It is recognised that as the severity of hallux valgus (HV) worsens, so do the clinical and radiological signs of arthritis in the first metatarsophalangeal joint. However, few studies specifically document the degenerate changes. The purpose of this study is to determine if intraoperative mapping of articular erosive lesions of the first MTP joint can be correlated to clinical and/or radiographic parameters used during the preoperative assessment of the HV deformity. Materials & Methods. We prospectively analysed 50 patients who underwent surgery between Jan 2009 & Jan 2010. Patients with a known history of previous first metatarsophalangeal joint surgical intervention, trauma, or systemic arthritis were excluded from analysis. Preoperative demographics and AOFAS scores were recorded. Radiographic measurements were obtained from weight bearing radiographs. Intraoperative evaluation of the first metatarsal head, base of the proximal phalanx, and sesamoid articular cartilage erosion was performed. Cartilage wear was documented using International Cartilage Research Society grading. Results. three patients did not have scoring or cartilage wear documentation carried out and were excluded. The mean age was 56 years. The mean hallux valgus angle was 31 degrees. The mean IMA was 15 degrees. The mean AOFAS score was 62. Patients with no inferomedial (IM) and inferolateral (IL) wear had significantly better AOFAS score than patients who had IM & IL wear (p < 0.05). Patients who had IM & IL wear had a significantly higher HVA (p < 0.05). There was a significant positive correlation between hallux valgus angle and AOFAS score. We also found correlation between sesamoid wear and AOFAS score and HV angle. Conclusion. we conclude that preoperative clinical and radiographic measurements can be used to predict the incidence and location of articular erosions in the 1st MTPJ and are helpful in the preoperative assessment of the HV deformity

25 First metatarso phalangeal joint replacements using the MOJE implant were prospectively assessed. There were 13 females and 10 males, with an average age of 60 years (range 45–71 years). The main indication for surgery was a symptomatic Hallux Rigidus.

The minimum follow up period was 2 years (range 24–38 months). The patients were assessed before and after surgery using the AOFAS (American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society Hallux Score). The mean pre operative AOFAS score was 45.60 and this improved to 85.63 after surgery. There was a significant improvement in the sub scale for pain, from 4.58 pre operatively to 31.25 post operatively. A 9.5⁰ improvement in the range of motion was noted.

The authors conclude that their study demonstrates that the use of the MOJE implant for the treatment of Hallux Rigidus is a safe and useful option, although a more long term follow up is indicated.

Introduction: Advanced stages of first metatarsophalangeal (MTP) arthritis have traditionally been treated with resection arthroplasty or arthrodesis. Total- and hemiarthroplasty using various prosthetic replacements of the MTP joint, or phalangeal base, have been reported with variable success. A new metatarsal resurfacing system allows for intraoperative joint geometry mapping and placement of a contoured prosthetic.

Methods: Twenty-five patients with advanced stage hallux rigidus were included in this investigation and have undergone metatarsal head resurfacing (HemiCAP® Prosthesis, Arthrosurface Inc., Franklin, MA). The average age of the patients was 51 years. All patients were assessed with the Short Form 36 Health Survey (SF-36) and the American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) clinical rating system for the Hallux, physical examination and radiographic evaluation. The average follow up was 20 months (range: 8 to 28 months).

Results: Postoperative passive dorsiflexion increased on average by 31 degrees from 34 degrees at baseline to 65 degrees at last follow-up. The mean AOFAS score improved from 44.1 to 82.1. The average SF-36 score improved from 81.2 to 96.1. The preoperative visual analogue pain score was reduced from 6.8 to 1.4 at last follow-up. No radiographic evidence of implant loosening, subsidence, or periprosthetic radiolucency has been found to date. No device failures have been encountered. All patients stated they would undergo the procedure again. One patient had a superficial wound break down which resolved with conservative care.

Conclusion: Although long term follow up is still necessary, the current results are very promising providing effective pain relief and improvement in range of motion. Proper implant placement does not affect the sesamoid groove. The procedure is performed with minimal joint resection and preserves viable bone stock, therefore conversion to arthrodesis or resection arthroplasty is possible should the need for further treatment arise.

