Aims. The primary aim of this prognostic study was to identify baseline factors associated with physical health-related quality of life (HRQL) in patients after a femoral neck fracture. The secondary aims were to identify baseline factors associated with mental HRQL, hip function, and health utility. Patients and Methods. Patients who were enrolled in the Fixation using Alternative Implants for the Treatment of Hip Fractures (FAITH) trial completed the 12-item Short Form Health Survey (SF-12), Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index, and EuroQol 5-Dimension at regular intervals for 24 months. We conducted multilevel mixed models to identify factors potentially associated with HRQL. . Results. The following were associated with lower physical HRQL: older age (-1.42 for every ten-year increase, 95% confidence interval (CI) -2.17 to -0.67, p < 0.001); female gender (-1.52, 95% CI -3.00 to -0.05, p = 0.04); higher body mass index (-0.69 for every five-point increase, 95% CI -1.36 to -0.02, p = 0.04); American Society of Anesthesiologists class III (versus class I) (-3.19, 95% CI -5.73 to -0.66, p = 0.01); and sustaining a displaced fracture (-2.18, 95% CI -3.88 to -0.49, p = 0.01). Additional factors were associated with mental HRQL, hip function, and health utility. . Conclusion. We identified several baseline factors associated with lower HRQL, hip function, and utility after a femoral neck fracture. These findings may be used by clinicians to inform treatment and outcomes. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2018;100-B:361–9

Aims. This study aimed to describe practice variation in the use of total hip arthroplasty (THA) for older patients with femoral neck fracture and to determine the association between patient, surgeon, and institution factors and treatment with THA. Methods. We performed a cross-sectional analysis of 49,597 patients aged 60 years and older from Ontario, Canada, who underwent hemiarthroplasty or THA for femoral neck fracture between 2002 and 2017. This population-based study used routinely collected healthcare databases linked through ICES (formerly known as the Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences). Multilevel logistic regression modelling was used to quantify the association between patient, surgeon, and institution-level variables and whether patients were treated with THA. Variance partition coefficient and median odds ratios were used to estimate the variation attributable to higher-level variables and the magnitude of effect of higher-level variables, respectively. Results. Over the study period, 9.4% of patients (n = 4,638) were treated with THA. Patient factors associated with higher likelihood of treatment by THA included: younger age, male sex, and diagnosis with rheumatoid arthritis. Long-term care residence, use of home care services prior to hip fracture, diagnosis of dementia, higher comorbidity burden, and the most marginalized group were negatively associated with treatment by THA. Treating surgeon and institution accounted for 54.2% and 17.8% of the total variation in treatment with THA, respectively. Surgeon volume of THA procedures in the 365 days prior to surgery was the strongest higher-level predictor of treatment with THA. Specific treating surgeons and institutions still accounted for significant proportions of the variability in treatment with THA (40.3% and 19.5% of total observed variation, respectively) after controlling for available patient, surgeon, and institution-level variables. Conclusion. The strongest predictors for treatment of patients with femoral neck fracture with THA were patient age, treating surgeon, and treating institution. This practice variation highlights differential access to care for patients. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2023;105-B(2):180–189

