Introduction. Correction and arthrodesis for cervical kyphosis associated with atetoid cerebral palsy has been considered to be difficult because of their involuntary neck movements and severe deformity. The aim of this study is to evaluate the surgical outcome of midline T-saw laminoplasty and posterior arthrodesis using pedicle screws. Methods. 15 patients were retrospectively reviewed. There were 6 women and 9 men, with a mean age 52.9 years (range 31–71 years). Mean follow-up period was 43 months (range 24–84 months). For clinical evaluation, the Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) score and Barthel index (BI) which shows independence in ADL were used. For radiographic evaluation, change of C2–C7 Cobb angle of sagittal alignment, adjacent segment instability after the surgery were evaluated. Results. The average JOA score improved significantly from 6.2 preoperatively to 10.5 postoperatively. The average BI improved from 44.2 before surgery to 72.5 after surgery. C2–C7 Cobb angle of sagittal alignment measured 12.3 degrees of kyphosis preoperatively and 1.2 degrees of lordosis postoperatively. Solid posterior bony fusion was achieved in all cases. There was two cases of adjacent segmental instability, which required additional surgery. Seven (5.6%) out of the 125 inserted screws showed more than 2mm deviation. However, there were no neurovascular complications during or after surgery in any cases, and all cases maintained strong internal fixation. Conclusion. Midline T-saw laminoplasty and posterior arthrodesis using pedicle screw is a favorable option for the patient with kyphotic deformity associated with atetoid cerebral palsy, as it preserves cervical alignment, and improve neurological status and ADL

Introduction. There is limited evidence assessing the effect of the Ankle Foot Orthosis (AFO) on gait improvements in diplegic cerebral palsy. In particular, the effect of the AFO on vertical forces during gait has not been reported. Appropriate vertical ground reaction forces are crucial in enabling children with CP to walk efficiently. This study investigated the effect of AFO application on the vertical forces in gait, particularly the second vertical peak in force (FZ2) in late stance. The force data was compared with the barefoot walk. Patients and Methods. A retrospective analysis of nineteen children (8M,11F) who met inclusion criteria of a diagnosis of spastic diplegic CP, ability to walk independently barefoot and also using bilateral rigid AFOs were included. Gait data were acquired using the Vicon-Nexus ® motion-capture. Resulting ground reaction force data were recorded. Appropriate statistical methods assessed significance between barefoot and AFO data. Results. 68.4% of subjects experienced increase in FZ2 magnitude in left leg and 63.2% experienced objective increase in right leg after AFO application. Mean increased in FZ2 was 5.33N in left leg and 8.53 N in right leg. Results indicate significant improvement in amplitude of FZ2 generation with AFO application, significantly increased gait efficiency, and a significantly normalized pattern of vertical force produced during gait. Discussion. The AFO is effective in enabling children with diplegic CP to achieve efficient gait patterns. Our study is the first to our knowledge that focuses on the effect of AFO on specifically vertical ground reaction force produced in gait

Fractures of the distal third of the humerus may be complicated by complete lesions of the radial nerve which may be entrapped or compressed by bone fragments. Indirect reduction and internal fixation may result in a permanent nerve lesion.

We describe the treatment of these lesions by insertion of a bridge plate using the minimally-invasive percutaneous technique. Six patients were operated on and showed complete functional recovery. Healing of the fractures occurred at a mean of 2.7 months (2 to 3) and complete neurological recovery by a mean of 2.3 months (1 to 5). In one patient infection occurred which resolved after removal of the implant.