Introduction/Purpose. A randomized clinical trial of first MTP joint hemiarthroplasty with a synthetic cartilage implant demonstrated equivalent pain, function and safety outcomes to first MTP joint arthrodesis at 2 years. Recognizing that many hemiarthroplasty and total toe implants have initially good results that deteriorate over time, the purpose of this study was to prospectively assess the safety and efficacy outcomes for the synthetic cartilage implant population and to determine if the excellent outcomes were maintained at >5 years. Methods. One hundred nineteen patients were evaluated at 5+ years; 23 could not be reached for follow-up, but implant status was available for 7 of these subjects. Patients completed a pain visual analogue scale (VAS) and Foot and Ankle Ability Measure (FAAM) Sports and Activities of Daily Living (ADL) scores, preoperatively and at 2, 6, 12, 26, 52, 104 and 260 weeks postoperatively. Minimal clinically important differences are: ≥30% difference for pain VAS, 9 points for FAAM Sports, and 8 points for FAAM ADL. Great toe active dorsiflexion, weight-bearing radiographs, secondary procedures, and safety parameters were evaluated. Results. Of 119 patients available at mean 5.8 years follow-up (SD ±0.7; range: 4.4–8.0), 9 underwent implant removal and conversion to fusion in years 2–5, leaving 106 patients. The implant survival rate was 92.4% at 5.8 years. Pain and function outcomes at 5.8 years were similar to those at 2 years. VAS Pain, FAAM Sports, ADL Scores were maintained or improved at 5.8 years. No evidence of avascular necrosis, device migration or fragmentation was observed. There were no unanticipated safety events through 5.8 years. Ninety-three (93%) percent would have the procedure again. Conclusion. The synthetic cartilage hemiarthroplasty implant continues to demonstrate safety and efficacy for the treatment of advanced first MTP joint osteoarthritis with evidence of therapeutic effect and acceptable safety profile at 5.8 years

Background: First Metatarsophalangeal joint (MTP) arthrodesis is commonly performed for hallux valgus with an arthritic joint, however previous studies have recommended that this should be combined with another procedure to correct the hallux valgus when the intermetatarsal angle is enlarged. We propose that an arthrodesis of the first MTP joint with a soft tissue release produces a significant correction of the intermetatarsal angle in such a group of patients avoiding the need for a concomitant procedure to change the intermetatatarsal angle. Patients and Methods: The charts and radiographs of 20 patients who had an arthrodesis of the first MTP joint were retrospectively reviewed. All 20 patients were female with a mean age of 54.2 years (range 42–78 years). The intermetatarsal (IMT) angles were measured by two individuals independently. These were measured on a weight-bearing pre-operative film and a weight-bearing 6-week post-operative film. Fusions were performed using either the Hallu-S® plate or two crossed screws. A Student “t” test was performed on the change of the IMT angle and also on the inter-observer variations for the same. Results: The mean pre-operative IMT angle was 16.85° (range 12–30°). The mean post-operative IMT angle was 10.6° (range 6–20°). The mean change in the IMT angle was 6.25° (range 2–12°). This change of the IMT angle was statistically significant – p< 0.0001 – Student “t” test. There was no significance in the inter-observer difference (p> 0.5) note in 6 radiographs with a mean of 1.3° (range 1–2°). Conclusion: This is the first study to show that performing an arthrodesis of the first MTP joint with soft tissue release in patients with hallux valgus and degenerate first MTP joint will significantly correct the IM angle. Therefore, this alleviates the need for performing another procedure on these patients

Introduction Rheumatoid arthritis commonly produces disabling forefoot deformities. Surgical interventions include hallux metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint fusion with lesser toe metatarsal head and/or proximal phalanx base excisions. Here we describe our experience of combining first MTP joint fusion using a plate with Weil metatarsal osteotomies (WMO) of the lesser toes. WMO preserve and reduce lesser MTP joints thus enhancing stability and relocating the plantar fat pads. Plate fusion of the first MTP joint protects against recurrent deformity. Our aim was to assess the outcome of this procedure. Method Twelve female patients (21 feet) underwent the procedure with no loss to follow up. Informed consent was given and ethics approval obtained. American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) forefoot scale and visual analogue scale scores were recorded post-operatively only. Pre- and post-operative plain radiographs were compared. Results Mean age at operation was 62.5 years (range 48–75). Mean follow up was 25.9 months (range 2–54). The mean post-operative AOFAS scale score was 70.6/100 (range 34–90). The mean hallux valgus angle was reduced from 39.6 degrees to 31.8 degrees and the second MTP angle from 28.3 degrees to 19.4 degrees. Pre-operatively 28% of the lesser toe MTP joints were aligned compared with 83% post-operatively. All of the WMOs fused. Two first MTP joint fusions resulted in non-unions and required successful revision surgery. In five cases metalwork was removed from the hallux because of discomfort. In two cases, metalwork was removed because of superficial wound infection. Infection subsequently resolved after a course of oral antibiotics. Nine patients stated they would recommend the procedure. Conclusion First MTP joint plate arthrodesis and WMOs of the lesser toes provides good symptomatic relief and restoration of forefoot mechanics. It is a useful procedure in delaying more radical and final surgery for this progressive, destructive disease