Aims. The aim of this study was to investigate the potentially increased risk of dislocation in patients with neurological disease who sustain a femoral neck fracture, as it is unclear whether they should undergo total hip arthroplasty (THA) or hemiarthroplasty (HA). A secondary aim was to investgate whether dual-mobility components confer a reduced risk of dislocation in these patients. Methods. We undertook a longitudinal cohort study linking the Swedish Hip Arthroplasty Register with the National Patient Register, including patients with a neurological disease presenting with a femoral neck fracture and treated with HA, a conventional THA (cTHA) with femoral head size of ≤ 32 mm, or a dual-mobility component THA (DMC-THA) between 2005 and 2014. The dislocation rate at one- and three-year revision, reoperation, and mortality rates were recorded. Cox multivariate regression models were fitted to calculate adjusted hazard ratios (HRs). Results. A total of 9,638 patients with a neurological disease who also underwent unilateral arthroplasty for a femoral neck fracture were included in the study. The one-year dislocation rate was 3.7% after HA, 8.8% after cTHA < 32 mm), 5.9% after cTHA (= 32 mm), and 2.7% after DMC-THA. A higher risk of dislocation was associated with cTHA (< 32 mm) compared with HA (HR 1.90 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.26 to 2.86); p = 0.002). There was no difference in the risk of dislocation with DMC-THA (HR 0.68 (95% CI 0.26 to 1.84); p = 0.451) or cTHA (= 32 mm) (HR 1.54 (95% CI 0.94 to 2.51); p = 0.083). There were no differences in the rate of reoperation and revision-free survival between the different types of prosthesis and sizes of femoral head. Conclusion. Patients with a neurological disease who sustain a femoral neck fracture have similar rates of dislocation after undergoing HA or DMC-THA. Most patients with a neurological disease are not eligible for THA and should thus undergo HA, whereas those eligible for THA could benefit from a DMC-THA. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2022;104-B(1):134–141

Aims. The aim of this study was to compare the early postoperative mortality and morbidity in older patients with a fracture of the femoral neck, between those who underwent total hip arthroplasty (THA) and those who underwent hemiarthroplasty. Methods. This nationwide, retrospective cohort study used data from the Japanese Diagnosis Procedure Combination database. We included older patients (aged ≥ 60 years) who underwent THA or hemiarthroplasty after a femoral neck fracture, between July 2010 and March 2022. A total of 165,123 patients were included. The THA group was younger (mean age 72.6 (SD 8.0) vs 80.7 years (SD 8.1)) and had fewer comorbidities than the hemiarthroplasty group. Patients with dementia or malignancy were excluded because they seldom undergo THA. The primary outcome measures were mortality and complications while in hospital, and secondary outcomes were readmission and reoperation within one and two years after discharge, and the costs of hospitalization. We conducted an instrumental variable analysis (IVA) using differential distance as a variable. Results. The IVA analysis showed that the THA group had a significantly higher rate of complications while in hospital (risk difference 6.3% (95% CI 2.0 to 10.6); p = 0.004) than the hemiarthroplasty group, but there was no significant difference in the rate of mortality while in hospital (risk difference 0.3% (95% CI -1.7 to 2.2); p = 0.774). There was no significant difference in the rate of readmission (within one year: risk difference 1.3% (95% CI -1.9 to 4.5); p = 0.443; within two years: risk difference 0.1% (95% CI -3.2 to 3.4); p = 0.950) and reoperation (within one year: risk difference 0.3% (95% CI -0.6 to 1.1); p = 0.557; within two years: risk difference 0.1% (95% CI -0.4 to 0.7); p = 0.632) after discharge. The costs of hospitalization were significantly higher in the THA group than in the hemiarthroplasty group (difference $2,634 (95% CI $2,496 to $2,772); p < 0.001). Conclusion. Among older patients undergoing surgery for a femoral neck fracture, the risk of early complications was higher after THA than after hemiarthroplasty. Our findings should aid in clinical decision-making in these patients. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2024;106-B(9):986–993