Aims. The aim of this study was to determine the current incidence and epidemiology of humeral diaphyseal fractures. The secondary aim was to explore variation in patient and injury characteristics by fracture location within the humeral diaphysis. Methods. Over ten years (2008 to 2017), all adult patients (aged ≥ 16 years) sustaining an acute fracture of the humeral diaphysis managed at the study centre were retrospectively identified from a trauma database. Patient age, sex, medical/social background, injury mechanism, fracture classification, and associated injuries were recorded and analyzed. Results. A total of 900 fractures (typical 88.9%, n = 800/900; pathological 8.3%, n = 75/900; periprosthetic 2.8%, n = 25/900) were identified in 898 patients (mean age 57 years (16 to 97), 55.5% (n = 498/898) female). Overall fracture incidence was 12.6/100,000/year. For patients with a typical fracture (n = 798, mean age 56 years (16 to 96), 55.1% (n = 440/798) female), there was a bimodal distribution in men and unimodal distribution in older women (Type G). A fall from standing was the most common injury mechanism (72.6%, n = 581/800). The majority of fractures involved the middle-third of the diaphysis (47.6%, n = 381/800) followed by the proximal- (30.5%, n = 244/800) and distal-thirds (n = 175/800, 21.9%). In all, 18 injuries (2.3%) were open and a radial nerve palsy occurred in 6.7% (n = 53/795). Fractures involving the proximal- and middle-thirds were more likely to occur in older (p < 0.001), female patients (p < 0.001) with comorbidities (p < 0.001) after a fall from standing (p < 0.001). Proximal-third fractures were also more likely to occur in patients with alcohol excess (p = 0.003) and to be classified as AO-Orthopaedic Trauma Association type B or C injuries (p < 0.001). Conclusion. This study updates the incidence and epidemiology of humeral diaphyseal fractures. Important differences in patient and injury characteristics were observed based upon fracture location. Injuries involving the proximal- and middle-thirds of the humeral diaphysis should be considered as fragility fractures. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2020;102-B(11):1475–1483

Aims

Posterior column plating through the single anterior approach reduces the morbidity in acetabular fractures that require stabilization of both the columns. The aim of this study is to assess the effectiveness of posterior column plating through the anterior intrapelvic approach (AIP) in the management of acetabular fractures.

Aims

The primary aim was to estimate the cost-effectiveness of routine operative fixation for all patients with humeral shaft fractures. The secondary aim was to estimate the health economic implications of using a Radiographic Union Score for HUmeral fractures (RUSHU) of < 8 to facilitate selective fixation for patients at risk of nonunion.

Aims

The primary aim of this study was to determine the rates of return to work (RTW) and sport (RTS) following a humeral shaft fracture. The secondary aim was to identify factors independently associated with failure to RTW or RTS.

The equinovarus hind foot deformity is one of the most common deformities in children with spastic paralysis and is usually secondary to cerebral palsy. Split posterior tibialis tendon transfer is performed to balance the flexible spastic varus foot and is preferable to posterior tibialis lengthening, as the muscle does not loose its power and therefore the possibility of a valgus or calcaneovalgus deformity is diminished. The cohort of the study consisted of 50 children with cerebral palsy who underwent split posterior tibial lengthening to manage spastic equinovarus hind foot deformity. Our inclusion criteria were: ambulatory patients with cerebral palsy, age less than 6 years at the time of the operation, varus deformity of the hind foot during gait, flexible varus hind foot deformity, and the follow-up at least 4 years. We retrospectively evaluated 33 ambulant patients with flexible spastic varus hind foot deformity. Twenty-eight patients presented unilateral and 5 bilateral involvement. The mean age at the time of the operation was 10,8 years (6–17) and the mean follow-up was 10 years (4–14). Eighteen feet presented also equinus hind foot deformity, requiring concomitant Achilles cord lengthening. Clinical evaluation was based on the inspection of the patients while standing and walking, the range of motion of the foot and ankle, callus formation and the foot appearance using the clinical criteria of Kling et al. Anteroposterior and lateral weight-bearing radiographs of the talo-first metatarsal angle were measured. The position of the hind foot was evaluated according to the criteria of Chang et al for the surgical outcome. 20 feet were graded excellent, 14 were graded good and 4 were graded poor. Feet with recurrent equinovarus deformity or overcorrection into valgus or calcaneovalgus deformity were considered as poor results. There were 23 feet presenting concomitant cavus foot component that underwent supplementary operations performed at the same time with the index operation. None of the feet presented mild or severe valgus postoperatively, while 4 feet presented severe varus deformity and underwent calcaneocuboid fusion sixteen and eighteen months after the index operation. On the anteroposterior and lateral weight-bearing radiographs the feet with severe varus had a negative talo-first metatarsal angle (mean −26,8 ± 18,4), those with mild varus had a mean of −14,5 ± 12,2. In feet with the hind foot in neutral position the mean value was 5.0 ± 7.4. The results of the feet in patients with hemiplegic pattern were better and significantly different than the diplegic and quadriplegic ones (p = 0.005). The results in our cases were in general satisfactory as 34 out of 38 feet were graded excellent and good. The feet with poor results presented a residual varus deformity due to intraoperative technical errors

