Aims. It is uncertain whether instrumented spinal fixation in nonambulatory children with neuromuscular scoliosis should finish at L5 or be extended to the pelvis. Pelvic fixation has been shown to be associated with up to 30% complication rates, but is regarded by some as the standard for correction of deformity in these conditions. The incidence of failure when comparing the most caudal level of instrumentation, either L5 or the pelvis, using all-pedicle screw instrumentation has not previously been reported. In this retrospective study, we compared nonambulatory patients undergoing surgery at two centres: one that routinely instrumented to L5 and the other to the pelvis. Methods. In all, 91 nonambulatory patients with neuromuscular scoliosis were included. All underwent surgery using bilateral, segmental, pedicle screw instrumentation. A total of 40 patients underwent fusion to L5 and 51 had their fixation extended to the pelvis. The two groups were assessed for differences in terms of clinical and radiological findings, as well as complications. Results. The main curve (MC) was a mean of 90° (40° to 141°) preoperatively and 46° (15° to 82°) at two-year follow-up in the L5 group, and 82° (33° to 116°) and 19° (1° to 60°) in the pelvic group (p < 0.001 at follow-up). Correction of MC and pelvic obliquity (POB) were statistically greater in the pelvic group (p < 0.001). There was no statistically significant difference in the operating time, blood loss, or complications. Loss of MC correction (> 10°) was more common in patients fixated to the pelvis (23% vs 3%; p = 0.032), while loss of pelvic obliquity correction was more frequent in the L5 group (25% vs 0%; p = 0.007). Risk factors for loss of correction (either POB or MC) included preoperative coronal imbalance (> 50 mm, odds ratio (OR) 11.5, 95%confidence interval (CI) 2.0 to 65; p = 0.006) and postoperative sagittal imbalance (> 25 mm, OR 11.0, 95% CI1.9 to 65; p = 0.008). Conclusion. We found that patients undergoing pelvic fixation had a greater correction of MC and POB. The rate of complications was not different. Preoperative coronal and postoperative sagittal imbalance were associated with increased risks of loss of correction, regardless of extent of fixation. Therefore, we recommend pelvic fixation in all nonambulatory children with neuromuscular scoliosis where coronal or sagittal imbalance are present preoperatively. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2020;102-B(2):261–267

A self-control ratio, the spine-pelvis index (SPI), was proposed for the assessment of patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) in this study. The aim was to evaluate the disproportionate growth between the spine and pelvis in these patients using SPI. A total of 64 female patients with thoracic AIS were randomly enrolled between December 2010 and October 2012 (mean age 13 years, standard deviation (. sd. ) 2.17; 9 to 18) and a further 73 healthy female patients with a mean age of 12.4 years (mean age 12.4 years, . sd. 2.24; 9 to 18), were randomly selected from a normal control database at our centre. The radiographic parameters measured included length of spine (LOS), height of spine (HOS), length of thoracic vertebrae (LOT), height of thoracic vertebrae (HOT), width of pelvis (WOP), height of pelvis (HOP) and width of thorax (WOT). SPI was defined as the ratio LOS/HOP. The SPI and LOT/HOP in patients with AIS showed a significant increase when compared with normal girls (p < 0.001 and p < 0.001 respectively), implying an abnormal pattern of growth of the spine relative to the pelvis in patients with AIS. . No significant difference in SPI was found in different age groups in the control group, making the SPI an age-independent parameter with a mean value of 2.219 (2.164 to 2.239). We also found that the SPI was not related to maturity in the control group. . This study, for the first time, used a self-control ratio to confirm the disproportionate patterns of growth of the spine and pelvis in patients with thoracic AIS, highlighting that the SPI is not affected by age or maturity. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2015;97-B:1668–74

Background. The clinical assessment of Chronic Low Back Pain (CLBP) is usually undertaken at a single time point at clinic rather than through continuous monitoring. To address this, a wearable prototype sensor to monitor motion of the lumbar spine and pelvis has been developed. Sensor Development, Testing and Results. The system devised was based on inertial sensor technology combined with wireless Body Sensor Network (BSN) platform. This was tested on 16 healthy volunteers for ten common movements (including sit to stand, lifting, walking, and stairs) with results validated by optical tracking. Preliminary findings suggest good agreement between the optical tracker and device with mean average orientation error (°) ranging from 0.1 ± 2.3 to 4.2 ± 2.6. The sensor repeatability errors range from 0 to 4° while subject movement variability ranged from 4% to 14%. Parameters of angular motion suggest greater movement of the lumbar spine compared to the pelvis with mean velocities (°/s) for lumbar spine ranging from 15.3 to 74.13 and pelvis ranging from 5.6 to 40.74. Further analysis revealed the extent to which the pelvis was engaged, as a proportion of the total movement. This demonstrated that the pelvis underwent smooth transitions from low (0.02), moderate (0.4) to high (0.99) use during different movement phases. Conclusion. A wearable sensor has been developed to record and quantify lumbar and pelvic movement. This permits an understanding of the lumbo-pelvic relationship to be characterized in an objective way during daily tasks. The next stage of the project will involve testing with CLBP patients