Aims. Patients who sustain neck of femur fractures are at high risk of malnutrition. Our intention was to assess to what extent malnutrition was associated with worse patient outcomes. Methods. A total of 1,199 patients with femoral neck fractures presented to a large UK teaching hospital over a three-year period. All patients had nutritional assessments performed using the Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST). Malnutrition risk was compared to mortality, length of hospital stay, and discharge destination using logistic regression. Adjustments were made for covariates to identify whether malnutrition risk independently affected these outcomes. Results. Inpatient mortality was 5.2% (35/678) in the group at low risk of malnutrition, 11.3% (46/408) in the medium-risk group, and 17.7% (20/113) in the high-risk group. Multivariate analysis showed each categorical increase in malnutrition risk independently predicted inpatient mortality with an odds ratio (OR) of 1.59 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.14 to 2.21; p = 0.006). An increased mortality rate persisted at 120 days post-injury (OR 1.64, 95% CI 1.20 to 2.22; p = 0.002). There was a stepwise increase in the proportion of patients discharged to a residence offering a greater level of supported living. Multivariate analysis produced an OR of 1.34 (95% CI 1.03 to 1.75; p = 0.030) for each category of MUST score. Median length of hospital stay increased with a worse MUST score: 13.9 days (interquartile range (IQR) 8.2 to 23.8) in the low-risk group; 16.6 days (IQR 9.0 to 31.5) in the medium-risk group; and 22.8 days (IQR 10.1 to 41.1) in the high-risk group. Adjustment for covariates revealed a partial correlation coefficient of 0.072 (p = 0.008). Conclusion. A higher risk of malnutrition independently predicted increased mortality, length of hospital stay, and discharge to a residence offering greater supported living after femoral neck fracture. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2021;103-B(1):164–169

Aims. Within the UK, around 70,000 patients suffer neck of femur (NOF) fractures annually. Patients presenting with this injury are often frail, leading to increased morbidity and a 30-day mortality rate of 6.1%. COVID-19 infection has a broad spectrum of clinical presentations with the elderly, and those with pre-existing comorbidities are at a higher risk of severe respiratory compromise and death. Further increased risk has been observed in the postoperative period. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of COVID-19 infection on the complication and mortality rates of NOF fracture patients. Methods. All NOF fracture patients presenting between March 2020 and May 2020 were included. Patients were divided into two subgroup: those with or without clinical and/or laboratory diagnosis of COVID-19. Data were collected on patient demographics, pattern of injury, complications, length of stay, and mortality. Results. Overall, 132 patients were included. Of these, 34.8% (n = 46) were diagnosed with COVID-19. Bacterial pneumonia was observed at a significantly higher rate in those patients with COVID-19 (56.5% vs 15.1%; p =< 0.000). Non respiratory complications such as acute kidney injury (30.4% vs 9.3%; p =0.002) and urinary tract infection (10.9% vs 3.5%; p =0.126) were also more common in those patients with COVID-19. Length of stay was increased by a median of 21.5 days in patients diagnosed with COVID-19 (p < 0.000). 30-day mortality was significantly higher in patients with COVID-19 (37.0%) when compared to those without (10.5%; p <0.000). Conclusion. This study has shown that patients with a neck of femur fracture have a high rate of mortality and complications such as bacterial pneumonia and acute kidney injury when diagnosed with COVID-19 within the perioperative period. We have demonstrated the high risk of in hospital transmission of COVID-19 and the association between the infection and an increased length of stay for the patients affected. Cite this article: Bone Joint Open 2020;1-11:669–675

Aims. For displaced femoral neck fractures (FNFs) in geriatric patients, there remains uncertainty regarding the effect of total hip arthroplasty (THA) compared with hemiarthroplasty (HA) in the guidelines. We aimed to compare 90-day surgical readmission, in-hospital complications, and charges between THA and HA in these patients. Methods. The Hospital Quality Monitoring System was queried from 1 January 2013 to 31 December 2019 for displaced FNFs in geriatric patients treated with THA or HA. After propensity score matching, which identified 33,849 paired patients, outcomes were compared between THA and HA using logistic and linear regression models. Results. The HA group had a lower incidence of 90-day surgical readmission than the THA group (odds ratio (OR) 0.75 (95% CI 0.68 to 0.83)). Meanwhile, the HA group had lower incidence of dislocation (OR 0.42 (95% CI 0.33 to 0.52)), aseptic loosening (OR 0.50 (95% CI 0.38 to 0.66)), and joint pain (OR 0.63 (95% CI 0.40 to 0.98)), but a higher incidence of periprosthetic fracture (OR 1.41 (95% CI 1.07 to 1.87)) for readmission, compared to the THA group. The incidence of in-hospital complications did not differ significantly between the two groups. Moreover, the HA group had lower mean charges than the THA group (47,578.29 Chinese Yuan (CNY) (SD 20,069.71) vs 57,641.00 CNY (SD 21,524.07)). Conclusion. When considering 90-day surgical readmission rate, in-hospital complications, and mortality, HA resulted in a significantly lower surgical readmission rate within 90 days compared to THA, despite the patients being older and having a higher Charlson Comorbidity Index. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2024;106-B(12):1477–1484

