This article presents an overview of mycetoma and offers guidelines for orthopaedic surgeons who may be involved in the care of patients with this condition.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2014;96-B:420–5.

Introduction: Evaluation of acute hip pain in children can be challenging, because there are several diagnoses to consider. Most patients have a transient synovitis of the hip, which is a benign and self-limited condition. However, its similarities with other more serious disease make the diagnosis one of exclusion. In the Children’s Hospital of Geneva, children presenting with an acute hip pain are treated according to a specific screening protocol including blood sample with rheumatoid panel, hip ultrasound, and conventional X-rays. The objective of our study were to assess the efficacy of the screening protocol on the final diagnosis. We also provided a better characterization of transient synovitis of the hip.

Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of children who had the investigation’s protocol between 1999 and 2003.

Results: 269 medical records were reviewed comprising 66.2% of boys and 33.8% of girls, with a mean age of 5.5 years. Prior to presentation, 68.4% of children reported pain of < 24 hours in duration. Limp or refusal to bear weight was observed in all cases. According to the Kocher’s predictors of septic arthritis of the hip (fever, non weight-bearing, ESR > 40 mm/h, serum WBC count of > 12000 cells/mm3), 62% had zero predictor, 22% had one, 15% two, 1% three, and none four. A positive rheumatoid factor test was found in 18% of children, whereas 16% of patients had a positive antinuclear antibody test. During hospitalisation one child was diagnosed as having septic arthritis. The remaining patients were diagnosed by exclusion as having a transient synovitis of the hip since clinical follow-up was normal at 6 weeks.

Conclusion: Transient synovitis of the hip is a diagnosis of exclusion, and septic arthritis is the main condition to rule out. Using Kocher’s predictors of septic arthritis is useful for distinction between both conditions early at presentation. In our collective, only 3 patients with transient synovitis had a three of four predictors. Our study also showed that screening for a rheumatologic disease should not be done routinely at the first episode of hip pain. Indeed, positive tests were never confirmed with a clinical situation evocative of rheumatologic disease. More selective criteria should be used before doing a rheumatologic panel. Furthermore our work emphasizes the economical impact of a management of this frequent condition with less blood investigations.

Purpose: Pigmented Villonodular Synovitis (PVNS) is an uncommon presentation characterised by hyperplastic synovium, bloody effusions and bone erosions. Incompletely resected localised and diffuse lesions have a high recurrence rate. The management of recurrent lesions depends on the expertise of the surgeon and severity of the lesion. The imaging characteristics of PVNS and experience of British knee surgeons in managing these lesions is presented in our study.

Methods: A postal questionnaire was sent to 100 knee surgeons of the British Association of Surgeons of the Knee (BASK) with questions relating to their experience in managing localised and recurrent PVNS. The options included either arthroscopic or open synovectomy with or without radiotherapy, radical excision or referral.

Results: 74 responses were included in the study. 73 out of the total cohort of 74 surgeons (98.7%) had seen less than 5 presentations in their career.

Localised lesions were treated primarily by arthroscopic synovectomy [N=58(78.4%)] or open synovectomy [N=12(16.2%)] with radiotherapy being utilised in 4 lesions (5.4%).

For local recurrence the management was arthroscopic [N=26(35.1%)] and open [N= 19(25.7%)] synovectomy. Radiotherapy was used in 18 (24.3%) of patients with localised recurrence and 8 (10.8%) of were referred to specialist units.

Infiltrating lesions were treated with open synovectomy and radiotherapy [N=22(29.7%)] and 20 cases [27.02%] were referred to specialist units.

Imaging of PVNS and Conclusions: The role of imaging is invaluable in early diagnosis and treatment due to limited experience in managing such presentations. Routine radiography and Computerised Axial Tomography (CT scan) often demonstrate non-marginal pressure erosions with sclerotic margins as well as nodular soft tissue masses. Sonography shows non-specific focal or nodular synovial thickening with increased flow on colour doppler. Magnetic Resonance imaging characteristics of PVNS are nodular, synovial masses which are low signal on T1-weighted and T2-weighted imaging.