Aims. High-grade dysplastic spondylolisthesis is a disabling disorder for which many different operative techniques have been described. The aim of this study is to evaluate Scoliosis Research Society 22-item (SRS-22r) scores, global balance, and regional spino-pelvic alignment from two to 25 years after surgery for high-grade dysplastic spondylolisthesis using an all-posterior partial reduction, transfixation technique. Methods. SRS-22r and full-spine lateral radiographs were collected for the 28 young patients (age 13.4 years (SD 2.6) who underwent surgery for high-grade dysplastic spondylolisthesis in our centre (Scottish National Spinal Deformity Service) between 1995 and 2018. The mean follow-up was nine years (2 to 25), and one patient was lost to follow-up. The standard surgical technique was an all-posterior, partial reduction, and S1 to L5 transfixation screw technique without direct decompression. Parameters for segmental (slip percentage, Dubousset’s lumbosacral angle) and regional alignment (pelvic tilt, sacral slope, L5 incidence, lumbar lordosis, and thoracic kyphosis) and global balance (T1 spino-pelvic inclination) were measured. SRS-22r scores were compared between patients with a balanced and unbalanced pelvis at final follow-up. Results. SRS-22r domain and total scores improved significantly from preoperative to final follow-up, except for the mental health domain that remained the same. Slip percentage improved from 75% (SD 15) to 48% (SD 19) and lumbosacral angle from 70° (SD 11) to 101° (SD 11). Preoperatively, 35% had global imbalance, and at follow-up all were balanced. Preoperatively, 63% had an unbalanced pelvis, and at final follow-up this was 32%. SRS-22r scores were not different in patients with a balanced or unbalanced pelvis. However, postoperative pelvic imbalance as measured by L5 incidence was associated with lower SRS-22r self-image and total scores (p = 0.029). Conclusion. In young patients with HGDS, partial reduction and transfixation improves local lumbosacral alignment, restores pelvic, and global balance and provides satisfactory long-term clinical outcomes. Higher SRS-22r self-image and total scores were observed in the patients that had a balanced pelvis (L5I < 60°) at two to 25 years follow-up. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2021;2(3):163–173

Background. The advent of EOS imaging has offered clinicians the opportunity to image the whole skeleton in the anatomical standing position with a smaller radiation dose than standard spine roentgenograms. It is known as the fifth modality of imaging. Current NICE guidelines do not recommend EOS scans over x-rays citing: “The evidence indicated insufficient patient benefit in terms of radiation dose reduction and increased throughput to justify its cost”. Methods. We retrospectively reviewed 103 adult and 103 paediatric EOS scans of standing whole spines including shoulders and pelvis for those undergoing investigation for spinal deformity in a tertiary spinal centre in the UK. We matched this against a retrospective control group of 103 adults and 103 children who underwent traditional roentgenograms whole spine imaging at the same centre during the same timeframe. We aimed to compare the average radiation dose of AP and lateral images between the two modalities. We utilised a validated lifetime risk of cancer calculator (. www.xrayrisk.com. ) to estimate the additional mean risk per study. Results. In the Adult EOS Group (AEG) the mean estimated effective dose of AP was 0.08 mSv (0.04–0.15) and Lateral 0.06 mSv (0.03–0.14). Conversely in the Adult Roentgenograms Group (ARG) the mean AP was 0.49 mSv (0.15–1.88) and Lateral was 0.29 mSv (0.07–1.20). In the Paediatric EOS Group (PEG): the mean dose of AP was 0.07 mSv (0.02–0.21) and Lateral 0.04 mSv (0.02–0.11). Conversely Paediatric Roentgenograms Group (PRG) had a mean dose in AP of 0.37 mSv (0.03–5.92) and in lateral of 0.17 mSv (0.03–0.44). The percentage differences were: ARG:AES AP 613%, ARG:AES Lat 483%, PPG:PEG AP 529%, PRG:PEG Lat 425%. Mean difference 513%. The additional lifetime cancer risk for AEG was 1 in 176056 for males and 1 in 138696 for females, compared to ARG 1 in 31596 for males and 1 in 24894 for females. In PEG that was 1 in 58207 for boys and 1 in 33367 for girls, compared to PRG 1 in 11860 for boys and 1 in 6797 in girls. Differences in additional lifetime risk of cancer per scan: ARG:AES Male 557%, Female 557%, PRG:PEG Male 491%, Females 491%. Conclusion. Standard plain film imaging of the whole spine requires approximately five-times higher doses of radiation compared to dual planar EOS scans. This carries a significant impact when considering the need for repeat imaging on additional lifetime malignancy risk in both children and adults. There is approximately 5-fold increase in risk of cancer for all groups with roentgenograms over EOS. We directly challenge the NICE guidance and recommend EOS dual planar imaging in favour of plane roentgenograms for investigation of spinal deformity

