Background. Surgical reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament is a common practice to treat the disability or chronic instability of the knee. Several factors associated with success or failure of the ACL reconstruction, including surgical technique and graft material and graft tension. We aimed to show how we can optimize the graft properties and achieve better post surgical outcomes during ACL reconstruction using 3-dimensional computational finite element simulation. Methods. In this paper, 3-dimensional model of the knee was constructed to investigate the effect of graft tensioning on the knee joint biomechanics. Four different grafts were compared: 1) bone-patellar tendon-bone graft (BPTB) 2) Hamstring tendon 3) BPTB and a band of gracilis 4) Hamstring and a band of gracilis. The initial graft tension was set as “0, 20, 40, or 60N”. The anterior loading was set to 134 N. Findings. Our study shows that the use of the discarded gracilis tendon, which usually excised after graft fixation, could be associated with a host of merits. Our results show that preserving this excess part of gracilis would decrease the required pretention load and, subsequently, could optimize biomechanical properties of the knee. Conclusion. Required pretension during surgery will have decreased significantly by adding a band of gracilis to the proper graft. Therefore, in addition to achieving normal stability of the knee, we can have lower risk of degradation

Introduction. Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries represent a significant burden of disease to the orthopaedic surgeon and often necessitate surgical reconstruction in the presence of instability. The hamstring graft has traditionally been used to reconstruct the ACL but the quadriceps tendon (QT) graft has gained popularity due to its relatively low donor site morbidity. Methods. This is a single centre comparative retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data of patients who had an ACL reconstruction (either with single tendon quadrupled hamstring graft or soft tissue quadriceps tendon graft). All surgeries were performed by a single surgeon using the All-inside technique. For this study, there were 20 patients in each group. All patients received the same post-operative rehabilitation protocol and were added to the National Ligament Registry to monitor their patient related outcome scores (PROM). Results. The average age of patients in the QT group was 29 years (16 males, 4 females) and in the hamstring group was 28 years (18 males, 2 females). The most common mechanism of injury in both groups was a contact twisting injury. There were no statistical differences between the two patient groups in regards to PROMS and need for further revision surgery as analysed on the National Ligament Registry. Conclusions. The all soft tissue QT graft seems to be equivocal to quadrupled hamstring graft in terms of patient function and recovery graft characteristics. Further research may be needed to elucidate the long-term results of the all soft tissue QT graft given its recent increase in use

Increasing expectations from arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstructions require precise knowledge of technical details such as minimum intra-femoral tunnel graft lengths. A common belief of having ≥20mm of grafts within the femoral tunnel is backed mostly by hearsay rather than scientific proof. We examined clinico-radiological outcomes in patients with intra-femoral tunnel graft lengths <20 and ≥20mm. Primary outcomes were knee scores at 1-year. Secondarily, graft revascularization was compared using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We hypothesized that outcomes would be independent of intra-femoral tunnel graft lengths. This prospective, single-surgeon, cohort study was conducted at a tertiary care teaching centre between 2015–2018 after obtaining ethical clearances and consents. Eligible arthroscopic ACL reconstruction patients were sequentially divided into 2 groups based on the intra-femoral tunnel graft lengths (A: < 20 mm, n = 27; and B: ≥ 20 mm, n = 25). Exclusions were made for those > 45 years of age, with chondral and/or multi-ligamentous injuries and with systemic pathologies. All patients were postoperatively examined and scored (Lysholm and modified Cincinnati scores) at 3, 6 and 12 months. Graft vascularity was assessed by signal-to-noise quotient ratio (SNQR) using MRI. Statistical significance was set at p<0.05. Age and sex-matched patients of both groups were followed to 1 year (1 dropout in each). Mean femoral and tibial tunnel diameters (P =0.225 and 0.595) were comparable. Groups A (<20mm) and B (≥20mm) had 27 and 25 patients respectively. At 3 months, 2 group A patients and 1 group B patient had grade 1 Lachman (increased at 12 months to 4 and 3 patients respectively). Pivot shift was negative in all patients. Lysholm scores at 3 and 6 months were comparable (P3= 0.195 and P6= 0.133). At 1 year both groups showed comparable Cincinnati scores. Mean ROM was satisfactory (≥130 degrees) in all but 2 patients of each group (125–130 degrees). MRI scans at 3 months and 1 year observed anatomical tunnels in all without any complications. Femoral tunnel signals in both groups showed a fall from 3–12 months indicating onset of maturation of graft at femoral tunnel. Our hypothesis, clinical and radiological outcomes would be independent of intra-tunnel graft lengths on the femoral aspect, did therefore prove correct. Intra-femoral tunnel graft lengths of <20 mm did not compromise early clinical and functional outcomes of ACL reconstructions. There seems to be no minimum length of graft within the tunnel below which suboptimal results should be expected