Introduction. Ankle fractures represent approximately 10% of the fracture workload and are projected to increase due to ageing population. We present our 5 years outcome review post-surgical management of ankle fractures in a large UK Trauma unit. Methods. A total of 111 consecutive patients treated for an unstable ankle fracture were entered into a database and prospectively followed up. Baseline patient characteristics, complications, further intervention including additional surgery, functional status were recorded during five-year follow-up. Pre-injury and post-fixation functional outcome measures at 2-years were assessed using Olerud-Molander Ankle Scores (OMAS) and Lower Extremity Functional Scales (LEFS). A p value < 0.05 was considered significant. Results. The mean age was 46 with a male:female ratio of 1:1.1. The distribution of comorbidities was BMI >30 (25%), diabetes (5%), alcohol consumption >20U/week (15%) and smoking (26%). Higher BMI was predictive of worse post-op LEFS score (p = 0.02). Between pre-injury and post fixation functional scores at 2 years, there was a mean reduction of 26.8 (OMAS) and 20.5(LEFS). Using very strict radiological criteria, 31 (28%) had less than anatomical reduction of fracture fragments intra-operatively. This was, however, not predictive of patients' functional outcome in this cohort. Within 5-year period, 22 (20%) patients had removal of metalwork from their ankle, with majority 13 (59%) requiring syndesmotic screw removal. Further interventions included: joint injection (3), deltoid reconstruction (1), arthroscopic debridement (1), superficial sinus excision (2), and conversion to hindfoot nail due to failure of fixation (1). Reduction in OMAS was predictive of patients' ongoing symptoms (p=0.01). Conclusion. There is a significant reduction in functional outcome after ankle fracture fixation and patients should be counselled appropriately. Need for removal of metalwork is higher in patients who require syndesmosis stabilisation with screw(s)

Aims. Gram-negative infections are associated with comorbid patients, but outcomes are less well understood. This study reviewed diagnosis, management, and treatment for a cohort treated in a tertiary spinal centre. Methods. A retrospective review was performed of all gram-negative spinal infections (n = 32; median age 71 years; interquartile range 60 to 78), excluding surgical site infections, at a single centre between 2015 to 2020 with two- to six-year follow-up. Information regarding organism identification, antibiotic regime, and treatment outcomes (including clinical, radiological, and biochemical) were collected from clinical notes. Results. All patients had comorbidities and/or non-spinal procedures within the previous year. Most infections affected lumbar segments (20/32), with Escherichia coli the commonest organism (17/32). Causative organisms were identified by blood culture (23/32), biopsy/aspiration (7/32), or intraoperative samples (2/32). There were 56 different antibiotic regimes, with oral (PO) ciprofloxacin being the most prevalent (13/56; 17.6%). Multilevel, contiguous infections were common (8/32; 25%), usually resulting in bone destruction and collapse. Epidural collections were seen in 13/32 (40.6%). In total, five patients required surgery, three for neurological deterioration. Overall, 24 patients improved or recovered with a mean halving of CRP at 8.5 days (SD 6). At the time of review (two to six years post-diagnosis), 16 patients (50%) were deceased. Conclusion. This is the largest published cohort of gram-negative spinal infections. In older patients with comorbidities and/or previous interventions in the last year, a high level of suspicion must be given to gram-negative infection with blood cultures and biopsy essential. Early organism identification permits targeted treatment and good initial clinical outcomes; however, mortality is 50% in this cohort at a mean of 4.2 years (2 to 6) after diagnosis. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2024;5(5):435–443