We studied the epidemiology of 401 fractures of the shaft of the humerus in 397 patients aged 16 years or older. The incidence was 14.5 per 100 000 per year with a gradually increasing age-specific incidence from the fifth decade, reaching almost 60 per 100 000 per year in the ninth decade. Most were closed fractures in elderly patients which had been sustained as the result of a simple fall. The age distribution in women was characterised by a peak in the eighth decade while that in men was more even. Simple fractures were by far the most common and most were located in the middle or proximal shaft. The incidence of palsy of the radial nerve was 8% and fractures in the middle and distal shaft were most likely to be responsible. Only 2% of the fractures were open and 8% were pathological. These figures are representative of a population with a low incidence of high-energy and penetrating trauma, which probably reflects the situation in most European countries

Aims

Open reduction and plate fixation (ORPF) for displaced proximal humerus fractures can achieve reliably good long-term outcomes. However, a minority of patients have persistent pain and stiffness after surgery and may benefit from open arthrolysis, subacromial decompression, and removal of metalwork (ADROM). The long-term results of ADROM remain unknown; we aimed to assess outcomes of patients undergoing this procedure for stiffness following ORPF, and assess predictors of poor outcome.

We have managed 21 patients with a fracture of the tibia complicated by bone and soft-tissue loss as a result of an open fracture in 10, or following debridement of an infected nonunion in 11, by resection of all the devitalised tissues, acute limb shortening to close the defect, application of an external fixator and metaphyseal osteotomy for re-lengthening. The mean bone loss was 4.7 cm (3 to 11). The mean age of the patients was 28.8 years (12 to 54) and the mean follow-up was 34.8 months (24 to 75). All the fractures united with a well-aligned limb. The mean duration of treatment for the ten grade-III A+B open fractures (according to the Gustilo-Anderson classification) was 5.7 months (4.5 to 8) and for the nonunions, 7.6 months (5.5 to 12.5). Complications included one refracture, one transient palsy of the peroneal nerve and one equinus contracture of 10°

The primary aim of this study was to identify risk factors for developing neuritis and its impact on outcome following open reduction internal fixation (ORIF) of distal humerus fractures. Patients were identified from a prospective trauma database (1995–2010). All fractures of the distal humerus (OA-OTA Type A, B, C) managed with ORIF were included. Prospective long-term follow up was collected by telephone. Demographic data, fracture classification, intraoperative details (time to surgery, tourniquet, approach, fixation technique, nerve transposition), subsequent surgeries, presence of postoperative nerve palsy, complications and range of motion were collected. The Broberg and Morrey Elbow Score and DASH score were used as functional outcome measures. Eighty-two patients, mean age 50(range, 13–93) were included. 16% (13/82) developed post-operative ulnar neuritis, 7% (6/82) radial neuritis and 5% (4/82) longterm nonspecific dysaesthesia. Short-term (mean 10 months, range 1–120, collected in 82 patients) and long-term (mean 6 years, range 4–18, collected in 45%, 34/75, of living patients) was completed. In patients with nerve complication: average Broberg and Morrey score was 86 (76% good/excellent), average DASH was 24.7(range, 3.3–100) and Oxford Elbow Score was 39.5(range, 18–48). Compared to: 94 (96% good/excellent), 17.7(range, 0–73.3) and 43.8(range, 17–48) in patients without. Mean pain score was 3.7 in patients with nerve complication compared to 2 without. Nerve complications were seen with increased frequency in young, male patients with high energy and Type C injuries. Nerve complication following ORIF of distal humerus fractures is relatively common. They have detrimental impact on functional outcome. Certain groups appear to be at increased risk

