Introduction. Despite the increasing numbers of ankle replacements that are being performed there are still limited studies on the survival of ankle replacements and comparisons between different implants. The primary aim of this study is to link NJR data with NHS digital data to determine the true failure rates of ankle replacements. Secondary outcomes include analysis risk factors for failure, patient demographics and outcomes of individual prosthesis. Methods. A data linkage study combined National Joint Registry Data and NHS Digital data. The primary outcome of failure is defined as the removal or exchange of any components of the implanted device inserted during ankle replacement surgery. Life tables and Kaplan Meier survival charts demonstrated survivorship. Cox proportional hazards regression models with the Breslow method used for ties were fitted to compare failure rates. Results. 5,562 primary ankle replacement were recorded on the NJR. The 1-year survivorship was 98.8% (95% CI 98.4%–99.0%), 5-year survival in 2725 patients was 90.2% (95% CI 89.2%–91.1%), and 10-year survival in 199 patients was 86.2% (95% CI 84.6%–87.6%). When using a Cox regression model for all implants with over 100 implantations using the Infinity as the reference, only the Star (Hazard ratio 1.60 95% CI 0.87–2.96) and Inbone (HR 0.38 95% CI 0.05–2.84) did not produce significantly worse survivorship. Conclusion. Ankle replacements have increased in numbers over the past decade, and the currently used implants have lower failure rates than older prosthesis. It is expected that in the future the outcomes of ankle replacements will continue to improve

The patient-reported Manchester-Oxford Foot Questionnaire (MOXFQ), with 3 dimensions (Walking/standing(W/S), Pain, Social interaction(SI)) has previously been validated in patients undergoing hallux valgus surgery. A preliminary cross-sectional evaluation of its measurement properties relating to surgery on different regions of the foot and ankle is presented here.

Within 4 weeks prior to foot or ankle surgery, 671of 764 consecutive eligible patients (87.8% response rate) were assessed with the: (i) MOXFQ questionnaire, (ii) SF-36 general health survey (iii) American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society (AOFAS) scales. Sample characteristics: mean age 53 years 427 (63.6%) female. Patients were booked for (main) surgery on Hallux (210, 31.3%), Lesser Toes (119, 17.7%), Mid foot (22, 3.3%), Ankle/Hind foot (311, 46.3%) and whole foot/multiple regions (9, 1.3%)

MOXFQ item response rates were high (<2% missing on any one item) with responses generally well distributed across response categories. Item-total correlations within each dimension were generally above recommended levels. Internal consistency, as assessed by Cronbach's alpha, were 0.93, 0.84 and 0.71 for the W/S, Pain and SI dimensions, respectively. Within Hallux, Lesser toes and Ankle/hind foot surgical subgroups (low numbers precluded mid foot and whole/multiple region analyses), alphas for these subscales were similar. Convergent validity of MOXFQ was demonstrated by correlations between the 3 dimensions (W/S, Pain, SI) with similar dimensions of the SF-36 and relevant AOFAS scales. A priori hypotheses were generally supported.

The MOXFQ demonstrates good baseline measurement properties in patients undergoing a range of foot and ankle surgery, suggesting its suitability as an outcome measure for clinical trials of foot and ankle surgery in general. The SI dimension, concerned with cosmesis and social participation has somewhat weaker properties but remains useful. Evidence for the MOXFQ's responsiveness across the range of foot and ankle surgery is yet to be assessed.

Aims. The aim of this study was to capture 12-month outcomes from a representative multicentre cohort of patients undergoing total ankle arthroplasty (TAA), describe the pattern of patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) at 12 months, and identify predictors of these outcome measures. Methods. Patients listed for a primary TAA at 19 NHS hospitals between February 2016 and October 2017 were eligible. PROMs data were collected preoperatively and at six and 12 months including: Manchester-Oxford Foot and Ankle Questionnaire (MOXFQ (foot and ankle)) and the EuroQol five-dimension five-level questionnaire (EQ-5D-5L). Radiological pre- and postoperative data included Kellgren-Lawrence score and implant position measurement. This was supplemented by data from the National Joint Registry through record linkage to determine: American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) grade at index procedure; indication for surgery, index ankle previous fracture; tibial hind foot alignment; additional surgery at the time of TAA; and implant type. Multivariate regression models assessed outcomes, and the relationship between MOXFQ and EQ-5D-5L outcomes, with patient characteristics. Results. Data from 238 patients were analyzed. There were significant improvements in MOXFQ and EQ-5D-5L among people who underwent TAA at six- and 12-month assessments compared with preoperative scores (p < 0.001). Most improvement occurred between preoperative and six months, with little further improvement at 12 months. A greater improvement in MOXFQ outcome postoperatively was associated with older age and more advanced radiological signs of ankle osteoarthritis at baseline. Conclusion. TAA significantly benefits patients with end-stage ankle disease. The lack of substantial further overall change between six and 12 months suggests that capturing PROMs at six months is sufficient to assess the success of the procedure. Older patients and those with advanced radiological disease had the greater gains. These outcome predictors can be used to counsel younger patients and those with earlier ankle disease on the expectations of TAA. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2023;105-B(8):895–904

