Aims. Deep surgical site infection (SSI) is common after lower limb fracture. We compared the diagnosis of deep SSI using alternative methods of data collection and examined the agreement of clinical photography and in-person clinical assessment by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) criteria after lower limb fracture surgery. Methods. Data from two large, UK-based multicentre randomized controlled major trauma trials investigating SSI and wound healing after surgical repair of open lower limb fractures that could not be primarily closed (UK WOLLF), and surgical incisions for fractures that were primarily closed (UK WHiST), were examined. Trial interventions were standard wound care management and negative pressure wound therapy after initial surgical debridement. Wound outcomes were collected from 30 days to six weeks. We compared the level of agreement between wound photography and clinical assessment of CDC-defined SSI. We are also assessed the level of agreement between blinded independent assessors of the photographs. Results. Rates of CDC-defined deep SSI were 7.6% (35/460) after open fracture and 6.3% (95/1519) after closed incisional repair. Photographs were obtained for 77% and 73% of WOLLF and WHiST cohorts respectively (all participants n = 1,478). Agreement between photographic-SSI and CDC-SSI was fair for open fracture wounds (83%; k = 0.27 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.14 to 0.42)) and for closed incisional wounds (88%; k = 0.29 (95% CI 0.20 to 0.37)) although the rate of photographically detected deep SSIs was twice as high as CDC-SSI (12% vs 6%). Agreement between different assessors for photographic-SSI (WOLLF 88%, k = 0.63 (95% CI 0.52 to 0.72); WHiST 89%; k = 0.61 (95% CI 0.54 to 0.69)); and wound healing was good (WOLLF 90%; k = 0.80 (95% CI 0.73 to 0.86); WHiST 87%; k = 0.57 (95% CI 0.50 to 0.64)). Conclusion. Although wound photography was feasible within the research context and inter-rater assessor agreement substantial, digital photographs used in isolation overestimated deep SSI rates, when compared to CDC criteria. Wound photography should not replace clinical assessment in pragmatic trials but may be useful for screening purposes where surgical infection outcomes are paramount. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2021;103-B(12):1802–1808

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Occult (clinical) injuries represent 15% of all scaphoid fractures, posing significant challenges to the clinician. MRI has been suggested as the gold standard for diagnosis, but remains expensive, time-consuming, and is in high demand. Conventional management with immobilization and serial radiography typically results in multiple follow-up attendances to clinic, radiation exposure, and delays return to work. Suboptimal management can result in significant disability and, frequently, litigation.

Gram staining is used as an initial indicator of synovial joint infection but has widely varied false negative rates in the literature. Clinical decisions are often made on the basis of gram stain results, such as whether a patient requires urgent surgery, and therefore it is important to understand the tests efficacy. A retrospective review of synovial fluid aspirates in NHS Tayside for the years 2017 and 2018 was performed from the departmental microbiology database. Aspirates of large joints were included (hip, knee, shoulder, wrist, elbow, ankle). Any joints with prosthesis were excluded, including fixation metalwork. Any abscess overlying a joint that was not proven to penetrate the joint was also excluded. Initial gram stain results and formal culture results were reviewed. Final culture results were considered to be the gold standard to compare gram stain results to. 2167 samples were reviewed. Of these 1552 were excluded base on inclusion criteria. Of the remaining 615, 120 (19.5%) were culture positive. There were 33 positive gram stain results, 1 false positive and 32 true positive results. The sensitivity was 26.67% with a specificity of 99.80% (p=0.0001). The negative predictive value is 84.88% (CI 83.44% – 86.21%). These results show that gram stain tests of native joints have a low sensitivity and poor negative predictive value. This is reflected in the current literature with prosthetic joints. Based on this study caution should be used when interpreting a negative gram stain result with appropriate safety netting and follow up required alongside clinical assessment

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National hip fracture registries audit similar aspects of care but there is variation in the actual data collected; these differences restrict international comparison, benchmarking, and research. The Fragility Fracture Network (FFN) published a revised minimum common dataset (MCD) in 2022 to improve consistency and interoperability. Our aim was to assess compatibility of existing registries with the MCD.