Aims. Monocyte-lymphocyte ratio (MLR) or neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) are useful for diagnosing periprosthetic joint infection (PJI), but their diagnostic values are unclear for screening fixation-related infection (FRI) in patients for whom conversion total hip arthroplasty (THA) is planned after failed internal fixation for femoral neck fracture. Methods. We retrospectively included 340 patients who underwent conversion THA after internal fixation for femoral neck fracture from January 2008 to September 2020. Those patients constituted two groups: noninfected patients and patients diagnosed with FRI according to the 2013 International Consensus Meeting Criteria. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to determine maximum sensitivity and specificity of these two preoperative ratios. The diagnostic performance of the two ratios combined with preoperative CRP or ESR was also evaluated. Results. The numbers of patients with and without FRI were 19 (5.6%) and 321 (94.4%), respectively. Areas under the ROC curve for diagnosing FRI were 0.763 for MLR, 0.686 for NLR, 0.905 for CRP, and 0.769 for ESR. Based on the Youden index, the optimal predictive cutoffs were 0.25 for MLR and 2.38 for NLR. Sensitivity and specificity were 78.9% and 71.0% for MLR, and 78.9% and 56.4% for NLR, respectively. The combination of CRP with MLR showed a sensitivity of 84.2% and specificity of 94.6%, while the corresponding values for the combination of CRP with NLR were 89.5% and 91.5%, respectively. Conclusion. The presence of preoperative FRI among patients undergoing conversion THA after internal fixation for femoral neck fracture should be determined. The combination of preoperative CRP with NLR is sensitive tool for screening FRI in those patients. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2021;103-B(9):1534–1540

Introduction. In an ageing population the incidence of patients sustaining a neck of femur fracture is likely to rise. Whilst the neck of femur fracture is thought to be a pre-terminal event in many patients, there is little literature following this common fracture beyond 1 year. With improving healthcare and increasing survival rate, it is likely that a proportion of patients live to have subsequent fractures. However little is known about if these occur and what the epidemiology of these fractures are. Aim. To describe the epidemiology of fractures sustained over a ten year period in patients who had an “index” neck of femur fracture. Method. All patients from the Lothian region, who sustained a neck of femur fracture and were admitted to the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh in Scotland between 01/01/2000 and 31/12/2000 were prospectively identified and had their orthopaedic notes and where appropriate death records retrospectively reviewed in Aug 2010, to identify further fractures and orthopaedic treatments. Patients admitted from without the Lothian region were excluded from the study. Other information regarding their pre-injury medical history, what surgery was performed, age, social status, co-morbidities and where relevant cause and date of death were recorded. Results. In the year 2000 there were 628 patients identified as having sustained a neck of femur fracture giving an incidence of 12/10,000/year. 534 (85%) of the 628 fractures were sustained by falls, with the remainder being direct trauma, pathological or an unknown cause. The mean age of patient at the time of sustaining the neck of femur fracture was 87.5 years old, with a range of 17 to 101 years old. 136 (21.7%) patients went on to sustain further fractures. The top five most frequent fractures involved the contralateral neck of femur (55; 31%), radius (34; 19%), humerus (24; 13.4%), ipsilateral femur (19; 10.6%) and tibia (10; 5.6%). 32 (23.5%) people sustained multiple fractures after the initial hip index fracture. 24% of patients had previously sustained some form of fracture prior to their index neck of femur fracture. Conclusion. Our results demonstrate that over a fifth of patients who sustain a neck of femur fracture will sustain a further fracture in the next ten years. Rather than regarding a neck of femur fracture as a terminal event, resources and support should be directed at preventing further fractures in this high risk population. As patients live longer and health care and the treatment of neck of femur fractures improves it is likely that the incidence of further fractures will rise. We believe our results will be useful for all departments treating neck of femur fractures