Introduction. Surgical treatment options for osteoarthritis of the first MTPJ include fusion, excision arthroplasty, interposition arthroplasty and replacement arthroplasty. . 1. Arthroplasty of the first MTPJ is not a treatment modality that is, as yet, widely accepted. . 2,3. although early results are promising. The Toefit-plus (tm) first MTP joint arthroplasty is an uncemented modular hemi or total joint replacement. The aim of this study was to look at the short to medium term outcome of the Toefit-plus(tm) system, performed by a single surgeon in a district general hospital. Methods. This was a retrospective study. Information was obtained from a combination of theatre logs and the operating surgeon's records. Any patient who had undergone Toefit -plus(tm) first MTP joint replacement was included. The demographic information was collated and the patients were scored using the AOFAS-IP scoring system and a VAS for pain. Results. 16 patient were identified with a total of 20 Toefit-plus(tm) arthroplasties. The vast majority of the patients were female 15/16 (94%) and the average age of the patients was 57.5 years (33-63 years). The average time at follow up was 16.55 months (2-45). No revision procedures had been performed. Conclusions. In our small study of a mainly female population the Toefit-Plus(tm) first MTP joint replacement results in a good functional outcome in the short term. Ongoing assessment will be required to investigate whether this benefit is maintained in the long term

Aims. The purpose of this study was to analyse the biomechanics of walking, through the ground reaction forces (GRF) measured, after first metatarsal osteotomy or metatarsophalangeal joint (MTP) arthrodesis. Patients and Methods. A total of 19 patients underwent a Scarf osteotomy (50.3 years, standard deviation (. sd. ) 12.3) and 18 underwent an arthrodesis (56.2 years,. sd. 6.5). Clinical and radiographical data as well as the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) scores were determined. GRF were measured using an instrumented treadmill. A two-way model of analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine the effects of surgery on biomechanical parameters of walking, particularly propulsion. Results. Epidemiological, radiographical and clinical data were comparable in the two groups and better restoration of propulsive function was found after osteotomy as shown by ANOVA (two way: surgery × foot) with a surgery effect on vertical forces (p < 0.01) and a foot effect on anteroposterior impulse (p = 0.01). Conclusion. Patients who underwent Scarf osteotomy had a gait pattern similar to that of their non-operated foot, whereas those who underwent arthrodesis of the first (metatarsophalangeal) MTP joint did not totally recover the propulsive forces of the forefoot. Take home message: The main findings of this study were that after surgical correction for hallux valgus, patients who underwent scarf osteotomy had a gait pattern similar to that of their non-operated foot in terms of forefoot propulsive forces (Fz3, Iy2), whereas those who underwent arthrodesis of the first MTP joint had not. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2016;98-B:641–6

Introduction. A randomized clinical trial of first metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint hemiarthroplasty with a synthetic cartilage implant demonstrated equivalent pain, function and safety outcomes to first MTP joint arthrodesis at 2 years. The implant cohort continues to be followed under an extension of the original study and we report on prospectively determined 5+ year outcomes for subjects assessed to date. Methods. Patients treated with hemiarthroplasty implant as part of the previously mentioned trial are eligible for enrollment in the extended study (n=135). At the time of this report, 57 patients had reached the 5+ years postoperative time point, of which 5 were lost to follow-up. The remaining 52 patients with mean age of 58.5 (range, 38.0–0.0) underwent physical examination, radiographic evaluation, assessment of implant survivorship and collection of patient completed VAS pain, and Foot and Ankle Ability Measure (FAAM) sports subscale and activities of daily living (ADL) subscale scores. Mean follow-up is 5.8 (range, 4.8–8.4) years. Results. Patient reported pain and function outcome measures showed clinically and statistically meaningful improvements over baseline at 5.8 years. Mean VAS pain scores decreased 57.9 points (86% pain reduction). The mean FAAM Sports and ADL subscale scores increased from baseline 47.9 points (126%) and 32.7 points (55%) respectively. Patients maintained first MTP joint motion with mean active peak MTP dorsiflexion of 25.9° (range, 0–0°) which was a 3° improvement from baseline. Implant survivorship at 5.8 years was 92%; four were converted to fusion because of persistent pain at mean time 42 months post-operation (range, 26–26 months). These results are equivalent to the outcomes reported at 2 years follow-up. 1. Conclusion. The synthetic cartilage hemiarthroplasty implant continues to demonstrate safety and efficacy for the treatment of advanced first MTP joint osteoarthritis with mid-term evidence of a therapeutic effect and an acceptable safety profile at 5.8 years