Aims. Despite the increasing numbers of ankle arthroplasties, there are limited studies on their survival and comparisons between different implants. The primary aim of this study was to determine the failure rates of primary ankle arthroplasties commonly used in the UK. Methods. A data linkage study combined National Joint Registry (NJR) data and NHS Digital data. The primary outcome of failure was defined as the removal or exchange of any components of the implanted device. Life tables and Kaplan-Meier survival charts were used to illustrate survivorship. Cox proportional hazards regression models were fitted to compare failure rates between 1 April 2010 and 31 December 2018. Results. Overall, 5,562 primary ankle arthroplasties were recorded in the NJR. Linked data show a one-year survivorship of 98.8% (95% confidence interval (CI) 98.4% to 99.0%), five-year survival in 2,725 patients of 90.2% (95% CI 89.2% to 91.1%), and ten-year survival in 199 patients of 86.2% (95% CI 84.6% to 87.6%). The five-year survival for fixed-bearing implants was 94.3% (95% CI 91.3% to 96.3%) compared to 89.4% (95% CI 88.3% to 90.4%) for mobile-bearing implants. A Cox regression model for all implants with over 100 implantations using the implant with the best survivorship (Infinity) as the reference, only the STAR (hazard ratio (HR) 1.60 (95% CI 0.87 to 2.96)) and INBONE (HR 0.38 (95% CI 0.05 to 2.84)) did not demonstrate worse survival at three and five years. Conclusion. Ankle arthroplasties in the UK have a five-year survival rate of 90.2%, which is lower than recorded on the NJR, because we have shown that approximately one-third of ankle arthroplasty failures are not reported to the NJR. There are statistically significant differences in survival between different implants. Fixed-bearing implants appear to demonstrate higher survivorship than mobile-bearing implants. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2023;105-B(3):301–306

Introduction. Achilles tendon rupture (ATR) account for 10.7% of all tendon and ligament injuries and causes lasting muscular deficits and have a profound impact on patients’ quality of life. 1,2. The incidence, characteristics and management of ATR in the United Kingdom is poorly understood. Method. Data was collected prospectively from University Hospitals of Leicester Emergency Department (ED) between January 2016 and December 2020 and analysed retrospectively. The medical records were reviewed to determine management protocols (surgical/non-surgical) and limited mobilisation (VACOped™ boot) duration. Leicestershire population data was taken from Leicestershire County Council demography report. Findings. 277 individuals were diagnosed with an ATR during the 4-year period. The mean (SD) annual incidence was 56 (±6) ATR. An incidence rate of 8.02 per 100,000 people per annum. The average characteristics of those experiencing an ATR is male (78.3%), 46.8yrs old (±14.4), body mass index 29.1 (±6.3). Median (IQR) number of comorbidities 1 (2) and duration to present to ED was 0 days (1). The main mechanism of rupture was sporting activity (62.1%). 97.4% were non-surgically managed using a limited mobilisation boot (VACOped). The boot was worn for an average of 62.6 days (±8.9). 94 participants provided pre-ATR Achilles symptoms data. 16% (n=15/94) of participants reported a previous contralateral ATR. 7.4% reported a re-rupture (n=7/94). 15.4% (n=14/91) reported an Achilles tendinopathy on the ipsilateral side prior to ATR. 7.7% (n=7/91) reported bilateral Achilles tendinopathy and 1.1% (n=1/91) reported contralateral Achilles tendinopathy prior to ATR. Conclusion. The incidence of ATR is 8.02 cases per 100,000 people per annum. This is the first UK data on ATR incidence. Most ATR were managed non-surgically in this cohort. The majority of ruptures occurred during sporting activity. Those that had previous Achilles symptoms (24.2%) indicate tendons are not always asymptomatic prior to ATR