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Patients with differentiated thyroid carcinomas (DTCs) have a favourable long-term survival. Spinal metastases (SMs) cause a decline in performance status (PS), directly affecting mortality and indirectly preventing the use of systemic therapies. Metastasectomy is indicated, if feasible, as it yields the best local tumour control. Our study aimed to examine the long-term clinical outcomes of metastasectomy for SMs of thyroid carcinomas.

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To determine whether side-bending films in scoliosis are assessed for adequacy in clinical practice; and to introduce a novel method for doing so.

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Symptomatic spinal stenosis is a very common problem, and decompression surgery has been shown to be superior to nonoperative treatment in selected patient groups. However, performing an instrumented fusion in addition to decompression may avoid revision and improve outcomes. The aim of the SpInOuT feasibility study was to establish whether a definitive randomized controlled trial (RCT) that accounted for the spectrum of pathology contributing to spinal stenosis, including pelvic incidence-lumbar lordosis (PI-LL) mismatch and mobile spondylolisthesis, could be conducted.

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The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of the level of upper instrumented vertebra (UIV) in frail patients undergoing surgery for adult spine deformity (ASD).

Aims. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of maturity status at the time of surgery on final spinal height in patients with an adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) using the spine-pelvic index (SPI). The SPI is a self-control ratio that is independent of age and maturity status. Patients and Methods. The study recruited 152 female patients with a Lenke 1 AIS. The additional inclusion criteria were a thoracic Cobb angle between 45° and 70°, Risser 0 to 1 or 3 to 4 at the time of surgery, and follow-up until 18 years of age or Risser stage 5. The patients were stratified into four groups: Risser 0 to 1 and selective fusion surgery (Group 1), Risser 0 to 1 and non-selective fusion (Group 2), Risser 3 to 4 and selective fusion surgery (Group 3), and Risser 3 to 4 and non-selective fusion (Group 4). The height of spine at follow-up (HOS. f. ) and height of pelvis at follow-up (HOP. f. ) were measured and the predicted HOS (pHOS) was calculated as 2.22 (SPI) × HOP. f. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed for statistical analysis. Results. Of the 152 patients, there were 32 patients in Group 1, 27 patients in Group 2, 48 patients in Group 3, and 45 patients in Group 4. Significantly greater HOS. f. was observed in Group 3 compared with Group 1 (p = 0.03) and in Group 4 compared with Group 2 (p = 0.02), with similar HOP. f. (p = 0.75 and p = 0.83, respectively), suggesting that patients who undergo surgery at Risser grade of 0 to 1 have a shorter spinal height at follow-up than those who have surgery at Risser 4 to 5. HOS. f. was similar to pHOS in both Group 1 and Group 2 (p = 0.62 and p = 0.45, respectively), indicating that undergoing surgery at Risser 0 to 1 does not necessarily affect final spinal height. Conclusion. This study shows that fusion surgery at Risser 0 may result in growth restriction unlike fusion surgery at Risser 3 to 4. Despite such growth restriction, AIS patients could reach their predicted or ‘normal’ spinal height after surgery regardless of baseline maturity status due to the longer baseline spinal length in AIS patients and the remaining growth potential at the non-fusion levels. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2018;100-B:1372–6

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The prevalence of scoliosis is not known in patients with idiopathic short stature, and the impact of treatment with recombinant human growth hormone on those with scoliosis remains controversial. We investigated the prevalence of scoliosis radiologically in children with idiopathic short stature, and the impact of treatment with growth hormone in a cross-sectional and retrospective cohort study.