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This is a multicentre, prospective assessment of a proportion of the overall orthopaedic trauma caseload of the UK. It investigates theatre capacity, cancellations, and time to surgery in a group of hospitals that is representative of the wider population. It identifies barriers to effective practice and will inform system improvements.

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To investigate health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of older adults (aged ≥ 60 years) after tibial plateau fracture (TPF) compared to preinjury and population matched values, and what aspects of treatment were most important to patients.

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Distal third clavicle (DTC) fractures are increasing in incidence. Due to their instability and nonunion risk, they prove difficult to treat. Several different operative options for DTC fixation are reported but current evidence suggests variability in operative fixation. Given the lack of consensus, our objective was to determine the current epidemiological trends in DTC as well as their management within the UK.

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Acetabular fractures are associated with long-term morbidity. Our prospective cohort study sought to understand the recovery trajectory of this injury over five years.

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The primary aim was to estimate the cost-effectiveness of routine operative fixation for all patients with humeral shaft fractures. The secondary aim was to estimate the health economic implications of using a Radiographic Union Score for HUmeral fractures (RUSHU) of < 8 to facilitate selective fixation for patients at risk of nonunion.

Deficiency in the gluteus medius and minimus abductor muscles is a well-recognised cause of hip pain and considerable disability. These patients present a management challenge, with no established consensus for surgical intervention. Whiteside in 2012 described a surgical technique for gluteus maximus tendon transfer, with successful outcomes reported. This study is the largest known case series to date of patients undergoing gluteus maximus tendon transfer with clinical and patient reported outcomes measured. 13 consecutive patients were included in the study. All patients had clinical evidence of abductor dysfunction together with MRI evidence of gluteal atrophy and fat infiltration. All patients underwent gluteus maximus transfer with surgery performed according to the procedure described by Whiteside. Patients were followed up with both clinical assessment and patient questionnaires conducted. Mean age was 69 (range 54–82) with 9 patients (69%) having previous Hardinge approach to the affected hip. 6 patients (46%) reported they were satisfied overall with the procedure and 5 patients (38%) were unsatisfied. 7 patients (54%) had improvements in visual analogue scale of pain and 5 patients (54%) reported overall improvements in function. Mean Oxford Hip Score on follow up was 20/48 (range 5–48) and trendelenberg test was positive in 11 patients (85%). No differentiating variable could be identified between patients with positive and negative outcomes (Assessed Variables: Age, sex, BMI, aetiology and gluteus maximus muscle thickness). Clinical outcomes were varied following gluteus maximus tendon transfer for chronic hip abductor dysfunction. Results are considerably less promising than pre-existing studies would suggest

The aim of our study was to compare the clinical versus radiological diagnosis of patients suffering from a Morton's neuroma. Clinical assessments and pre operative radiological imaging of patients who underwent operative procedures for an excision of a Morton's neuroma were retrospectively compared. This review included 43 excised Morton's neuromas from 36 different patients over a period of 68 months, performed by one surgical team. The commonest clinical symptoms were those of pain or tingling on the plantar aspect of the affected webspace on direct palpation (100%), pain of weight bearing (91%) which was relieved by rest (81%) and pain on stretching the toes (79%). The most sensitive clinical sign was a Mulder's click. Our results showed that clinical assessment was the most sensitive method of diagnosing these neuromas (98%). All of our patients had at least one mode of radiological investigation. Ultrasonography was the commonest requested single imaging modality in our series. It was found to have a sensitivity of 90% (28/31). This imaging technique has the disadvantage of being operator dependant, as highlighted by the fact that one of our patients had a correct radiological diagnosis after a repeat ultrasound to the affected area was requested. Magnetic Resonance Image scan is a more expensive technique as it has the advantage of producing static reproducible images. As a single imaging modality, it was found to have a sensitivity of 92% (12/13) in our series. 3 patients had both imaging modalities; initial ultrasound failed to convincingly diagnose a neuroma in 2 cases and in the other case, the initial MRI did not show any pathology. In all these cases, the repeat imaging techniques confirmed the clinical diagnosis. We conclude that there is no absolute requirement for ultrasonography or magnetic resonance imaging in patients who clinically are suspected to have a Morton's neuroma, as the clinical examination was found to be the most sensitive method of diagnosis. We suggest that the two main indications for performing some form of imaging is (a) an unclear clinical assessment and (b) cases when more than one webspace appears to be affected. An ultrasound of the webspaces should be the radiological investigation of choice, followed by a magnetic resonance scanning if any uncertainty still remains