Introduction. Minimally invasive (percutaneous) distal first metatarsal osteotomy with internal fixation is an established technique for hallux valgus deformity correction. Published data is limited to 2–3 years follow-up. This study aimed to assess patients undergoing MICA (Minimally Invasive Chevron and Akin) with minimum 5-year follow up, to evaluate the longer-term results of this procedure using validated patient reported outcome measures (PROMs). Methods. Five-year PROM data was prospectively collected from 117 patients who underwent 169 primary MICA osteotomies between July 2014 and April 2018, performed by a single surgeon. Primary clinical outcome measures included visual analogue scale for pain (VAS-pain), Manchester-Oxford Foot Questionnaire (MOXFQ) and EuroQol-5 Dimensions Index (EQ-5D). Data were collected preoperatively, at 2 years and after a minimum of 5 years. Statistical significance was set at p< 0.05. Results. 169 MICA were performed on 117 patients (112 females, 5 males). Mean follow-up was 6.7 years (standard deviation (SD) 0.96 years). All patients completed minimum 5-year follow-up scores. The MOXFQ scores (mean ± SD) for all 169 feet improved for all domains: from 44.5 ± 22.1 preoperatively to 10.3 ± 17.0 post-operatively for Pain (p<0.001), from 39.2 ± 24.5 to 9.3 ± 17.9 for Walking and Standing (p<0.001) and from 48.2 ± 22.8 to 8.7 ± 17.6 for Social Interaction (p<0.001). VAS-pain improved from 30.8 ± 22.7 to 12.9 ± 21. (p<0.001). EQ-5D Index improved from 0.74 ± 0.14 to 0.90 ± 0.12 (p<0.001). Conclusion. This is the largest study at this time point presenting PROM data following minimally invasive distal first metatarsal osteotomy. It is also the longest in follow up for this technique. This study demonstrates significant improvement in PROMs at the mid-term and MICA can be considered as an effective and long-lasting option for the management of hallux valgus deformity

Background. The effect of hallux valgus (HV) on health-related quality of life (HRQOL) and the relationship between radiographic severity of deformity and patient reported outcome measures (PROMs) is poorly understood. The aim of this study was to compare the HRQOL of female patients with HV to the UK population. The secondary aim was to assess the correlation between PROMs, including HRQOL, with radiographic severity of deformity. Methods. Weight bearing radiographic data (hallux valgus (HVA) angle; intermetatarsal (IM) angle) were measured in consecutive female patients presenting with HV. Each patient prospectively completed the Euroqol EQ-5D-5L questionnaire (EQ-5D), Visual Analogue Scale for Pain (VAS-Pain) and Manchester Oxford Foot Questionnaire (MOXFQ). Data were stratified into age ranges and compared with an EQ-5D United Kingdom general population reference dataset. Pearson R correlation values were calculated for the PROMs and radiographic deformity. Results. Between July 2015 and March 2020, 425 consecutive female patients presented with HV for consideration for surgery. EQ-5D-5L data were prospectively collected for 396 of these patients (93.2%). Females less than 65 years with HV had a statistically significantly worse quality of life compared with females of the same age group in the general population. Above the age of 65, there was no statistically significant difference in EQ-5D-5L Index score between the two groups. There was no correlation between radiographic HV deformity and HRQOL measures or MOXFQ scores. Conclusion. Female patients presenting with HV deformity have a significantly reduced quality of life compared with the UK general population. The radiographic severity of deformity did not correlate with HRQOL measures or foot and ankle specific PROMs. Foot and ankle specific clinical PROMs moderately correlate with HRQOL and may be a better marker of the negative effect of symptomatic hallux valgus deformity on quality of life