Despite being one of the most common injuries around the elbow, the optimal treatment of olecranon fractures is far from established and stimulates debate among both general orthopaedic trauma surgeons and upper limb specialists. It is almost universally accepted that stable non-displaced fractures can be safely treated nonoperatively with minimal specialist input. Internal fixation is recommended for the vast majority of displaced fractures, with a range of techniques and implants to choose from. However, there is concern regarding the complication rates, largely related to symptomatic metalwork resulting in high rates of implant removal. As the number of elderly patients sustaining these injuries increases, we are becoming more aware of the issues associated with fixation in osteoporotic bone and the often fragile soft-tissue envelope in this group. Given this, there is evidence to support an increasing role for nonoperative management in this high-risk demographic group, even in those presenting with displaced and/or multifragmentary fracture patterns. This review summarizes the available literature to date, focusing predominantly on the management techniques and available implants for stable fractures of the olecranon. It also offers some insights into the potential avenues for future research, in the hope of addressing some of the pertinent questions that remain unanswered.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2023;105-B(2):112–123.

This edition of Cochrane Corner looks at some of the work published by the Cochrane Collaboration, covering pharmacological interventions for the prevention of bleeding in people undergoing definitive fixation or joint replacement for hip, pelvic, and long bone fractures; interventions for reducing red blood cell transfusion in adults undergoing hip fracture surgery: an overview of systematic reviews; and pharmacological treatments for low back pain in adults: an overview of Cochrane Reviews

Aims

The aim of this study was to explore current use of the Global Fragility Fracture Network (FFN) Minimum Common Dataset (MCD) within established national hip fracture registries, and to propose a revised MCD to enable international benchmarking for hip fracture care.

Chondroblastomas arise in the epiphyseal area of bones. In the femoral head this can cause considerable difficulty in obtaining access as the epiphysis is entirely intra-articular. We have reviewed management and outcome of 10 patients with chondroblastoma of the femoral head to identify outcome and complications. The mean age was 14 years and all presented with pain (frequently in the knee) and a limp. All were diagnosed on plain Xray and MRI. Five younger children were treated by curettage by a lateral approach up the femoral neck (to try and minimise damage to the epiphysis) and five by a direct approach through the joint. Two of the five patients with a lateral approach developed local recurrence whilst none of the direct approaches did. Both local recurrences were cured with a direct curettage. One patient developed overlengthening of the leg by 1cm but there was no case of growth arrest or osteoarthritis. We recommend a direct approach to the lesion whenever possible to give the best chance of cure with a low risk of complications

Aims

We present the development of a day-case total hip arthroplasty (THA) pathway in a UK National Health Service institution in conjunction with an extensive evidence-based summary of the interventions used to achieve successful day-case THA to which the protocol is founded upon.

The management of nonunion following high tibial osteotomy by total knee replacement (TKR) has been reported previously. We have extended the treatment to embrace cases with an infected high tibial osteotomy by performing an initial debridement with a period of antibiotic treatment followed by TKR. We have reviewed the results of seven knees in six patients with a mean follow-up of 40.5 months (20 to 57) after the staged TKR. At the latest follow-up, all the pseudarthroses had healed and there had been no recurrence of infection. The mean Hospital for Special Surgery knee score improved from 51.2 (35 to 73) to a mean of 91.7 (84 to 98) at final review. Management of nonunion following high tibial osteotomy with a TKR can be extended to infected cases when treated in two stages with a debridement and antibiotic therapy prior to TKR

There is much debate regarding the use of continuous-compartment-pressure-monitoring (CCM) in the diagnosis of acute compartment syndrome (ACS). We retrospectively reviewed the management of all patients (aged 15 and over) who were admitted with a fracture of the tibial diaphysis, across 3 centres, during 2013–2015. Patient demographics, pre-existing medical problems, initial treatment, subsequent complications, methods of compartment monitoring, and follow-up were all included in the data collection. We separated patients into monitored (MG) and non-monitored groups (NMG), and compared the outcomes of their treatment. Data analysis was performed using SPSS and statistical significance was set as p < 0.05. 287 patients were included in this study (116 NMG vs. 171 MG). There were no significant differences observed in age, sex, previous medical problems, length of stay, AO classification of fracture and post-operative complications between the groups. 21 patients were suspected to have developed ACS (n=8 NMG 6.9percnt;, n=13 MG 7.6percnt;) and were treated with acute decompression fasciotomies. The average time from admission to fasciotomy was 20.3 hours (21.25hrs NMG, 19.5hrs MG p=0.448). There was no significant difference in the average length of hospital stay and documentation of complications at follow up between the 2 groups. There were no reported cases of soft tissue infections associated with the use of CCM. This study illustrates that CCM does not increase the rate of fasciotomies in this patient group, or reduce the time to fasciotomy significantly. There was no evidence to suggest that use of CCM is associated with superficial or deep infection