Aims

Osteopetrosis (OP) is a rare hereditary disease that causes reduced bone resorption and increased bone density as a result of osteoclastic function defect. Our aim is to review the difficulties, mid-term follow-up results, and literature encountered during the treatment of OP.

Exercise deters systemic diseases such as osteoporosis, sarcopenia, diabetes and obesity. Brief daily periods of low intensity vibration (LIV; <0.4g) is anabolic to bone and muscle, an adaptive response achieved in part by biasing mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) fate selection towards forming higher order connective tissues. In the clinic, LIV has protected the musculoskeletal system even under severe challenges such as Crohn Disease, Cerebral Palsy, and end-stage renal disease. Low magnitude mechanical signals also suppress adipogenesis in the mouse, with reductions in subcutaneous and visceral fat. The starkly distinct response of these tissues (augment bone & muscle; suppress fat) suggests that LIV influences the differentiation pathway of MSCs. Extending this diet induced obesity model to 7 months increased total adiposity, accelerated age-related loss of trabecular bone and severely reduced B & T-cell number in the marrow and blood, shifting hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) towards the myeloid lineage. LIV introduced at 4 months rescued bone and B-cells to those levels measured in regular diet controls. These data emphasise why inactivity can promote osteoporosis, diabetes and obesity, and why a sedentary individual is predisposed to disease sequelae. Protection of MSC and HSC populations by mechanical signals may represent a unique strategy by which adiposity can be suppressed, the immune system protected, and a musculoskeletal system enhanced

Purpose. Evaluation of our experience on the treatment of comminuted, radial head fractures, and of the outcomes of pyrocarbon prosthetic replacement in such cases. Materials and Methods. We evaluated 47 cases of prosthetic replacement, performed from May 2003 to July 2008. There were 18 males and 29 females with an average follow-up of 48 months (12 to 60). The Hotchkiss classification was used to characterize the fractures. The indicators for the procedure were type III fractures in 27 cases, type IV fractures in 10 cases, comminuted radial head fractures (associated with disruption in medial collateral ligament) in 3 cases, Monteggia variant in 5 cases, and Essex Lopresti in 2 cases. Functional outcomes were assessed using the Mayo Elbow Performance Index and the Visual Analog Scales (VAS) of pain, joint motion, and stability. Results. The mean VAS score for elbow pain was 1 (0.5–2.1). Patients showed an average arch of motion from 6 degrees to 140, with 75 degrees of pronation, and 67 of supination. By the Mayo Elbow Performance Index, 42 patients had good to excellent results, 3 fair, and 2 poor. The complications that we have encountered were: implant dislocations (2 cases), elbow stiffness (1), implant dissociation (1), stem rupture (1), and transient PIN palsy (2 cases with complete recovery of nervous function at 5 and 8 weeks). There was no persistent instability, infection, synosthosis, severe degenerative changes, or impingement. Conclusion. The pyrocarbon implants are a good treatment option in complicated, radial head fractures, but the outcome depends on the severity of the initial fracture and the associated lesions. We have also encountered a tendency towards overestimating the prosthesis size, causing restriction of motion, impingement, overstuffing, or dislocation. For these results we are now using the non-modular prosthesis in our center, but further studies are required