Background. In fixation of the fibula in ankle fractures, AO advocate using a lag screw and one-third tubular neutralisation plate for simple patterns. Where a lag screw cannot be placed, bridging fixation is required. A local pilot service evaluation previously identified variance in use of locking plates in all patterns with significant cost implications. The FAIR study aimed to evaluate current practice and implant use across the United Kingdom (UK) and review outcomes and complication rates between different fibula fixation methods. Method. The study was supported by CORNET, the North East trainee research collaborative, and BOTA. Data was collected using REDCap from 22 centres in the UK retrospectively for a one-year period between 1. st. January 2019 and 31. st. December 2019 on injury mechanism, fracture characteristics, comorbidities, fixation and complications. Follow-up data was collected to at least two-years from the time surgery. Results. 1448 ankle fractures which involved fixation of the fibula were recorded; one-third tubular plate was used in 866 (59.8%) cases, a locking plate in 463 (32.0%) cases and other methods in 119 (8.2%) cases. There was significant difference between centres (p<0.001) in implant type used. Other factors associated with implant type were age, diabetes, osteoporosis, open fractures, fracture pattern and the presence of comminution. Incidence of lateral wound breakdown was higher in locking plates than one-third tubular plates (p<0.05). There was no significant difference in infection, non-union, fixation failure or removal of metalware. Conclusion. There is significant variation in practice in the UK in implant use for fixation of the fibula in ankle fractures. Potentially unnecessary use of locking plates, where a one-third tubular shows equivalent outcomes, incurs additional cost and may increase the risk of lateral wound breakdown. We would encourage surgeons with high locking plate usage to evaluate their own unit's practice against this data

Introduction. We report the functional outcome and survivorship of the Hintegra Total Ankle Replacement (TAR), in consecutive cases by multiple surgeons in a single UK institution. Between 2010–2014 the Hintegra TAR held 7.1% UK market share and surgeons should be aware of failure mechanisms. Methods. We conducted a retrospective review of prospectively collected data for 70 consecutive Hintegra TAR cases in a single institution between 2010–2014. Data collected included patient demographics, complications, reoperations, patient reported outcome measures (PROMS: AOS, MOX-FQ, pain VAS) and patient satisfaction. Results. The 70 patients (54 male/ 16 female) had an average age of 69 (range 48–84 years). Mean follow up was 76 months (range 60–04), 10 patients died during the follow up. Implant survivorship was 81.4% at most recent follow up. The commonest radiographic finding was periprosthetic cysts (n=28, 40%), size range (7–40mm), location of cysts: isolated talus (n=14), isolated tibia (n=6), mixed (n=8). 10 failed TARs were revised to Inbone TAR at a mean of 48 months (range 9–69). 3 Failed TARs were revised to arthrodesis (2 tibiotalar fusions, 1 hindfoot nail). 11 patients required reoperation with implant retention: 8 periprosthetic cyst debridement and grafting at a mean of 61 months (range 27–91), 1 lateral gutter debridement and 1 periprosthetic fracture ORIF. PROMS data was available for all patients. Overall patients showed marked improvement in functional outcome scores between pre-operative and final follow up questionnaires. Mean pre-op AOS: 62, MOX-FQ: 68 and pain VAS: 67.5 with mean final follow up scores of: AOS: 35, MOX-FQ: 36 and pain VAS: 30. Conclusion. Our experience demonstrates improved PROMS following ankle arthroplasty for patients with a mean follow up of 6.4 years. Implant survivorship is similar to other TAR studies. We have identified a high incidence of periprosthetic cysts and would recommend ongoing surveillance of these patients

Introduction. The management of open or unstable ankle and distal tibial fractures pose many challenges. In certain situations, hindfoot nailing (HFN) is indicated, however this depends on surgeon preference and regional variations exist. This study sought to establish the current management and outcomes of complex ankle fractures in the UK. Methods. A National collaborative study in affiliation with BOTA was conducted and data retrospectively collected between January 1. st. – June 30. th. 2019. Adult patients with open and closed complex ankle fractures (AO43/44) were included. Complex fractures included the following patient characteristics: diabetes ± neuropathy, rheumatoid arthritis, alcoholism, polytrauma and cognitive impairment. We obtained data on fixation choice and patient outcomes. Institutional approval was obtained by all centres, and statistical analysis was performed including propensity matching. Results. Fifty-six centres provided data for 1360 patients. The average age of the cohort was 53.9 years ±19 (SD) with a male/female ratio of 1:1.3. 920 patients were ASA 1/2, 440 were ASA 3/4; 316 had diabetes, and 275 were open fractures. Most fractures were AO44 (71.2%) and more commonly associated with diabetes (P<0.001), alcoholism (P<0.007), open (P<0.013), and advanced age (55.7 vs. 46.3). 1227 patients underwent primary-fixation (111 HFN), with the remainder treated with external-fixation (84 definitive). Of the 111 HFN, 35% underwent primary fusion. Wound complication and thromboembolic rates were greater in the HFN group compared to ORIF groups (P<0.003), being more evident in the HFN group with primary fusion even after propensity matching. However, 1081 patients were non-weightbearing post-op contrary to the BOAST guidance. Conclusion. This is the first National collaborative audit of complex ankle fractures. Hindfoot nails were used in 9% of patients and we observed more complications in this group when compared to other cohorts. Despite BOAST guidance, only 21% of patients undergoing operative management were instructed to fully weightbear post-operatively