Aims. The aim of this study was to compare the functional and radiological outcomes in patients with a displaced fracture of the hip who were treated with a cemented or a cementless femoral stem. Patients and Methods. A four-year follow-up of a randomized controlled study included 141 patients who underwent surgery for a displaced femoral neck fracture. Patients were randomized to receive either a cemented (n = 67) or a cementless (n = 74) stem at hemiarthroplasty (HA; n = 83) or total hip arthroplasty (THA; n = 58). Results. Early differences in functional outcome, assessed using the Harris Hip Score, the Short Musculoskeletal Functional Assessment score and EuroQol-5D, with better results in cemented group, deteriorated over time and there were no statistically significant differences at 48 months. Two (3%) patients in the cemented group and five (6.8%) in the cementless group underwent further surgery for a periprosthetic fracture. This difference was statistically significant (p = 0.4). No patient underwent further surgery for instability or infection between one and four years postoperatively. The mortality and the radiological outcomes were similar in both groups. Conclusion. Patients with a displaced femoral neck fracture treated with an arthroplasty using a cemented or cementless stem had good function and few complications up to four years postoperatively. However, due to the poor short-term functional outcomes in the cementless group, the findings do not support their routine use in the treatment of these elderly patients. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2018;100-B:1087–93

Frail patients with neck of femur fracture often present to Accident & Emergency (A&E) with concomitant medical problems and are frequently fast-tracked to orthopaedic wards to achieve government waiting time targets. This is a second cycle of audit since 2008 examining the safety of fast-tracking following several critical incidents. Data was collected prospectively between March and June 2011 by the first on-call orthopaedic doctor. 56 patients (12 male), average age 81.2y (50–97) were fast-tracked. 52 were correctly referred as having intra/extracapsular fracture; 4 patients did not have neck of femur fracture, but did have other medical problems. On arrival to the ward, 8 patients demonstrated abnormal symptoms, signs and vital observations requiring immediate review from the receiving physicians. For the 56 patients, a total of 448 mandatory points of protocol (e.g. intravenous access) should have been addressed prior to transfer; 150 were omitted (33.5%). Vital observations of patients fast-tracked after 2100h were worse (MEWS range 0 to 11) when compared with those fast-tracked prior to 2100h (MEWS range 0 to 3). Fast-tracking is a common practice amongst many district-general and some teaching hospitals in Scotland. These data support concerns from orthopaedic surgeons and highlight the need for more complete management by A&E and, if necessary, referral to receiving medical staff prior to ward transfer. Early medical optimisation of acute and chronic comorbidities common to these patients is the main facilitator of early surgery. The evidence base demonstrates early surgery is a major variable in reducing post-operative mortality

Aims. Dual SC Screw (DSCS) is a novel fixation device for the femoral neck fracture. DSCS is comprised of screw and barrel allowing sliding of the screw and preventing protrusion of the screw end. Two types of the barrels are available, threaded barrel (TB) and plate barrel (PB). Ordinarily, both barrels are implanted. Concept of the design is that the PB contributes stability to the screw against the varus force of the femoral head while the additional screw with TB prevents rotational deformity. The aim of this study was to represent clinical results after DSCS operation in patients with femoral neck fracture. Method. Fifty-one patients with femoral neck fractures treated using DSCS and at least 3 months follow up are included and their clinical was evaluated. Result. Most fractures healed uneventfully. Cut out was occurred in two patients, perforation of the femoral head in one, femoral head necrosis in two, subtrochanteric fracture in one and 1backout of screw in one. The cases except that are excellent postoperative results. Discussion and Conclusion. Most complication was associated with some technical problems and all but one patients without that showed excellent results even for displaced fracture. Furthermore, secondary subtrochanteric fracture was rare compared other devices. The plate augmentation for screw fixation contributes to these excellent results