Spinal deformities are a common feature of Marfan’s syndrome and can be a significant cause of morbidity. The morphology of the scoliosis associated with this condition was previously described by Sponseller, but no correlation with the pelvic parameters has been seen. We performed a retrospective radiological study of 58 patients with scoliosis, secondary to Marfan’s syndrome and related the findings in the thoracolumbar spine to the pelvic parameters, including pelvic version (tilt), pelvic incidence and sacral slope. Our results showed marked abnormalities in the pelvic values compared with those found in the unaffected population, with increased retroversion of the pelvis in particular. In addition we found a close correlation between the different patterns of pelvic parameters and scoliosis morphology. We found that pelvic abnormalities may partially dictate the spinal disorders seen in Marfan’s syndrome. Our results supplement the well-established Sponseller classification, as well as stressing the importance of considering the orientation of the pelvis when planning surgery

Introduction. Spinopelvic parameters describe the orientation, shape, and morphology of the spine and pelvis. These parameters change during the first 10 years of life in children without spinal deformity; however, spinopelvic parameters have yet to be defined in children with significant early-onset scoliosis (EOS). Sagittal plane alignment could affect the natural history and outcome of interventions for EOS. As a result, spinopelvic parameters are being defined for this population. On the basis of the landmarks used for measurement of these parameters, there may be inherent error in performing these measurements on the immature pelvis. The purpose of this study is to define the variability associatedwith the measurement of spinopelvic parameters in children with EOS. Methods. Standing, lateral radiographs of 11 patients with untreated EOS were evaluated. Sagittal spinopelvic parameters (pelvic incidence [PI], pelvic tilt [PT], sacral slope [SS], and modified pelvic radius angle [PR]) were measured. To assess intraobserver reliability, these measurements were repeated 15 days apart. To define interobserver reliability, radiographs were measured by 2 independent observers. Results. Average age was 5·7 years and average Cobb angle was 80·8°. Repeated measurements by one observer showed no significant differences for any of the parameters. Paired samples correlations showed a moderate correlation between measurements of PI (0·564), whereas stronger correlations were demonstrated for measurements of PT (0·816), SS (0·947), and PR (0·789). Interobserver analysis showed a significant difference in measurement of SS (p=0·003), whereasmeasurements of PI, PT, and PR did not differ significantly between independent observers. Conclusions. Intraobserver variabilty yielded acceptable correlations for PT, SS, and PR; however, we noted only a moderate correlation for PI. Interobserver analysis showed a significant difference only in SS. The intraobserver and interobserver variablity of measurements for PT and PR were superior than were those for PI and SS. This finding may be related to difficulties in determining the orientation of the sacral endplate in the immature pelvis when measuring PI and SS

Introduction/Aim. Numerous lumbo-pelvic reconstruction methods based on posterior construct and anterior cages have been proposed for cases involving total sacrectomy and lumbar vertebrectomy. These constructs create long lever arms and generate high cantilever forces across the lumbo-sacral junction resulting in implant failure or breakage. Biomechanical studies have shown that placing implants anterior to lumbo-sacral pivot point provide a more effective moment arm to resist flexion force and improve the ultimate strength of the construct. As a result more emphasis is placed on screws in the pelvis. We report a new and novel technique that allows for the placement of a pelvic ring construct to augment the posterior construct in a lumbo-pelvic reconstruction. Method. In the prone position, two contoured hard rods are passed along the inner table of the pelvis under the iliac muscle from a minor posterior approach. The rods are connected to the posterior lumbo-pelvic construct with T-junction clamps. The patient is turned supine and the anterior ends of the rods are connected to a sub-cutaneously placed hard rod along the anterior abdominal wall with T-junction clamps. This in turn is fixed to the AIIS (anterior inferior iliac spine) with two poly axial screws. The whole construct resembles an oblong ring. Results. At six months she is mobilising independently with a frame and X-rays show no failure of construct or implant. Conclusion. The construct is technically less morbid and bio-mechanically sound to effectively neutralise the flexion to a greater degree than previous constructs described in the literature. It shares and tolerates the flexion moments at the lumbo-pelvic junction by its anterior placement to the sacral pivot point

Introduction. Isolated U-shaped sacral fractures are rare entities, mostly seen in polytraumatized patients, and hence, they are difficult to diagnose. While the pelvic ring remains intact across S2/S3, the U-shaped fracture around S1 leads to marked instability between the base of the spine and the pelvis. As severe neurological deficits can occur, timely treatment of these fractures is crucial. We present a novel technique of percutaneous reduction and trans-sacral screw fixation in U-shaped fractures. Material and Methods. 3 multiply injured patients with u-shaped sacral fractures (female, age 21.7±7.23). Two underwent immediate fracture fixation. In the third case delayed reduction and fixation was performed after referral 6 weeks following open decompression. In prone position, a pair of Schanz pins was inserted into pelvis at the PSIS. A second pair of Schanz pins was inserted into S1 or L5. All pins were inserted percutaneously. The fracture was reduced indirectly, using the Schanz pins as levers. After image intensifier control of the reduction result, two trans-sacral screws were inserted for finite fixation. Results. In all three cases, this novel method of percutaneous reduction allowed an anatomical sacral alignment and stabilization with trans-sacral screws was initially sufficient. At 1 year follow-up, both immediately fixed fractures showed an anatomical sacral alignment. Both had no neurological deficits, no signs of screw-loosening and were pain free. Unfortunately the delayed fixation showed a new tilt and hence loss of sacral alignment. This might be due to posterior structural integrity loss after decompression. Conclusion. U-shaped sacral fractures are rare, but correct and immediate treatment is paramount to achieve good outcome. Percutaneous reduction and screw fixation offers a less invasive treatment method. Anatomical alignment and stabilisation is possible and time of surgery can be reduced significantly