Introduction: Hallux varus deformity leads to a major esthetic and shoe wearing discomfort with a severe functional disability. Surgical procedures for correction must be adapted to the degenerative changings in the first MTP joint, to the joints stiffness and the IP joint claw. Material and Methods: 80 patients have been operated on from 1981 to 2004. An enlarged debridment of the first MTP joint was mandatory before any reconstructive procedure. The collateral lateral ligament reconstruction has been achieved with a synthetic suture (LigaproÒ or LigasticÒ of 1.5 mm diameter) according to flexible joint with no arthritis (regimen 1 (25 cases), youngpopulation (44 years) with an average varus of −12°). The first MTP joint arthrodesis was performed for osteoarthritis combined with stiffness. (regimen 2 (40 cases), older (64 years) with an average varus of −16°. Results: 15 patients were lost for FU.65 patients were clinically and radiologically reviewed with a medium FU of 10 years(2 to 25 years). In series 1 (ligament reconstruction),24/25 patients were totally painless with an artificial device well tolerated. The joint motion, the gait and the shoe-wearing were normal in 24/25 of cases. The medium post-operative valgus was of 12°. In series 2 (MTP arthrodesis), arthrodesis healed in 39 cases with an average time of 60 days. Valgus positionning was always restaured.Degenerative changings occured in the IP joint in 4 cases without any complain. Shoe- wearing was classical in all the cases. Conclusions: The first MTP joint arthrodesis must be the referred procedure for hallux varus deformity according to OA and stiffness in the joint site. Among the procedures for the first MTP joint preservation, enabled to restore valgus strength, the synthetic reconstruction of the collateral lateral ligament is a reliable and reproducible technique, without any damages for the active tendons nor for the joint function

The Chevron osteotomy was described in 1976. There have, however, been only short- to mid-term follow-up reviews, often with small numbers of patients. We looked at 112 feet (73 patients) with a minimum follow-up of ten years following Chevron osteotomy with a distal soft-tissue procedure. Clinical evaluation was calculated using the hallux score of the American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS). For 47 feet (30 patients), the results were compared with those from an interim follow-up of 5.6 years. The AOFAS-score improved from a pre-operative mean of 46.5 points to a mean of 88.8 points after a mean of 12.7 years. The first metatarsophalangeal (MTP) angle showed a mean pre-operative value of 27.6° and was improved to 14.0°. The first intermetatarsal (IM) angle improved from a pre-operative mean value of 13.8° to 8.7°. The mean pre-operative grade of sesamoid subluxation was 1.7 on a scale from 0 to 3 and improved to 1.2. Measured on a scale from 0 to 3, arthritis of the first MTP joint progressed from a mean of 0.8 to 1.7. Comparing the results in patients younger and older than 50 years, the Chevron osteotomy performed equally in both age groups. Analysing the subgroup of 47 feet with a post-operative follow-up of both 5.6 and 12.7 years, the AOFAS pain and the overall score showed a further improvement between both follow-up evaluations. The MTP angle, first IM angle and sesamoid position remained unchanged. The progression of arthritis of the first MTP joint between 5.6 and 12.7 years post-operatively was statistically significant. Only one patient required a revision procedure due to painful recurrence of the deformity. Excellent clinical results following Chevron osteotomy not only proved to be consistent, but showed further improvement over a longer follow-up period. The mean radiographic angles were constant without recurrence of the deformity. So far, the statistically significant progression of first MTP joint arthritis has not affected the clinical result, but this needs further observation