Background. Systematic reviews disagree, but some recent studies have shown better function and less pain after operation with bipolar hemiarthroplasty compared to fixation by two screws in elderly patients operated for displaced femoral neck fractures. There is still uncertainty regarding the mortality associated with both procedures. Aim of the study. To investigate mortality and the risk factors for death among patients with displaced femoral neck fractures within the first three years after surgery, comparing operation with bipolar hemiarthroplasty (HA) and internal fixation (IF) by two screws. Methods. 12,313 patients (65 years or older) with displaced femoral neck fractures (Garden 3 and 4) operated either with IF by two screws (n = 3,436) or a bipolar HA (n = 8,877) were selected from the files of The Norwegian Hip Fracture Register 2005–2009. Mortality was assessed using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and risk factors for death were studied using Cox-regression analysis. A power analysis showed the study sample to be sufficient to detect a difference in mortality of 3% at one and three years postoperatively. Results. The overall one-year mortality was 28% and three-year mortality was 50%. High age, male gender, cognitive impairment, increasing ASA score and delay in surgery >48 hours after injury were all associated with increased risk of death. For patients operated with a bipolar HA there was a statistically significant increased risk of death at day 30 (RR = 1.30, p<0.01), day 120 (RR = 1.15, p = 0.01), and day 240 (RR = 1.10, p<0.01) postoperatively compared to IF by two screws. At one year (RR = 1.04, p = 0.28) and three years (RR = 1.05, p = 0.16) postoperatively, we found no difference in the risk of death when comparing operation with bipolar HA to IF by two screws. Interpretation. The mortality for patients with displaced femoral neck fractures was considerable and dependent on age, gender, ASA score, cognitive status, and timing of surgery. Given the small magnitude of the difference in short-term mortality and no difference in one- and three-year mortality (or at least less than 3%) between the two treatment groups, we do not believe our findings should influence the choice of treatment method

Background. A well conducted randomised study found similar functional results for patients with displaced femoral neck fracture comparing operation with a modern uncemented bipolar hemiarthroplasty with a cemented bipolar hemiarthroplasty. The mortality associated with the two procedures has not been sufficiently investigated. Aim of study. To investigate the mortality and the risk factors for death among patients with displaced femoral neck fractures the first year after surgery, comparing operation with modern uncemented and cemented bipolar hemiarthroplasty (HA). Methods. 8,636 patients (65 years and older) with displaced femoral neck fractures (Garden 3 and 4) operated with a cemented (n = 6,907) or a uncemented bipolar HA (n = 1,729) were selected from the files of The Norwegian Hip Fracture Register 2005–2009. Mortality was assessed using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and risk factors of death were investigated using Cox-regression analysis. A power analysis showed the study sample to be sufficient to detect a difference in mortality of 3% at one year postoperatively. Results. Overall mortality one year postoperatively was 27%. We found no difference in the risk of death when comparing operation with cemented with uncemented bipolar HA one year (RR = 0.97, p = 0.51), 240 days (RR = 1.00, p = 0.95), 120 days (RR = 1.04, p = 0.57), and 30 days (RR = 1.12, p = 0.23) postoperatively. However, 10 days postoperatively there was an increased risk of death for patients operated with cemented HA compared to those operated with uncemented bipolar HA (RR = 1.34, p = 0.03). High age, male gender, cognitive impairment, increasing ASA score, and delay in surgery >48 hours after injury were all associated with an increased risk of death one year postoperatively. Interpretation. The early increased risk of death for patients operated with a cemented HA might be caused by the bone cement implantation syndrome. Our results further indicate that the difference in mortality one year postoperatively is likely to be less than 3%

Aims

This study aimed to identify risk factors (patient, healthcare system, and socioeconomic) for mortality after hip fractures and estimate their relative importance. Further, we aimed to elucidate mortality and survival patterns following fractures and the duration of excess mortality.