Aim. This study aimed to evaluate the impact on length of hospital stay from dedicated infectious diseases input for orthopaedic infection patients compared to sporadic infection specialist input. Method. We conducted an observational cohort study of 157 adults with orthopaedic infections at a teaching hospital in the UK. The orthopaedic infections included were: osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, infected metalwork and prosthetic joint infections, and adults were aged 18 years or more. Prior to August 2016, advice on orthopaedic infection patients was adhoc with input principally from the on-call infectious diseases registrar and phone calls to microbiology whereas after August 2016 these patients received regular input from dedicated infectious diseases doctor(s). The dedicated input involved bedside reviews, medical management, correct antimicrobial prescribing, managing adverse drug reactions, increased use of outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy (OPAT) services especially self-administration of intravenous antibiotics and shared decision-making for treatment failure, whilst remaining under orthopaedic team care. Orthopaedic patients operated on for management of their infection between 29/8/16 and 15/3/17 were prospectively identified and orthopaedic operation records were used to retrospectively identified patients between 29/8/15 and 15/3/16. The length of stay was compared between the 2 groups. Results. There were 83 patients in the dedicated infectious diseases input group (dedicated group) and 74 patients in the sporadic infection specialist input group (sporadic group). The dedicated group were significantly younger: median 58 years versus 69years (p<0.001), and there was a trend to significant differences in the breakdown of diagnosis (p=0.06), but no significant sex difference. The median length of stay for the sporadic group was 20 days (interquartile range (IQR) 13–29 days) compared to 14 days (IQR 9–27 days) for the dedicated group, with a trend to significance (p=0.06) but no effect from age or diagnosis. Our hospital values one day in hospital at £864, therefore over the 6.5 months trial period of the dedicated infectious diseases input there was a cost saving of £430,272 (£864 × 6 days × 83 patients). Conclusions. Dedicated infectious diseases input would be expected to improve patient care but by additionally reducing median length of stay for orthopaedic infection patients, this encourages investment to achieve both. In this era of increased scrutiny of health budgets demonstrating value for money, not just improved quality of patient care, is essential

Aims. Fracture clinics are often characterised by the referral of large numbers of unselected patients with minor injuries not requiring investigation or intervention, long waiting times and recurrent unnecessary reviews. Our experience had been of an unsustainable system and we implemented a ‘Trauma Triage Clinic’ (TTC) in order to rationalise and regulate access to our fracture service. The British Orthopaedic Association’s guidelines have required a prospective evaluation of this change of practice, and we report our experience and results. Patients and Methods. We review the management of all 12 069 patients referred to our service in the calendar year 2014, with a minimum of one year follow-up during the calendar year 2015. . Results. Following the successful introduction of the TTC, only 2836 patients (23.5%) who would previously have been reviewed in the general fracture clinic were brought back to such a clinic to be seen by a surgeon. An additional 2366 patients (19.6%) were brought back to a sub-specialist injury-specific clinic. Another 2776 patients (23%) with relatively predictable injuries were reviewed by a nurse practitioner according to an established protocol or specific consultant instructions. A further 3222 patients (26.7%) were discharged from the service without attending the clinic. No significant errors or omissions occurred with the introduction of the TTC. Conclusion. We have found that our TTC allows large numbers of referrals to be reviewed and triaged safely and effectively, to the benefit and satisfaction of patients, consultants, trainees, staff and the organisation. This paper provides the first large-scale review of the instigation of a TTC, and its effect, acceptability and safety. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2017;99-B:503–7