The saphenous nerve is classically described as innervating skin of the medial foot to the first MTP joint and thus is at risk in surgery to the medial ankle and foot. However, it has previously been demonstrated that the dorsomedial branch of the superficial peroneal nerve consistently supplies the dorsomedial forefoot, and therefore previous descriptions of the saphenous nerve maybe erroneous. We undertook a cadaveric study to assess the presence and variability of this nerve. 21 cadaveric feet were dissected from a level 5 cm above the medial malleolus, and distally to the termination of the saphenous nerve. In 16 specimens (76%), a saphenous nerve was present, of which 14 were anterior to the saphenous vein. Two of 16 nerves terminated above the medial malleolus. Therefore, only 14 of 21 specimens (66%) had a saphenous nerve present at the level of the medial malleolus. In seven of these 14 specimens (50%), the nerve terminally branched before the level of the tip of the malleolus. The mean distance reached in the foot was 46mm. Only two nerves reached the forefoot, at 97mm and 110 mm from the ankle joint respectively. At the ankle, the mean distance of the nerve from the tibialis anterior tendon was 9mm, and the saphenous vein 1.2mm. Discussion. Our study shows that the course of the saphenous nerve is highly variable, and when present usually terminates within 40mm of the ankle. Only 10% reach the first MTP joint. These findings are inconsistent with standard surgical text descriptions. The saphenous nerve is at risk in distal tibial screw placement and arthroscopy portal placement, and should be included in local anaesthetic ankle blocks in forefoot surgery, as a small proportion of nerves supply sensation to the medial forefoot

Introduction: A long first metatarsal is a recognized contributing factor to the development of hallux rigidus. It is possible to identify a sub-group of patients with a long first metatarsal and early hallux rigidus. L.S. Barouk & P. Barouk have recently described the use of a modified Weil shortening osteotomy for the treatment of this sub-group of patients. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the early results of a modified Weil’s osteotomy of the first metatarsal in selected patients with hallux rigidus. Materials and Methods: Fifteen patients with mild to moderate OA of the first MTP joint in whom the first metatarsal was at least as long as the second underwent a shortening and plantar-displacing Weil’s osteotomy. Results: At a minimum follow-up of six months all patients’ symptoms improved dramatically and the range of motion was improved in all cases. One patient, a 19 year old professional footballer, developed a stress fracture of the second metatarsal which went on to heal and he was able to return to professional football. One patient developed transfer metatarsalgia. There were no cases of AVN and all patients were satisfied with the outcome of surgery. Discussion: There are many treatment strategies for hallux rigidus. Fusion surgery provides excellent pain relief but joint preserving surgery is preferable. Cheilectomy is reliable but has a significant failure rate. Joint replacements remain experimental. Debridement of the joint in combination with longitudinal decompression of the first MTPJ provides greater range of motion than cheilectomy alone in the subgroup of patients who have a long first metatarsal. Conclusions: These early results suggest that in selected individuals with hallux rigidus associated with a long first metatarsal, a modified Weil’s osteotomy can improve the range of motion of the first MTP joint and result in significant pain relief

Introduction: Mitchell’s operation is a double step-cut osteotomy through the neck of first metatarsal (MT) which displaces laterally and plantar flexes the metatarsal head and minimally shortens the first MT. In coexisted further forefoot abnormalities this osteotomy can be combined by additional corrective osteotomies of the rest metatarsals and straightening of toes. Material and Methods: A prospective study was carried out in our Department, on 42 patients (51feet) operated with this osteotomy alone or combined. The mean follow-up time was 10 years (range, 3–15 years). The average age of patients was 58 years. The average angle of HV deformity was 38 degrees (in nine feet this angle was more than 40 degrees). Mean inter-metatarsal (IM) angulation was 15 degrees. The procedure was always followed by Y or V capsuloplasty of first metatarsophallangeal (MTP) joint. Moderate arthritis of first MTP joint was not considered by us as a contraindication for this operation. The osteotomy was secured by two crossed K-wires. In 20 feet (15 patients) with coexisted forefoot abnormalities oblique osteotomies of the rest metatarsals, arthrodeses of proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joints and elongation of extensor tendons were carried out. Results: In examination, we checked the correction of the deformities; we assessed pain and comfortability in wearing shoes and the joints motion, hi early postoperative examination the mean correction in HV angle was 18 degrees and in IM angle was 5 degrees, but in last examination there was a loss of 5 degrees in the HV angle correction. One hallux was overcorrected. 90% of the results were satisfactory including all feet with osteoarmritis of first MTP joint. 10% of the results considered as poor including all feet with preoperative HV deformity of more than 40 degrees. Ten feet (eight patients) suffered from metatarsalgia established because of fall of MT arch. We feel that Mitchell’s osteotomy is not suitable for HV deformity exceeding the 40 degrees