We describe the results after open reduction and internal fixation of 22 consecutive displaced fractures of the glenoid with a mean follow-up of ten years. A posterior approach was used in 16 patients and an anterior in six, the approach being chosen according to the Ideberg classification of the fractures. The fixation failed in two patients, one of whom required a further operation. There were two cases of deep infection. At follow-up the median Constant score was 94% (mean 79%, range 17 to 100). The score was less than 50% in four patients, including the two who became infected. A further two had an associated complete palsy of the brachial plexus

Introduction. Total femur implantation is a rare and challenging procedure in final revision surgery of hip and knee arthroplasties. Reports of this operation technique are even rare in literature. In this study we retrospectively analyse our patients with total femur implants. Material and Methods. Between October 2002 and February 2009 we implanted 27 total femurs in hip and knee revision surgery cases. We used the modular prosthesis system–Megasystem C® by Waldemar Link–in all cases. Our 22 female and 5 male patients had a mean age of 76 years (range 45–88). Indications for the procedure were loosening of megaprosthesis of the hip in 12 cases; 2 with massive distal migration, 1 with penetration into the knee joint and 1 after two step revision procedure. In 13 cases a periprosthetic indicated a total femur implanatation due to massive bone loss; 1 breakage of a long femoral stem, 5 fracture of osteosynthesis materials, 3 after prosthesis revisions and 1 pseudoarhrosis of femur and tibia after knee arthroplasty. We analysed perioperative complications, clinical status and result and further revision within follow up time. Results. We were able to examine 16 patients at follow up time. Eight patients were lost to follow up and 2 have been died; 1 after fulminant pulmonal embolia after operation and 1 four years postoperatively. One total femur had to be exchanged due to infection after 1 year. Perioperative complications occurred as follows: 1 massive blood transfusion, 1 peroneal palsy, 1 ulcus ventriculis bleeding, 1 thrombosis of vena suclavia and vena jugularis, 1 sigmaresection due to diverticulosis, 1 luxations of the hip, and 2 wound necrosis. In 3 caese a revision operation swas performed; 1multiple luxtion of the hip and due to infection of the total femur implant. The range of motion of the hip was 85 degrees (range 30–90) and knee 92 degrees (range 30–110). In nearly all cases we found a lengthening of the revised limb. The general outcome of the patients was. Ten patient were very satisfied, 2 statisfied and 2 fair due to pain persistence. Two patient were mobile with one crutch, 3 used two crutches and one was able to walk with a rollator. One patient was unable to walk due to diplegia after spine fracture. Conclusion. Total femur procedure in final revision arthroplasty has a high potential of perioperative risks but has shown good clinical and mobility results in our patient group. With the Megasystem C® by Link we had a save and good performance while operation of this difficult patient group

Introduction. Chronic radial head dislocation in children after trauma is a serious condition. Often the dislocation is overseen initially and is a part of the Monteggia fracture complex with anterior bowing of the ulna. Typical complaints are pain, decreased ROM and cubitus valgus. Radial head dysplasia often occurs. The treatment of this condition is debated. Only few series of patients treated with open reduction and ulnar osteotomy exists with long-term follow up. We present a group of rare patients with long-time follow-up treated by only two surgeons through a period of 16 years. Materials and Methods. All 16 patients had anterior radial head dislocation (Bado type 1). Mean age at the time of traumatic dislocation was 6 years ranging from 2 to 9. We found a mean delay of 17 (range 1–83) months before open reduction and ulnar open wedge osteotomy. In 8 cases reconstruction of the annular ligament was performed and in 6 patients temporary transarticular fixation of the radial head with a k-wire was performed. Follow-up time was 8 (range 3–17) years postoperatively. Patients were investigated with bilateral x-ray, arthrosis status, congruency of the radiocapitellar joint, Oxford Elbow Score, force measurements and range of motion. Results. There were no major complications to surgery such as infection, nerve palsies or pseudarthrosis. Radiological results showed 9/16 with reduction of the radial head and with no arthrosis, 4/16 with arthrosis or subluxation, and 2/16 with a dislocated radial head. We found a significant correlation between radiological outcome and delay to ulnar osteotomy (p = 0.03). At follow up the mean Function score was 92 (SD 9), Social/psychological score 83 (SD 14) and Pain score was 88 (SD 15). None of the patients with fully reduced radial head had progressed in increased valgus deformity. In contrast, one of two patients with postoperative secondary dislocation of the radial head had an increase in carrying angle on 25 degrees. Typical clinical findings were a small but significant extension deficit and median loss of supination on 10 grades ranging from 0–90 (p = 0.008). Five patients had subsequent surgery, of which one had an excision of the radial head 8 years after primary surgery. Ligament reconstruction or transfixation of the radial head did not influence the radiological or clinical outcome. Discussion and Conclusion. Case reports of similar patients treated conservatively demonstrate high morbidity and therefore open reduction and ulnar osteotomy is justified given the good clinical longterm outcome in the present study. However, this study underlines the importance of minimising the delay between trauma and open reduction. If surgery is performed before 40 months after trauma good to fair longterm radiological results can be obtained. After 40 months there is a high risk of recurrent luxation of the radial head