Background. Clavicle development occurs before the age of 9 in females and 12 in males. Children below the age of 10 with displaced midshaft clavicle fractures recover well with conservative management. However adolescents are more demanding of function and satisfaction following clavicle fractures and may benefit from operative management. Study aims: 1) Perform a systematic review of the current evidence supporting intramedullary fixation of adolescent clavicle fractures. 2) Review current management in a major trauma center (MTC) with a view to assess feasibility for a randomised controlled trial (RCT). Methods. The MEDLINE, EMBASE and AMED databases were searched in October 2014 to identify all English language studies evaluating intramedullary fixation in children aged 10–18 years using MeSH terms. Data was extracted using a standardised data collection sheet and studies were critically appraised by aid of the PRISMA checklist. All patients aged 9–15 attending an MTC receiving clavicle radiographs in 2014 were retrospectively reviewed for type of fracture, management and outcome. Results. Literature search identified 54 articles. After application of exclusion criteria 3 studies were selected for final review. 47 adolescent patients received intramedullary clavicle fixation from a prospective and two retrospective case series. 61 adolescents presented to our unit with a clavicle fracture in 2014, 2 were lost to follow-up, 54 were managed non-operatively, 3 received titanium-elastic nailing, 1 plate osteosynthesis and 1 bone suture. 0 and 19 patients reported a palpable lump, mean time to pain resolution was 4 and 6 weeks and time to full range of motion was 4 and 5 weeks following operative and conservative management respectively. All patients reached radiographic union. Conclusion. Current evidence supporting intramedullary fixation of clavicle fractures in adolescents is poor. There remains clinical equipoise on the best management of these patients, however they are predominantly treated conservatively. A future multi-center RCT may be feasible. Level of Evidence. 1

Recent reports have suggested an increase in the number of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries in children, although their true incidence is unknown. The prognosis of the ACL-deficient knee in young active individuals is poor because of secondary meniscal tears, persistent instability and early-onset osteoarthritis. The aim of surgical reconstruction is to provide stability while avoiding physeal injury. Techniques of reconstruction include transphyseal, extraphyseal or partial physeal sparing procedures. In this paper we review the management of ACL tears in skeletally immature patients. . Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2013;95-B:1562–9

Introduction. The Center for Medicare Services (CMS) recently proposed its phase 3 “Quality metrics” which include a section on patient engagement. CMS uses a fitness monitor as an example of an acceptable way for patients to contribute to the health record. Wearable technology allows measurement of activity, blood glucose, heart rate, sleep, and other health metrics, all of which can be useful in the management of patients in the orthopaedic practice. The purpose of this study is to thoroughly review existing fitness devices; and evaluate their potential uses in orthopaedic practice. Methods. Several fitness devices exist; we focused on the top 27 based on popularity mentioned in reputable tech review articles. Features of each device were reviewed including type, specifications, interfaces, measurable outcomes (HR, steps, distance, sleep, weight, calorie intake), cost to the patient, barriers to compliance and strengths. Ultimately all these factors were taken into consideration to look into potential uses for orthopaedic surgery. The orthopedic applications of these devices were reviewed. Nonsurgical management applications were: compliance with physiotherapy, distance walked and stairs completed, and compliance with activity restrictions. Preoperative optimization included detection of sleep apnea, blood glucose monitoring, preoperative weight, and preoperative activity level. Postoperative outcomes included postoperative activity level, stairs, and distance walked. Results. Twenty-seven devices were reviewed of which 26% were targeted for the beginner, 33% for runners and 41% were multipurpose fitness trackers. Most were designed as either a wrist band (26%) or watch (30%). Several used a smartphone as an interface (33%) while the majority (52%) synced automatically via Bluetooth to either the online, mobile device, smartphone or pc application. The majority (37%) had excellent battery life, over 7 days; all were either waterproof (26%) or water resistant (74%), and some (41%) had GPS tracking. A pedometer was included in 85% of devices, 63% monitored HR of which 26% required a separate chest strap or forearm strap, 7% measured respiratory rate and 7% devices measured temperature. Sleep was recorded in 63% of devices, mostly as length of sleep and quality of sleep based on wrist movement. One device was able to differentiate between sleep phases allowing the application of sleep apnea assessment for preoperative testing. Twenty devices monitored weight, twenty two monitored calorie intake, three could monitor glucose readings, seventeen measured distance walked, whereas five measured both stairs and distance walked. A few devices (15%) are already linked to electronic medical records (EMR), the majority allowed for sharing (67%) and 19% are linked to insurance companies which provide incentivized reimbursement rates. Conclusion. The fitness device technology has yet to be explored or implemented widely in orthopaedic surgery. We demonstrated how fitness devices can assist the orthopaedic surgeon in measurement of basic outcomes and can also assist with preoperative, perioperative and postoperative care. Further research is warranted as the use of these devices increases. Patient privacy issues may come into play as more practices employ these devices for their patients