Introduction and aim. Avascular necrosis (AVN) of femoral head remains a major post-operative complication of the surgical fixation of femoral neck fractures (#NOF). In order to reduce the incidence of AVN following this type of fracture, the National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) has stated that fixation must occur within 6 hours. However, there is a paucity of information concerning whether time to fixation influences the development of AVN. The aim of the present study was to assess whether time to fixation affects the development of AVN in patients aged under 60 who had sustained a fracture (#)NOF. Methods. We looked retrospectively at 101 patients (61 female, 40 male aged under 60 (mean age 47 years) who were admitted to a multi-tertiary centre having sustained an intracapsular #NOF. The underlying co morbidity of the patient sample was varied, as was the mechanism of trauma, though in the majority of cases the cause was a simple fall. The time delay (TD) between the time of injury and the time of operation for each patient was determined. Results. 72 patients sustained an intracapsular displaced fracture and 29 an intracapsular undisplaced fracture. Of these, 33 patients were treated with a dynamic hip screw (DHS), 10 received a DHS plus a cannulated screw, and 54 were treated with cannulated screws only. We looked at time to fixation(TD) as follows: Group A-less than 6 hours (7 patients), Group B-6 to 12 hours (16 patients), Group C-12 to 18 hours (15 patients), Group D-18 to 24 hours (18 patients), Group E −24 to 48 hours (26 patients) and Group F- more than 48 hours(15 patients). Out of 97 patients, 15 (15.46%) developed AVN. Of these, 13 were patients who had sustained an intracapsular displaced fracture, two had sustained an undisplaced fracture. Of the intracapsular displaced fractures patients, the time to fixation varied from 3 hours to 26 hours post-trauma. Of note, twelve of these patients received a cannulated screw and only one was treated with a DHS. The two patients with an undisplaced intracapsular fracture underwent fixation at 13 and 24 hours respectively. The method of fixation was a cannulated screw. Conclusion. Current NICE guidelines state that intracapsular #NOF must be fixed within 6 hours in order to prevent AVN of femoral head. In our sample, 15.46% of patients developed AVN post-fixation. Crucially, 2 patients out of the 7 patients (28.57%) developed AVN despite undergoing fixation within 6 hours. Interestingly, we have observed that fracture fixation with a cannulated screw has a greater propensity to develop AVN despite time to fixation, since 15.46% of patients treated in this manner developed AVN. Taken together, method of fixation rather than time to fixation appears to be a key factor in the incidence of AVN in our patient group

Tranexamic Acid (TXA) is widely used to decrease bleeding by its antifibrinolytic mechanism. Its use is widespread within orthopaedic surgery, with level one evidence for its efficacy in total hip and knee replacement surgery; significantly reducing transfusion rates without increased thromboembolic disease. There is limited evidence for its use during hip fracture surgery, and we therefore sought to investigate its effects with a prospective cohort study.

We recorded intra-operative blood loss, pre and post-operative haemoglobin and creatinine levels, post-operative complications and mortality in all hip fracture patients over a six month period. During this time, we introduced one gram of TXA into our standardised hip fracture theatre checklist. It was subsequently given to all patients unless contra-indicated.

A total of 99 patients were included. 90-day mortality in the control group was 16%, there was no mortality in the TXA group (p<0.05). 14 patients required a transfusion in the control group and 3 in the TXA group (19% vs 11% transfusion rate, 0.36 units RCC vs 0.22 per patient respectively) Mean blood loss was 338 vs 235mls, Haemoglobin drop 23 vs 18g/dl control and TXA groups respectively.

