision patients. Restriction in the mobility-activity could be a reason for that

The Thompson hemiarthroplasty is a common treatment option for acute neck of femur fractures in the elderly population. Our department noted a significant number of patients returning with thigh pain, radiographic loosening and femoral osteolysis following cemented implantation of the titanium alloy version of the Thompson hemiarthroplasty. We are not aware of any previous reports documenting complications specific to the titanium Thompson implant and a retrospective cohort study was therefore initiated following clinical governance approval.

366 titanium alloy Thompson prostheses were implanted for hip fracture treatment between 2017 and 2020. As of February 2023, 6 of these have been revised at our hospital. 5 were revised for symptomatic femoral osteolysis and 1 presented with an acute periprosthetic fracture. All revised cases were determined to be aseptic. 32 living patients were excluded from recall on compassionate grounds due to permanent nursing home residence. 47 living patients were identified of which 33 attended for xray. 28 deceased and/or nursing home resident patients who had pelvis x-rays in the previous 12 months were also included in the analysis. Including the 6 index hips already revised, a total of 61 hip xrays were analysed, of which 19 hips (31.1%) showed radiographic evidence of femoral osteolysis or loosening.

We conclude that there is a concerning incidence of femoral osteolysis and implant loosening associated with the titanium Thompson implant. We have discontinued use of the implant and reported our experience to the MHRA. We encourage other Scottish Health-Boards who use this implant to consider enhanced follow-up.

Aims. There is insufficient evidence to recommend the use of alternative polyethylene bearings in modular, fixed-bearing total knee arthroplasty (TKA). The purpose of this study was to compare standard polyethylene (SP) and highly crosslinked polyethylene (XLP) tibial liners in posterior-stabilized TKA, with osteolysis as the primary outcome and clinical results and the rate of re-operation as the secondary outcomes. Patients and Methods. This is a single-surgeon, prospective randomized study involving one design of modular posterior-stabilized TKA. An analysis of 122 TKAs with an SP compression moulded liner and 123 with an XLP liner was performed, with a mean follow-up of six years (2 to 11). Patients were evaluated clinically using the Knee Society score, Lower Extremity Activity Score (LEAS), and the presence of an effusion, and standard radiographs were assessed for radiolucent lines and osteolytic lesions. Results. Osteolysis was present in four TKAs (3.3%) in the SP group, and no knees in the XLP group (p = 0.06). There were no significant differences between the Knee Society total score, change in total score, knee function score, change in function score, LEAS, and change in LEAS in the two groups. There was a significant difference in the presence of an effusion (10/122 with SP liners, 1/123 with XLP liners; p = 0.02). There was no significant difference in the rate of re-operation between the two groups (p = 0.36). There were no complications related to the XLP liner. Conclusion. At this length of follow-up, there were no advantages and no complications related to the use of this XLP tibial liner. The presence of effusion and small osteolytic lesions was more frequent with SP than XLP liners, but of unknown clinical significance. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2019;101-B(7 Supple C):33–39

Introduction: The Optiplug. ®. bio-absorbable cement restrictor, marketed by Biomet inc., is manufactured from ‘PolyActive’ – a polymer of poly(ethylene glycol) and butylene terephthalate. Biodegradation is thought to be by a combination of hydrolysis and oxidation. The potential benefit – eliminating the need for restrictor removal at future revision surgery – led to Optiplug becoming our cement restrictor of choice over the last 5 years. Anecdotally we have seen marked osteolysis around the distal cement mantle in a number of follow up radiographs in these patients. To date we have not seen an associated peri-prosthetic fracture. We undertook a retrospective, radiographic study to determine incidence, severity and progression of this osteolysis over the first 5 years of follow up. Method: 100 patients for whom 5 year follow up had been undertaken were identified from the departmental database. Patients with loose prostheses and or infection were excluded as were those who had undergone revision surgery. Radiographs from the immediate post operative period, twelve months and five years follow up visits were identified and reviewed. Osteolysis was quantified by calculating the ratio of maximum medullary diameter to the overall cortical diameter of the bone. Comparison was made over time and, where radiographs allowed, to the immediately adjacent femur. Results: 87% of radiographs showed greater than 10% thinning of the cortex at 1 year cf. immediate post op. 5 cases showed greater than 33% thinning. These changes do not appear to progress or regress significantly between 1 and 5 years. Discussion: While marked osteolytic changes appear to be uncommon, some degree of cortical thinning was almost universal in this series. The zone immediately distal to the cement mantle is commonly involved in peri-prosthetic fractures. Any weakening in this area is undesirable