Goal. The goal of this prospective, non-randomized study is to compare functional and life-quality changes in primary total hip replacement (THR) with minimally invasive anterior (MIA) and direct lateral (DL) approach in six months follow-up. Materials and Methods. Sixty (30 MIA and 30 DL) consecutive patients underwent primary THR were operated by the same senior surgeon. Patients completed functional and life-quality scores (Oxford Hip Score, Harris Hip Score, EQ-5D) before operation and four times (2 and 6 weeks, 3 and 6 months) after THR. Physical examination was taken all times. 15–15 patients underwent MRI examination to adjudge status of abductor muscles. The average patient age was approximately equal in both group. Results. The average OHS values were 13,4; 27,5; 40,9; 45,3; 47,5 in MIA and 15,3; 25,3; 39,7; 43,8; 45 in DL, the average HHS values 43,1; 68,7; 85,3; 91,9; 96,7 in MIA and 43; 58,2; 81,5; 90,2; 93,9 in DL, the average EQ-VAS 41,1; 72,5; 85,9; 87,8; 92,4 in MIA and 55,6; 67,8; 80,6; 84; 91,3 in DL consecutively. In MIA group both functional and life-quality scores showed better results, but for the 3rd postoperative month increases were approximately equal. Abductor muscle strength was significantly greater in MIA group in this period. In the 6th postoperative week Trendelenburg-sign was detected in 24 cases (80%) in DL and in 2 cases (6,7%) in MIA group, but in MIA patients were greater trochanter fractures, which had gone healing and limping was not detected 3 months after surgery. 3 months after surgery Trendelenburg-sign was detected in 2 cases in DL group. In follow-up period residual trochanteric pain was detected in 3 cases in DL but none in MIA group. Two weeks after THR climbing a flight of stairs was normal and public transport could be used by 80% of patients in MIA group. Distance walk was unlimited, support had not needed, daily activities were easy. There were 7 operative complications in MIA group, including 2 greater trochanter fracture, 1 haematoma and 4 transient lateral femoral cutaneous nerve palsy, which showed change for the better after 6 months. Postoperative hip dislocation was not detected. In DL group MRI represented fatty infiltration and atrophy of abductor muscles in most cases. Conclusions. Besides the fact that our learning curve may influence the results. It seems that earlier mobilisation and faster postoperative recovery can be achieved by MIA approach, which have many financial and social benefits. It preserves muscles and tendons, which probably can influence the long-term results. By preventing abductor muscles can assure better gait pattern. Of course additional long-term studies are needed

Aims

In order to determine whether and for whom serial radiological evaluation is necessary in one-part proximal humerus fractures, we set out to describe the clinical history and predictors of secondary displacement in patients sustaining these injuries.