Introduction. Global data on BKA mortality is dominated by US Veterans population studies, while smaller single-centre UK cohorts observe a wide range of 1 year mortality (13.8%-61.1%). There is no consensus on mortality rates, perioperative complications and at-risk groups post diabetic BKA in England. Methods. England Hospital Episodes Statistics (HES) data was combined with ONS mortality data (2000–2022) and cleaned using STATA 18. The primary outcome was the rate of all cause mortality. Secondary outcomes were causes of death, re-amputation rates, temporal variation in mortality, and 90 day peri-operative complications. Mortality and amputation free survival was calculated with Kaplan-Meier curve analysis using R, STATA 18. Multivariate logistic regression stratified patient variables associated with mortality and/or re-amputation rate. Results. 28,045 BKA were performed for diabetes in the 20-year period; decreasing from 8.1/100,000 (2002) to 6.5/100,000 (2022). The rates were significantly higher in white males aged 60–79 years old (14/100,000 in 2023). The mortality rates following BKA for diabetic foot disease were 7.1% at 30 days, 12.7% at 90 days, 24.6% at 1 year, and 61.2% at 5 years. Only 17% of patients survived to 10 years post BKA. The 90-day reoperation rate for any cause was 20.7%. The ipsilateral re-amputation rate at any time was 10.4% (n=2909), and the contralateral amputation rate was 8.2% (n=2304). Additional 90-day complications included PE (0.75%, n=211), MI (3.6%, n=1019) and Stroke (1.1%, n=316). Multi-regression analysis demonstrated significantly higher BKA associated mortality rates at all time points in male, British-Asians with higher deprivation status. Conclusions. This landmark 20-year England diabetic population study has revealed high rates of death, further amputation and peri-operative morbidity post BKA. Asian Males in their 60s have the highest mortality rates and represent an at-risk group. Overall, there has been little improvement in post BKA mortality over the last 20 years

Aims. When a total ankle arthroplasty (TAA) fails, it can be converted to a fusion or a revision arthroplasty. Despite the increasing numbers of TAAs being undertaken, there is little information in the literature about the management of patients undergoing fusion following a failed TAA. The primary aim of this study was to analyze the survival of fusions following a failed TAA using a large dataset from the National Joint Registry (NJR). Methods. A data linkage study combined NJR and NHS Digital data. Failure of a TAA was defined as a fusion, revision to a further TAA, or amputation. Life tables and Kaplan-Meier graphs were used to record survival. Cox proportional hazards regression models were fitted to compare the rates of failure. Results. A total of 131 patients underwent fusion as a salvage procedure following TAA. Their mean age was 65.7 years (SD 10.6) and 73 (55.7%) were male. The mean follow-up was 47.5 months (SD 27.2). The mean time between TAA and fusion was 5.3 years (SD 2.7). Overall, 32 (24.4%) underwent reoperations other than revision and 29 (22.1%) failed. Of these 24 (18.3%) underwent revision of the fusion and five (3.8%) had a below-knee amputation. No patients underwent conversion to a further TAA. Failure usually occurred in the first three postoperative years with one-year survival of fusion being 96.0% (95% confidence interval (CI) 90.7 to 98.3) and three-year survival in 69 patients being 77.5% (95% CI 68.3 to 84.4). Conclusion. Salvage fusion after a failed TAA shows moderate rates of failure and reoperations. Nearly 25% of patients required revision within three years. This study is an extension of studies using the same methodology reporting the failure rates and risk factors for failure, which have recently been published, and also one reporting the outcome of revision TAA for a failed primary TAA, using the same methodology, which will shortly be published. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2023;105-B(10):1094–1098