We have demonstrated a significantly lower mortality rate with TXA. We have also shown lower rates of transfusion, blood loss and recorded haemoglobin drop with the use of TXA. We intend to continue this study to demonstrate this significantly, and fully clarify the safety profile of TXA in this frail cohort of patients.

United Kingdom National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence guidelines recommend the use of total hip replacement (THR) for displaced intracapsular fractures of the femoral neck in cognitively intact patients, who were independently mobile prior to the injury. This study aimed to analyse the risk factors associated with revision of the implant and mortality following THR, and to quantify risk. National Joint Registry data recording a THR performed for acute fracture of the femoral neck between 2003 and 2010 were analysed. Cox proportional hazards models were used to investigate the extent to which risk of revision was related to specific covariates. Multivariable logistic regression was used to analyse factors affecting peri-operative mortality (< 90 days). A total of 4323 procedures were studied. There were 80 patients who had undergone revision surgery at the time of censoring (five-year revision rate 3.25%, 95% confidence interval 2.44 to 4.07) and 137 patients (3.2%) patients died within 90 days. After adjusting for patient and surgeon characteristics, an increased risk of revision was associated with the use of cementless prostheses compared with cemented (hazard ratio (HR) 1.33, p = 0.021). Revision was independent of bearing surface and head size. The risk of mortality within 90 days was significantly increased with higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) grade (grade 3: odds ratio (OR) 4.04, p < 0.001; grade 4/5: OR 20.26, p < 0.001; both compared with grades 1/2) and older age (≥ 75 years: OR 1.65, p = 0.025), but reduced over the study period (9% relative risk reduction per year).

THR is a good option in patients aged < 75 years and with ASA 1/2. Cementation of the femoral component does not adversely affect peri-operative mortality but improves survival of the implant in the mid-term when compared with cementless femoral components. There are no benefits of using head sizes > 28 mm or bearings other than metal-on-polyethylene. More research is required to determine the benefits of THR over hemiarthroplasty in older patients and those with ASA grades > 2.

A simple classification system, NOF complexity classification, was developed at the Great Western Hospital Trauma and Orthopaedic department, allowing stratification of resources. This is a four-group classification system, each group with two elements, firstly the patients medical fitness and secondly the complexity of the fracture. (C0=medically fit + simple fracture, C1=medically fit + complex fracture, C2=medically unfit + simple fracture, C3=medically unfit + complex fracture)

Between June 2008 and June 2009, data was collected retrospectively for 290 patients during a weekly MDT meeting to enter data that has been gathered into a departmental database to monitor our performance. The outcomes that we looked for to test the validity of this classification are the thirty-day mortality, annual mortality and length of hospital stay all stratified by complexity.

Results showed that there has been a strong correlation between the complexity classification and the 30-day and annual mortality with P values of 0.015 and 0.008 respectively. This resulted in a 30-day mortality of 4.4%, which is half the national average. Our average length of stay was equal to the national average of 23 days.

This classification system has allowed an improvement in service by adapting a classification system, which is understood by both the Orthogeriatric and Orthopaedic teams.

In a series of 450 patients over 70 years of age with displaced fractures of the femoral neck sustained between 1995 and 1997 treatment was randomised either to internal fixation or replacement. Depending on age and level of activity the latter was either a total hip replacement or a hemiarthroplasty. Patients who were confused or bed-ridden were excluded, as were those with rheumatoid arthritis. At ten years there were 99 failures (45.6%) after internal fixation compared with 17 (8.8%) after replacement. The rate of mortality was high at 75% at ten years, and was the same in both groups at all times. Patient-reported pain and function were similar in both groups at five and ten years. Those with successfully healed fractures had more hip pain and reduction of mobility at four months compared with patients with an uncomplicated replacement, and they never attained a better outcome than the latter patients regarding pain or function.

Primary replacement gave reliable long-term results in patients with a displaced fracture of the femoral neck.