The first MTP Joint (MTPJ) is critical in normal gait. MTPJ replacements treat the articular surface as a hemisphere, as it appears radiographically. In reality the articular surface has two grooves to accommodate sesamoids and facilitate a better range of motion. We compare a standard hemispherical and a modified grooved implant. Six cadaver feet were implanted with Toefit 1st MTPJ replacements and sequentially four different metatarsal head implants. Two of the metatarsal heads had grooves. The intact joints were used as a baseline for comparison, with their measurements taken before implantation. Each construct had a standard dorsiflexion force applied (50N). Flexion angle was measured on lateral radiographs. Contact pressure and area were measured with a pressure transducer (Tekscan I-Scan 6900 electronic pressure sensor). The anatomical (grooved) implants showed higher flexion angles and lower contact pressures in each case although there were too few trials to reach statistical significance. Results suggest a tendency towards better flexion and contact pressure characteristics in a more anatomical device. This may lead to better clinical outcomes for 1st MTPJ replacements

The saphenous nerve is classically described as innervating skin of the medial foot extending to the first MTP joint and thus is at risk in surgery to the medial ankle and forefoot. However, it has previously been demonstrated by the senior author that the dorsomedial branch of the superficial peroneal nerve consistently supplies the dorsomedial forefoot, leading to debate as to whether the saphenous nerve should routinely be included in ankle blocks for forefoot surgery. We undertook a cadaveric study to assess the presence and variability of the saphenous nerve. 29 feet were dissected from a level 10 cm above the medial malleolus, and distally to the termination of the saphenous nerve. In 24 specimens (83%), a saphenous nerve was present at the ankle joint. In 5 specimens the nerve terminated at the level of the ankle joint, and in 19 specimens the nerve extended to supply the skin distal to the ankle. At the ankle, the mean distance of the nerve from the tibialis anterior tendon and saphenous vein was 14mm and 3mm respectively. The mean distance reached in the foot was 5.1cm. 28% of specimens had a saphenous nerve that reached the first metatarsal and no specimens had a nerve that reached the great toe. The current study shows that the course of the saphenous nerve is highly variable, and when present usually terminates within 5cm of the ankle. The saphenous nerve is at risk in anteromedial arthroscopy portal placement, and should be included in local anaesthetic ankle blocks in forefoot surgery, as a significant proportion of nerves supply the medial forefoot

Introduction. The anatomy of the first metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint and, in particular, the metatarsosesamoid articulation remains poorly understood. The movements of the sesamoids in relation to the metatarsal plays a key role in the function of the first MTP joint. Although the disorders affecting the sesamoids are described well, the movements of the metatarsosesamoid joints and the pathomechanics of these joints have not been described. We have performed a cadaver study detailing and quantifying the three dimensional movements occurring at these joints. Methods. Fresh frozen cadaveric specimens without evidence of forefoot deformity were dissected to assess the articulating surfaces throughout a normal range of motion. The dissections were digitally reconstructed in positions ranging from 10 degrees of dorsiflexion to 60 degrees of plantarflexion using a MicroScribe, enabling quantitative analyses in a virtual 3D environment. Results. The sesamoids demonstrated excursion both in the sagittal and coronal plane. The tibial sesamoid had a mean saggital excursion of 14.2 mm; the mean excursion of the fibular sesamoid was 8.7 mm. The mean coronal excursion of the tibial sesamoid was 2.8 mm while that of the fibular sesamoid was 3.2 mm. We also describe the mean saggital and coronal excursion of the sesamoids during smaller, incremental motions of the MTP joint. Conclusion. There appears to be differential tracking of the hallucal sesamoids. The tibial sesamoid has comparatively increased longitudinal excursion whilst the fibular sesamoid has comparatively greater lateral excursion. Clinical relevance. The greater excursion of the tibial sesamoid could explain the higher incidence of pathology in this bone. The differential excursion of the sesamoids is also a factor that should be considered in the design and mechanics of an effective hallux MTP joint arthroplasty