Aim. Our collaborative study aims to demonstrate that acute partial Achilles Tendon Tears (ATTs) are not separate diagnostic entities from full ATTs. and should be thought of as a continuum rather than binary partial or full. Methods. We pooled anonymised data from four hospitals, identifying patients with acute partial ATTs on USS reports from 2019–2021. Patients were only included if they had an acute injury and no previous background Achilles tendinopathy. Results. 91 patients had acute partial ATTs reported on USS. 74/91 (81%) of patients had clinical findings in keeping with a full ATT (positive Simmonds test, palpable gap). 88/91 (97%) of patients were managed according to local full ATT protocols. 2 patients had MRIs – one showed no tear, the other showed a full rupture. 2 patients underwent surgical repair and both intra-operatively were found to have full ATTs. Conclusion. Our regional data suggests that a significant proportion (81%) of USS diagnosed partial ATTs may in fact be misdiagnosed full ATTs. All injuries clinically suspicious for an ATT should be managed according to local Achilles Protocol. USS is useful to diagnose the presence or absence of a tear but is not good at differentiating partial vs full tear. There is significant tendon end fibrillation and overlap on USS of an acute full ATT, which can give the impression of a partial ATT. More research is needed into whether any threshold exists to support the current distinction of “partial” and “full” as relates to management and outcomes

Introduction. Osteochondral defects (OCDs) of the talus were identified as a “TOP 10” research priority in foot and ankle surgery by the James Lund Alliance in partnership with BOFAS, BOA and NIHR. To develop a research strategy, the views of BOFAS members regarding OCDs of the talus were surveyed. The results are reported here. Methods. A questionnaire concerning the presentation, investigation and management of OCDs was formulated with input from the BOFAS National Clinical Study Group and ratified by the Scientific Committee. It concerned primary OCDs of the talus that had failed non-surgical management. It was distributed to BOFAS members via email using _Microsoft Forms_. Results. There were 90 responses. Data on presenting symptoms, investigations, initial management and decision making was collected. Surgical treatment was grouped according to defect size: small or large and shallow or deep. This gave 4 categories. For the purposes of the study a large defect had a width >15mm and a deep defect had a depth >5mm. For small, shallow lesions 85 respondents chose microfracture as the first line surgical treatment. For large shallow lesions 59 respondents chose microfracture, 18 chose bone marrow stimulation plus scaffold e.g. AMIC or ACIC and 6 chose bone marrow stimulation plus a biological agent e.g. cBMA or PRP. For small deep lesions microfracture was again most popular (69 respondents). For large deep lesions microfracture was chosen by 43 respondents, AMIC/ACIC by 23 and OATs by 7. Further data was collected on post op rehabilitation. Discussion. The study demonstrates that microfracture is the most popular first line treatment for primary OCDs of the talus of any size. That said, a wide range of treatments are in practice. This information will facilitate the development of high-quality studies to identify the most appropriate evidence-based treatment for OCDs of the talus

Introduction. Total ankle replacement (TAR) is performed for post-traumatic arthritis, inflammatory arthropathy, osteoarthritis and other indications. The Scottish Arthroplasty Project (SAP) began collection of data on TAR in 1997. In this study, using data from the SAP, we look at trends in the use and outcomes of TAR in Scotland. Methods. We identified 499 patients from the SAP who underwent TAR between 1997 and 2015 with imaging available on the National Picture Archiving and Communication System (PACS). We identified, and looked at trends in, implant type over the following time periods: 1998–2005; 2006–2010 and 2011–2015. Age, gender, indication and outcomes for each time period were examined and also trends with implant type over time. Results. There were 499 primary TAR procedures with an overall incidence of 0.5/10. 5. population per year. Eight different implants were identified with significant changes in the numbers of each type used over time. The peak incidence of TAR was in the 6th decade. The mean age of patients undergoing TAR from 59 years in 1997–2005, to 65 years in 2011–15 (p< 0.0001). The percentage of patients with inflammatory arthropathy was 52% in 1997–2005, compared with 10% in 2011–2015. Subsequent arthrodesis and infection rates appeared to be higher during the first time period. The female to male ratio also changed over time. The incidence of TAR increased overall during the study period (r= 0.9, p=< 0.0001). This may be due to a broadening range of indications and patient selection criteria, in turn due to increased surgeon experience and the evolution of implant design. Conclusion. This study examines a large number of TARs from an established arthroplasty registry. The rate of TAR has increased significantly in Scotland from 1997 to 2015. Indication and patient age has changed over time and this could potentially impact outcomes after ankle replacement