Introduction. The advent of double bundle ACL (Anterior Cruciate Ligament) reconstruction had been hailed as potentially allowing for more anatomically and physiologically functioning graft, however until recently there had been little evidence of enhanced functional outcomes. The aim of this study is to explore whether the dimensions of hamstring two strand single bundle grafts, are predictive of the combined four strand single bundle graft that results from combining the single bundle grafts, as well as the impact of double bundle grafts upon the available healing and attachment area within the bony tunnels. Methods. Grafts of all likely two strand single bundle graft sizes, measured to the nearest 0.5mm in diameter using unslotted sizing block, were prepared using porcine flexor tendons,. These two strand single bundles were then systematically combined, and re-measured. By geometrical calculation, the sum of the circumferences of the two, two strand double bundle grafts were compared to the combined four strand single bundle graft formed by combining the two smaller bundles. Results. Measuring to the closest 0.5mm, we identified that the predicted four strand single bundle diameters were statistically larger (P < 0.001) than those that were measured. Geometric assessment reveals that dividing a four stand single bundle graft into it's two stand double bundle components, results in an increase in total graft circumference of 32% to 41%. Conclusions. We identified a statistically significant difference between measured and predicted four strand single bundle graft sizes. This result suggests that the viscoelastic properties of the tendon tissue increases as the cross sectional area of the graft increases. Our geometric assessment also demonstrates an increase in available graft to bone contact and healing area, of between 32% to 41%. Therefore one may theorise that double bundle ACL reconstruction results in earlier attainment of graft integration

Abstract. Objectives. To determine the effectiveness of LIA compared to ACB in providing pain relief and reducing opiates usage in hamstring graft ACL reconstructions. Materials and Methods. In a consecutive series of hamstring graft ACL reconstructions, patients received three different regional and/or anaesthetic techniques for pain relief. Three groups were studied: group 1: general anaesthetic (GA)+ ACB (n=38); group 2: GA + ACB + LIA (n=31) and group 3: GA+LIA (n=36). ACB was given under ultrasound guidance. LIA involved infiltration at skin incision site, capsule, periosteum and in the hamstring harvest tunnel. Analgesic medications were similar between the three groups as per standard multimodal analgesia (MMA). Patients were similar in demographics distribution and surgical technique. The postoperative pain and total morphine requirements were evaluated and recorded. The postoperative pain was assessed using the visual analogue scores (VAS) at 0hrs, 2hrs, 4hrs, weight bearing (WB) and discharge (DC). Results. There was no statistically significant difference in opiates intake amongst the three groups. When comparing VAS scores; there were no statistical difference between the groups at any of the time intervals that VAS was measured. However, the GA+LIA group hospital's LOS (m=2.31hrs, SD=0.75) was almost half that of GA+ACB group (m=4.24hrs, SD=1.08); (conditions t(72)=8.88; p=0.000). There was no statistical significance in the incidence of adverse effects amongst the groups. Conclusion. The LIA technique provided equally good pain relief following hamstring graft ACL reconstructions when compared to ACB, while allowing for earlier rehabilitation, mobilisation and discharge

Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) interbody fusion cages combined with autologous bone graft is the current clinical gold standard treatment for spinal fusion, however, bone graft harvest increases surgical time, risk of infection and chronic pain. We describe novel low-stiffness 3D Printed titanium interbody cages without autologous bone graft and assessed their biological performance in a pre-clinical in vivo interbody fusion model in comparison to the gold standard, PEEK with graft. Titanium interbody spacers were 3D Printed with a microporous (Ti1: <1000μm) and macroporous (Ti2: >1000μm) design. Both Ti1 and Ti2 had an identical elastic modulus (stiffness), and were similar to the elastic modulus of PEEK. Interbody fusion was performed on L2-L3 and L4-L5 vertebral levels in 24 skeletally mature sheep using Ti1 or Ti2 spacers, or a PEEK spacer filled with iliac crest autograft, and assessed at 8 and 16 weeks. We quantitatively assessed bone fusion, bone area, mineral apposition rate and bone formation rate. Functional spinal units were biomechanically tested to analyse range of motion, neutral zone, and stiffness. Results: Bone formation in macroporous Ti2 was significantly greater than microporous Ti1 treatments (p=.006). Fusion scores for Ti2 and PEEK demonstrated greater rates of bone formation from 8 to 16 weeks, with bridging rates of 100% for Ti2 at 16 weeks compared to just 88% for PEEK and 50% for Ti1. Biomechanical outcomes significantly improved at 16 versus 8 weeks, with no significant differences between Ti and PEEK with graft. This study demonstrated that macroporous 3D Printed Ti spacers are able to achieve fixation and arthrodesis with complete bone fusion by 16 weeks without the need for bone graft. These significant data indicate that low-modulus 3D Printed titanium interbody cages have similar performance to autograft-filled PEEK, and could be reliably used in spinal fusion avoiding the complications of bone graft harvesting