Introduction. The anatomy of the first metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint and, in particular, the metatarsosesamoid articulation remains poorly understood. The movements of the sesamoids in relation to the metatarsal plays a key role in the function of the first MTP joint. Although the disorders affecting the sesamoids are described well, the movements of the metatarsosesamoid joints and the pathomechanics of these joints have not been described. We have performed a cadaver study detailing and quantifying the three dimensional movements occurring at these joints. Methods. Fresh frozen cadaveric specimens without evidence of forefoot deformity were dissected to assess the articulating surfaces throughout a normal range of motion. The dissections were digitally reconstructed in positions ranging from 10 degrees of dorsiflexion to 60 degrees of plantarflexion using a Micro Scribe, enabling quantitative analyses in a virtual 3D environment. Results. The sesamoids demonstrated excursion both in the sagittal and coronal plane. The tibial sesamoid had a mean saggital excursion of 14.2 mm; the mean excursion of the fibular sesamoid was 8.7 mm. The mean coronal excursion of the tibial sesamoid was 2.8 mm while that of the fibular sesamoid was 3.2 mm. We also describe the mean saggital and coronal excursion of the sesamoids during smaller, incremental motions of the MTP joint. Conclusion. There appears to be differential tracking of the hallucal sesamoids. The tibial sesamoid has comparatively increased longitudinal excursion whilst the fibular sesamoid has comparatively greater lateral excursion. Clinical relevance. The greater excursion of the tibial sesamoid could explain the higher incidence of pathology in this bone. The differential excursion of the sesamoids is also a factor that should be considered in the design and mechanics of an effective hallux MTP joint arthroplasty

Introduction. Hallux Rigidus affects 2–10% of population, usually treated with cheilectomy or arthrodesis, however, for the subclass of patients who refuse to undergo fusion, Arthroplasty is an alternative solution, it maintain some degree of motion and provide pain relief. Toefit; is one of the prostheses being used. It is a total joint replacement with polyethylene insert. The aim of this study is to find clinical and radiological outcomes of Toefit arthroplasty. Method. A prospective study. Ethical committee approval was obtained. Patient who have received Toefit Arthroplasty with at least 12 months follow-up and were willing to participate in the study were included. Patients were reviewed by independent surgeon. Questionnaires were completed followed by clinical examination. This followed by radiographic assessment. Patients, who were willing to take part in the study but could not attend a clinical review, were invited to participate in telephone questionnaire. Pre and postoperative AOFAS scores were compared, patients' satisfaction and clinical and radiological outcome were assessed using descriptive statistics, t-test and survivalship analysis were done. Results. 180 patients had Toefit (September 2004–June 2011). 160 patients participated in the study (170 prostheses), 87% were females. Age range (38–89) year. AOFAS improved significantly from 38 to 83, with average arc of movement of 37 degrees. Patient satisfaction was high, VAS score1. Failure rate of 4.9%, there was high rate of revision of 29% due to sesamoid pain or stiffness in the initial group of patients, decreased to 8% in the second group. Radiological review showed asymptomatic aseptic loosening of 20%, mainly of the proximal phalanx components. Conclusion. First MTP joint replacement can provide pain relief and maintain good range of movement. However, this study highlighted high rate of revision and aseptic loosening. Long term review is required

Advanced stages of first metatarsophalangeal joint (MTPJ) arthritis have traditionally been treated with various arthroplasties or arthrodesis. A recent study suggests that the outcomes of arthrodesis are superior to those of metallic hemiarthroplasty; however, complications and poor outcomes still remain with arthodesis of the first MTP joint. This study reports two year follow-up in patients with advanced MTPJ arthritis who underwent prosthetic inlay resurfacing for the metatarsal side of the MTPJ. From January 2005 to October 2006 patients with stage II or III hallux rigidus underwent inlay resurfacing of the first MTPJ (Arthrosurface HemiCAP® prosthesis). Fourty-seven patients (51 implants) were willing to participate at two institutions in a follow-up study comparing preoperative and postoperative radiographs, range of motion, AOFAS scores and SF-36 scores. The average age of the patients was 51 years. At a mean follow-up of 27 months (range: 12–38), the postoperative assessment demonstrated statistically significant improvements in range of motion (passive mean preop: 280 – postop: 660), AOFAS scores (mean preop: 510 – postop: 940) and SF-36 scores (mean preop: 81, postop: 96) (P< 0.05) when compared to baseline. There were no clinical or radiographic failures of the implant with all patients being satisfied and willing to undergo the procedure again. Although longer term follow up is still lacking the two year results are very promising. As minimal joint resection is necessary, conversion to arthrodesis or resection arthroplasty is relatively simple