Background. Research on midfoot injuries have primarily concentrated on the central column and the Lisfranc ligament without amassing evidence on lateral column injuries. Lateral column injuries have historically been treated with Kirschner wire fixation when encountered. Objective. Our aim in this study was to analyse lateral column injuries to the midfoot, their method of treatment and the radiological lateral column outcomes. Our nul hypothesis being that fixation is required to obtain and maintain lateral column alignment. Methods. Data was retrospectively collected from four centres on surgically treated midfoot fracture dislocations between 2011 and 2021. Radiographs were analysed using departmental PACS. All statistics was performed using SPSS 26. Results. A total of 235 cases were diagnosed as having a lateral column injury out of the 409 cases included. On cross tabulation, there was a significant association with having a central column injury (234/235, p<.001) and 70% of cases (166/235) also had an additional medial column injury. Of the 235 lateral column injuries, data was available regarding fixation radiographic alignment on 222 cases. There were 44 cases which underwent Kirschner wire fixation, 23 plate fixations and 3 screw fixations. Lateral column alignment loss was seen in 2.84% (4/141) of those which didn't undergo fixation, 13.64% (6/44) which underwent K wires, and 0 % in those fixed by screws or K wires. Conclusion. Lateral column injury occurs in over half of midfoot fractures in this study. It rarely occurs alone and is most commonly related to three column injuries. Nevertheless, following stabilisation of the central column, additional fixation of injuries to the lateral column do not appear beneficial. The use of a bridge plate to fix the central column appears protective and purely ligamentous injury was a higher risk than an injury that included the bone

Objectives. The primary objective was to determine the incidence of COVID-19 infection and 30-day mortality in patients undergoing foot and ankle surgery during the global pandemic. Secondary objectives were to determine if there was a change in infection and complication profile with changes introduced in practice. Design. Multicentre retrospective national audit. Setting. UK-based study on foot and ankle patients who underwent surgery between the 13. th. January to 31. st. July 2020 – examining time periods pre- UK national lockdown, during lockdown (23. rd. March to 11. th. May 2020) and post-lockdown. Participants. All adult patients undergoing foot and ankle surgery in an operating theatre during the study period included from 43 participating centres in England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. Main Outcome Measures. Variables recorded included demographics, surgical data, comorbidity data, COVID-19 and mortality rates, complications, and infection rates. Results. 6644 patients were included. In total 0.52% of operated patients contracted COVID-19 (n=35). The overall all cause 30-day mortality rate was 0.41%, however in patients who contracted COVID-19, the mortality rate was 25.71% (n=9); this was significantly higher for patients undergoing diabetic foot surgery (75%, n=3 deaths). Matching for age, ASA and comorbidities, the OR of mortality with COVID-19 infection was 11.71 (95% CI 1.55 to 88.74, p=0.017). There were no differences in surgical complications or infection rates prior to or after lockdown, and amongst patients with and without COVID-19 infection. After lockdown COVID-19 infection rate was 0.15% and no patient died of COVID-19 infection. Conclusions. COVID-19 infection was rare in foot and ankle patients even at the peak of lockdown. However, there was a significant mortality rate in those who contracted COVID-19. Overall surgical complications and post-operative infection rates remained unchanged during the period of this audit. Patients and treating medical personnel should be aware of the risks to enable informed decisions