We reviewed 249 consecutive Charnley primary low-friction arthroplasties in 191 patients performed by one surgeon using a transtrochanteric approach at a minimum follow-up of ten years. Of these, 37 hips in 32 patients showed osteolysis and were compared with 41 hips in 37 matched patients with no osteolysis. We assessed in each case the wear rate, stability of the prosthesis, acetabular angle, socket angle, thickness of the acetabular and femoral cement mantle, canal flare index, femoral score, stem alignment, implant:canal ratio and stem:canal ratio. We found that a high rate of wear, component instability and osteolysis were associated. Osteolysis was three times more common in men than in women. Factors which reduced osteolysis were cement mantles of 6 mm at the acetabulum and of 3 mm in all zones of the femur, a stem:canal ratio of 60% to 70% and an implant:canal ratio of over 99%. The overall incidence of osteolysis was 14.9% but when these technical criteria were met, the incidence was 5.2%. This suggests that careful technique can dramatically reduce the risk of this complication

Background: The osteolysis in revision total knee arthroplasty was observed. The purpose of this study was to compare the prevalence and characteristics of osteolysis recognized in revision total knee arthroplasties between the failed mobile bearing and fixed bearing knees. Methods: Eighty revision total knee arthroplasties were done between 1995 and 1998. The primary prosthesis that failed included thirty-four mobile bearing (Low Contact Stress) knees and forty-six fixed bearing knees of vary prostheses. At the time of revision surgery, all the interfaces between bone and prosthesis or cement were routinely checked and recorded for evidence of osteolytic resorption of bone. Preoperative radiographs were assessed independently by two authors for evidence of focal or severe periprosthetic osteolysis. The presence of the lesion was recorded. The demographic data included age and body weight was reviewed. The interval between the primary and revision surgery was recorded. The revision technique was reviewed. A statistical technique of chi-square test was applied in this study. Results: Osteolysis was recognized in sixteen of thirty-four mobile bearing knees (47 per cent) with thirteen knees involved distal femur and in six of forty- six fixed bearing knees (13 per cent) with four knees involved distal femur. The incidence of osteolysis was statistically significant difference between the mobile bearing and fixed bearing knees (p< 0.05). An overall 28 per cent (twenty-two knees) incidence of osteolysis was identified intraoperatively. The overall incidence of osteolysis in distal femur was 21 per cent (seventeen knees). The average time interval from the primary surgery to revision was 108 months. All the knees were affected by osteoarthritis. The most common site of osteolytic bone resorption was the posterior femoral condyle. Conclusions: Comparing to the fixed bearing knees, the mobile bearing (Low Contact Stress) knees were at increased risk for osteolysis in our series. Osteolysis occurred predominantly on the femoral side, especially adjacent to the prostheses in posterior condyle. Radiographic evaluation of osteolysis in distal femur is unreliable

The aim of this study is to assess the extent of osteolysis around a TKR which would then help in effective planning of revision surgery. Osteolysis around a TKR can be difficult to identify in plain radiographs because this typically occurs in low radiodensity cancellous bone of distal femur and proximal tibia. These can often look innocuous and benign allowing the surgeon to fall into a false sense of security. We discuss the use of 3 dimensional CT scan in 7 cases with pre revision initially unsuspected massive osteolysis and its usefulness in planning appropriate implant and/or bone grafting technique in revision surgery. 6/7 knees had a primary cruciate retaining knee implant and the mean time to revision surgery was 11 years and 8 months. Based on our pre operative CT assessment we were able to plan and effectively undertake 3 custom built prosthesis and 4 stemmed revision implants along with the use of adjunct bone additives including allograft. On the basis of this experience we would recommend the routine use of a 3D CT scan in preoperatively assessing a revision TKR and would caution the appearance particularly of the ‘posterior femoral bubble’ as it often belies a large osteolytic cavity

Introduction: Of all hip arthroplasties conducted annually, a proportion will subsequently require revision for aseptic loosening and periprosthetic osteolysis. Osteolysis may develop ‘silently’ and monitoring of patients is recommended. This should include x-rays as progressive changes in size of a lesion may indicate a potential failure. Area measurement of osteolysis has been achieved in a number of ways but with techniques that are not readily available in routine clinical practice. The aim of this study was to develop a method for routine assessment of hip arthroplasty to quantify osteolytic changes seen on x-ray, applicable by any health professional and with good inter-observer reliability. Methods: A morphometric grid is superimposed on an object of interest and the number of test points that fall within a defined area counted. A specialized grid was developed and initial testing was conducted on twenty simulated osteolytic lesions. Subsequent testing was on thirty-five arthroplasty x-rays with evidence of osteolytic lesions. Four observers recorded the number of crosses seen over each lesion. The observers were representative of health professions and levels of experience involved in arthroplasty review. Data was analysed for both inter-observer and test-retest reliability using the intra-class correlation coefficient and the Bland-Altman method (use of two methods provides a better estimation of accuracy). Results: The results for intra-class correlation coefficients on both simulated and actual lesions were all excellent (range 0.90 to 0.98) as confirmed by visual representation using the Bland-Altman method. Discussion: Regular follow-up of hip arthroplasty with x-ray ensures that changes are monitored even when symptoms are absent. We believe that this tool can improve the process through quantitative assessment of osteolytic lesions. The scientific development supports the reliability of the tool when used by a number of raters and the simplicity of application makes it a useful addition to an arthroplasty clinic