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The study objective was to prospectively assess clinical outcomes for a pilot cohort of tibial shaft fractures treated with a new tibial nailing system that produces controlled axial interfragmentary micromotion. The hypothesis was that axial micromotion enhances fracture healing compared to static interlocking.

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The modified Radiological Union Scale for Tibia (mRUST) fractures score was developed in order to assess progress to union and define a numerical assessment of fracture healing of metadiaphyseal fractures. This score has been shown to be valuable in predicting radiological union; however, there is no information on the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of this index for various cut-off scores. The aim of this study is to evaluate sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and cut-off points of the mRUST score for the diagnosis of metadiaphyseal fractures healing.

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To identify the prevalence of neuropathic pain after lower limb fracture surgery, assess associations with pain severity, quality of life and disability, and determine baseline predictors of chronic neuropathic pain at three and at six months post-injury.

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We report the long-term outcomes of the UK Heel Fracture Trial (HeFT), a pragmatic, multicentre, two-arm, assessor-blinded, randomized controlled trial.

The use of pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMF) to stimulate bone growth has been recommended as an alternative to the surgical treatment of ununited scaphoid fractures, but has never been examined in acute fractures. We hypothesised that the use of PEMF in acute scaphoid fractures would accelerate the time to union by 30% in a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial. A total of 53 patients in three different medical centres with a unilateral undisplaced acute scaphoid fracture were randomly assigned to receive either treatment with PEMF (n = 24) or a placebo (n = 29). The clinical and radiological outcomes were assessed at four, six, nine, 12, 24 and 52 weeks. A log-rank analysis showed that neither time to clinical and radiological union nor the functional outcome differed significantly between the groups. The clinical assessment of union indicated that at six weeks tenderness in the anatomic snuffbox (p = 0.03) as well as tenderness on longitudinal compression of the scaphoid (p = 0.008) differed significantly in favour of the placebo group. We conclude that stimulation of bone growth by PEMF has no additional value in the conservative treatment of acute scaphoid fractures

A prospective study was performed to develop a clinical prediction rule that incorporated demographic and clinical factors predictive of a fracture of the scaphoid. Of 260 consecutive patients with a clinically suspected or radiologically confirmed scaphoid fracture, 223 returned for evaluation two weeks after injury and formed the basis of our analysis. Patients were evaluated within 72 hours of injury and at approximately two and six weeks after injury using clinical assessment and standard radiographs. Demographic data and the results of seven specific tests in the clinical examination were recorded. There were 116 (52%) men and their mean age was 33 years (13 to 95; . sd. 17.9). In 62 patients (28%) a scaphoid fracture was confirmed. A logistic regression model identified male gender (p = 0.002), sports injury (p = 0.004), anatomical snuff box pain on ulnar deviation of the wrist within 72 hours of injury (p < 0.001), and scaphoid tubercle tenderness at two weeks (p < 0.001) as independent predictors of fracture. All patients with no pain at the anatomical snuff box on ulnar deviation of the wrist within 72 hours of injury did not have a fracture (n = 72, 32%). With four independently significant factors positive, the risk of fracture was 91%. Our study has demonstrated that clinical prediction rules have a considerable influence on the probability of a suspected scaphoid fracture. This will help improve the use of supplementary investigations where the diagnosis remains in doubt