Introduction. Hindfoot intramedullary nail fixation (HFN) or fibula pro-tibial screw fixation (PTS) are surgical options for ankle fractures in patients with multiple co-morbidities; we compared their outcomes. Methods. A retrospective review of 135 patients who underwent HFN fixation (87 patients) or PTS fixation (48 patients) for ankle fractures (AO/OTA A/B/C) from 5 major trauma centres. Patient demographic data, co-morbidities, Charlson Co-morbidity Index Score (CCIS), weight-bearing, and post-operative complications were recorded. Radiographs were assessed for non-union and anatomical reduction. Results. HFN estimated 10-year survival was 27±31% and was 48±37% for PTS (p<0.001). Average time to full weightbearing (FWB) in the HFN group was 1.7±3.3 weeks compared to 7.8±3.8 weeks in the PTS group (p<0.001). Despite this, HFN fixation carried a greater VTE risk (p=0.02). HFN accompanied by joint preparation had greater risk of infection (p=0.01), metalwork failure (p=0.02) and wound breakdown (p=0.01). The overall complication rate in diabetic patients was 56%, but 76% in HFN patients. In the HFN group 17 (20%) patients died at 1 year. Patients with open fractures(p=0.01), dementia (p<0.05), and a higher CCIS (p=0.04) were more likely to die after HFN surgery. Age and co-morbidity matched data showed a higher rate of complications and mortality in those above 75 years fixed with a HFN, irrespective of CCIS. In those between 60–75 years, there was a greater risk of superficial infection and mortality after HFN, irrespective of CCIS. These complications were not seen after PTS. Conclusion. HFN carries a greater risk of superficial infections, VTE and mortality compared to PTS, independent of age and CCIS. Diabetes leads to a greater comparative risk of deep infections, wound breakdown and non-union in HFN. Alternative methods of fixation (e.g. PTS) should be considered before HFN. HFN may be suitable in selective indications where other methods are not appropriate

Aims. To describe outcome reporting variation and trends in non-pharmacological randomized clinical trials (RCTs) of distal tibia and/or ankle fractures. Methods. Five electronic databases and three clinical trial registries were searched (January 2000 to February 2022). Trials including patients with distal tibia and/or ankle fractures without concomitant injuries were included. One reviewer conducted all searches, screened titles and abstracts, assessed eligibility, and completed data extraction; a random 10% subset were independently assessed and extracted by a second reviewer at each stage. All extracted outcomes were mapped to a modified version of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health framework. The quality of outcome reporting (reproducibility) was assessed. Results. Overall, 105 trials (n = 16 to 669 participants) from 27 countries were included. Trials compared surgical interventions (n = 62), post-surgical management options (n = 17), rehabilitative interventions (n = 14), surgical versus non-surgical interventions (n = 6), and pre-surgical management strategies (n = 5). In total, 888 outcome assessments were reported across seven domains: 263 assessed body structure or function (85.7% of trials), 136 activities (68.6% of trials), 34 participation (23.8% of trials), 159 health-related quality of life (61.9% of trials), 247 processes of care (80% of trials), 21 patient experiences (15.2% of trials), and 28 economic impact (8.6% of trials). From these, 337 discrete outcomes were described. Outcome reporting was inconsistent across trials. The quality of reporting varied widely (reproducibility ranged 4.8% patient experience to 100% complications). Conclusion. Substantial heterogeneity in outcome selection, assessment methods, and reporting quality were described. Despite the large number of outcomes, few are reported across multiple trials. Most outcomes are clinically focused, with little attention to the long-term consequences important to patients. Poor reporting quality reduces confidence in data quality, inhibiting data synthesis by which to inform care decisions. Outcome reporting guidance and standardization, which captures the outcomes that matter to multiple stakeholders, are urgently required. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2022;3(10):832–840

Aims. Achilles tendon re-rupture (ATRR) poses a significant risk of postoperative complication, even after a successful initial surgical repair. This study aimed to identify risk factors associated with Achilles tendon re-rupture following operative fixation. Methods. This retrospective cohort study analyzed a total of 43,287 patients from national health claims data spanning 2008 to 2018, focusing on patients who underwent surgical treatment for primary Achilles tendon rupture. Short-term ATRR was defined as cases that required revision surgery occurring between six weeks and one year after the initial surgical repair, while omitting cases with simultaneous infection or skin necrosis. Variables such as age, sex, the presence of Achilles tendinopathy, and comorbidities were systematically collected for the analysis. We employed multivariate stepwise logistic regression to identify potential risk factors associated with short-term ATRR. Results. From 2009 to 2018, the short-term re-rupture rate for Achilles tendon surgeries was 2.14%. Risk factors included male sex, younger age, and the presence of Achilles tendinopathy. Conclusion. This large-scale, big-data study reaffirmed known risk factors for short-term Achilles tendon re-rupture, specifically identifying male sex and younger age. Moreover, this study discovered that a prior history of Achilles tendinopathy emerges as an independent risk factor for re-rupture, even following initial operative fixation. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2024;13(7):315–320