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To report the outcome of spinal deformity correction through anterior spinal fusion in wheelchair-bound patients with myelomeningocele.

Introduction. Low back pain (LBP) is the top leading global cause of years lived with disability. In order to examine LBP, researchers have typically viewed the spine in isolation. Clinically, it is imperative that the lower limbs are also considered. The aim of this study was to design a holistic and reliable multi-segmental kinematic model of the spine and lower limbs. Method. The spine was modelled according to easily identifiable anatomical landmarks, including upper thoracic (T1-T6), lower thoracic (T7-T12) and lumbar (L1-L5) segments. Pelvis, thigh, shank and foot segments were included. A 10-camera 3D motion capture system was used to track retro-reflective markers, which were used to define each segment of 10 healthy participants as they walked 3 times at a comfortable speed over a 6km walkway. The relative peak angles between each segment were calculated using the Joint Coordinate System convention and Intraclass Correlation Coefficients (ICCs) were used to determine intra-rater and inter-rater reliability (between an experienced clinician and biomechanical scientist). Results. Intra-rater and inter-rater ICCs were good to excellent (0.6–0.99). This implies that the system could be used reliably by one tester or by testers with limited anatomical expertise. Subjective participant reports implied that the system was acceptable and suitable for patient use (average application time of 10 minutes). Conclusion. The ‘Imperial Spinal Model’ is a holistic and reliable multi-segmental model. It is suitable for the kinematic assessment of the spine and could be used to enhance our understanding of a variety of spinal conditions. No conflicts of interest. Funding: Janet Deane is funded by an Allied Health Professional Doctoral Fellowship awarded by Arthritis Research U.K. (ARUK). Enrica Papi is funded by the National Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Health and Work funded by ARUK and the Medical Research Council

We have analysed a number of radiological measurements in an attempt to clarify the predisposing factors for degenerative spondylolisthesis of the lumbosacral junction. We identified 57 patients with a slip and a control group of 293 patients without any radiological abnormality apart from age-related changes. The relative thickness of the L5 transverse process, the sacral table angle and the height of the iliac crest were measured and evaluated. The difference in these measurements between men and women was analysed in the control group. We found that the transverse process of L5 was extremely slender, the sacral table more inclined, and the L5 vertebra was less deeply placed in the pelvis in patients with a slip compared with the control group. The differences in these three parameters were statistically significant. We believe that the L5 vertebra is predisposed to slip when these factors act together on a rigidly-stabilised sacrum. This occurs more commonly in women, probably as a result of constitutional differences in the development of the male and female spine

We classified fixed pelvic obliquity in patients after poliomyelitis into two major types according to the level of the pelvis relative to the short leg. Each type was then divided into four subtypes according to the direction and severity of the scoliosis. In 46 patients with type-I deformity the pelvis was lower and in nine with type II it was higher on the short-leg side. Subtype-A deformity was a straight spine with a compensatory angulation at the lower lumbar level, mainly at L4-L5, subtype B was a mild scoliosis with the convexity to the short-leg side, subtype C was a mild scoliosis with the convexity opposite the short-leg side, and subtype D was a moderate to severe paralytic scoliosis with the convexity to the short-leg side in type I and to the opposite side in type II. A combination of surgical procedures improved the obliquity in most patients. These included lumbodorsal fasciotomy, abductor fasciotomy and stabilisation of the hip by triple innominate osteotomy with or without transiliac lengthening. In patients with type ID or type IID appropriate spinal fusion was usually necessary

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Open discectomy (OD) is the standard operation for lumbar disc herniation (LDH). Percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy (PELD), however, has shown similar outcomes to OD and there is increasing interest in this procedure. However despite improved surgical techniques and instrumentation, reoperation and infection rates continue and are reported to be between 6% and 24% and 0.7% and 16%, respectively. The objective of this study was to compare the rate of reoperation and infection within six months of patients being treated for LDH either by OD or PELD.