Failure to treat acute compartment syndrome (ACS) early leads to significant morbidity. Current practice depends on using clinical signs and intracompartmental pressure (ICP) monitoring to diagnose the syndrome but there is still debate regarding their accuracy and interpretation. Patients admitted with injuries at risk of ACS underwent intramuscular (IM) pH and ICP monitoring combined with regular clinical assessment. Fasciotomies were performed on those with clinical and/or pressure based evidence of ACS. All patients were subsequently assessed for evidence of a missed ACS at at 6 & 12 months. Of the 62 patients, 51 completed the protocol and were included in the analysis. They were divided into 2 groups: those who had ACS, either initially (fasciotomies; 13), or diagnosed at follow up (no fasciotomies; 7), and those with no evidence of ACS (31). The sensitivity and specificity for the worst values for each variable were calculated and receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves generated. The area under the curve for pH was 0.92, 0.73 for absolute pressure and 0.59 for delta pressure. To achieve a sensitivity of 95%, an absolute pressure of >30mmHg was 30% specific, a delta pressure of <33mmHg was 27%, while IM pH of 6.38 was 80% specific. This study highlights the issues concerning current diagnostic methods for ACS. By comparison, IM pH radically out performed both the highest ICP and the lowest delta pressure, identifying patients early and accurately

We carried out a retrospective review of 47 intra-articular fractures of the calcaneum treated by open reduction and internal fixation in 45 patients by a single surgeon between 1993 and 2001. The fractures were evaluated before operation by plain radiographs and a CT scan using Sanders’ classification. Osteosynthesis involved a lateral approach and the use of the AO calcaneal plate. The mean follow-up was for ten years (7 to 15). Clinical assessment included the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society Score (AOFAS), the Creighton-Nebraska Score, the Kerr, Prothero, Atkins Score and the SF-36 Health Questionnaire. The radiological evaluation consisted of lateral and axial views of the os calcis. Arthritic changes in the subtalar joint were assessed with an internal oblique view and were graded using the Morrey and Wiedeman scale. There were 18 excellent (38.3%), 17 good (36.2%), three fair (6.3%) and nine poor (19.2%) results. Five patients had a superficial wound infection and five others eventually had a subtalar arthrodesis because of continuing pain. Restoration of Böhler’s angle was associated with a better outcome. The degree of arthritic change in the subtalar joint did not correlate with the outcome scores or Sanders’ classification. Prompt osteosynthesis should be considered for intra-articular fractures of the calcaneum in order to restore the shape of the hindfoot and Böhler’s angle

INTRODUCTION. Percutaneous surgery is an increasingly accepted technic for the treatment of Hallux valgus but it has some limitations when the intermetatarsal angle ismoderate to severe, having high risk of recurrence. The mini tight-rope used as a complement for precutaneous surgery avoids complications of open surgery osteotomies (delays consolidation, pain, screws protusion, infection) and it allows us continue with the recurrent trend towards minimal invasive surgery. MATERIAL AND METHOD. Between 2007 and 2009, 60 patients with severe Hallux valgus were treated in our Hospital using the percutaneous mini tight-rope. The mean age of patients was 62, 5 patients were man and 55 were woman. The mean follow-up was 18 months. RESULTS. Patients had clinical assessment using AOFAS score, radiological assessment and a subjective satisfaction degree assessment at 2,6 weeks and 4-6-12 months postoperative. As complications we found four technical failures due to learning curve, one infection and one second metatarsal fracture. CONCLUSION. mini tight-rope is a good option as a supplement in the treatment of severe hallux valgus by percutaneous technique because it avoids complications of open surgery, obtaining satisfactory results in 76% of cases according to the AOFAS scale