Injuries to the tarsometatarsal joint complex are uncommonly recognised. Many treatment modalities have been advocated. In recent years anatomic reduction and temporary rigid fixation with trans -articular screws has become popular. This is a study conducted over a period of at least two years. It reviews the management and subsequent outcome of a series of consecutive patients with an average age of 40.1 who suffered tarsometatarsal injury, or Lisfranc fracture. Anatomic or near anatomic reduction was achieved using temporary bridging plate fixation of the TMT joints and occasionally also with second metatarsal base medial cuneiform screw fixation. Two years post surgery a good or excellent functional result was generally achieved; however midfoot stiffness was a common problem

Frequently, radiological data is transferred verbally between ED/GP/LMO to the Orthopaedic registrar. Given the different medical backgrounds and presentation skills there is often a limit to the verbal description of the radiographs. The aim of this study is to determine the feasibility and benefits of concurrently using picture messaging of X-rays to enhance communication between ED and Orthopaedic Registrars to optimise patient care. The X-rays of 40 patients referred to orthopaedics OPD or admitted from the ED were photographed and retrospectively reviewed on a mobile phone screen (240 × 320) by an orthopaedic registrar along with a printout of the patient history and verbal description of the x-ray as interpreted by the ED staff. No further information was provided to the registrar. A questionnaire was completed to subjectively and objectively evaluate the therapeutic benefit of the image review. Patient(tm)s management was compared to management plans after image review and differences were attributed to the visual inspection of the x-rays on the mobile phone. Concurrent to the retrospective review, the ED is currently trialling this with a Sony-Erickson K750i. After hours orthopaedic cases are sent via MMS to the registrar prior to consultation. In the emergency department, 10% of patients who presented with a fracture were reviewed in person by an orthopaedics registrar and none were admitted straight from ED whilst two were admitted following review at the OPD. X-rays of 40 patients were reviewed in this study. Twenty-seven patients presented with a fracture and four with islocations. When the clinical data was reviewed alongside images of x-rays by an orthopaedic registrar, a difference in management plans were observed in 25% of cases and 7.5% where surgical intervention would yield a better result. Twenty-six of the twenty-seven fractures and four dislocations were successfully visualised on the MMS. In 18 cases, picture messaging provided additional information compared to verbal report alone. The limiting factor in picture messaging was the resolution and size of the radiograph. Ease of operation and portability was found to be satisfactory by both ED and Orthopaedic staff. Equipping the ED with the phone has enhanced communication with the orthopaedics department and increased the potential for optimising patient care. This will be formally assessed through questionnaires after 12 months trial of the phone. Picture messaging is an inexpensive way of utilising technical advancements to improve patient care. Consistent with current literature, the quality of images was not sufficient as a diagnostic tool but rather a screening tool. Picture messaging is valuable practically and educationally and enhances the consultation and teaching process whilst encompassing medical staff who have limited skills in radiological description