The primary purpose of this study was to assess whether patients presenting with clinical graft laxity following primary anatomic anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction using hamstring autograft reported a significant difference in disease-specific quality-of-life (QOL) as measured by the ACL-QOL questionnaire. Clinical ACL graft laxity was assessed in a cohort of 1134/1436 (79%) of eligible patients using the Lachman and Pivot-shift tests pre-operatively and at 12- and 24-months following ACL reconstruction. Post-operative ACL laxity was assessed by an orthopaedic surgeon and a physical therapist who were blinded to each other's examination. If there was a discrepancy between the clinical examination findings from these two assessors, then a third impartial examiner assessed the patient to ensure a grading consensus was reached. Patients completed the ACL-QOL questionnaire pre-operatively, and 12- and 24-months post-operatively. Descriptive statistics were used to assess patient demographics, rate of post-operative ACL graft laxity, surgical failures, and ACL-QOL scores. A Spearman rho correlation coefficient was utilised to assess the relationships between ACL-QOL scores and the Lachman and Pivot-shift tests at 24-months post-operative. An independent t-test was used to determine if there were differences in the ACL-QOL scores of subjects who sustained a graft failure compared to the intact graft group. ACL-QOL scores and post-operative laxity were assessed using a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). There were 70 graft failures (6.17%) in the 1134 patients assessed at 24-months. A total of 226 patients (19.9%) demonstrated 24-months post-operative ACL graft laxity. An isolated positive Lachman test was assessed in 146 patients (12.9%), an isolated positive Pivot-shift test was apparent in 14 patients (1.2%), and combined positive Lachman and Pivot-shift tests were assessed in 66 patients (5.8%) at 24-months post-operative. There was a statistically significant relationship between 24-month post-operative graft laxity and ACL-QOL scores (p < 0.001). Specifically, there was a significant correlation between the ACL-QOL and the Lachman test (rho = −0.20, p < 0.001) as well as the Pivot-shift test (rho = −0.22, p < 0.001). There was no significant difference between the scores collected from the graft failure group prior to failure occurring (mean = 74.38, SD = 18.61), and the intact graft group (mean = 73.97, SD = 21.51). At 24-months post-operative, the one-way ANOVA demonstrated a statistically significant difference between the ACL-QOL scores of the no laxity group (mean = 79.1, SD = 16.9) and the combined positive Lachman and Pivot-shift group (mean = 68.5, SD = 22.9), (p = 0, mean difference = 10.6). Two-years post ACL reconstruction, 19.9% of patients presented with clinical graft laxity. Post-operative graft laxity was significantly correlated with lower ACL-QOL scores. The difference in ACL-QOL scores for patients with an isolated positive Lachman or Pivot-shift test did not meet the threshold of a clinically meaningful difference. Patients with clinical laxity on both the Lachman and Pivot-shift tests demonstrated the lowest patient-reported ACL-QOL scores, and these results exceeded the minimal clinically important difference

Abstract. Background. Extracorporeal radiation therapy (ECRT) has been reported as an oncologically safe and effective reconstruction technique for limb salvage in diaphyseal sarcomas with promising functional results. Factors affecting the ECRT graft-host bone incorporation have not been fully investigated. Methods. In our series of 51 patients of primary bone tumors treated with ECRT, we improvised this technique by using a modified V-shaped osteotomy, additional plates and intra-medullary fibula across the diaphyseal osteotomy in an attempt to increase the stability of fixation, augment graft strength and enhance union at the osteotomy sites. We analyzed our patients for various factors that affected union time and union rate at the osteotomy sites. Results. On univariate analysis, age <20 years, metaphyseal osteotomy site, V-shaped diaphyseal osteotomy, extramedullary plate fixation and use of additional plate at diaphyseal ostetomy had a significantly faster time to union while gender, tumor type, resection length, chemotherapy and use of intra-medullary fibula did not influence union time. In multivariate analysis, metaphyseal ostoeotomy, V-shaped diaphyseal osteotomy and use of additional plate at diaphyseal ostetomy were the independent factors with favourable time to union. Although the rate of union was higher with V-shaped diaphyseal osteotomy and use of additional plate and intra-medullary fibula at diaphyseal ostetomy, this difference could not be established statistically. None of the analyzed factors apparently affected the union rate in univariate analysis. Conclusion. Judicious choice of osteosynthesis and augmentation of ECRT graft can enhance incorporation with reduced complications and good functional outcome

There is increasing evidence that patients with ACL reconstruction using ipsilateral graft harvest are at greater risk of rupture (12.5%) on their contralateral compared to their surgical side (7.9%). The purpose of this study is to re-evaluate patients from a previous study comparing ipsi- versus contralateral graft harvest to compare ACL rupture rate at a minimum 10 year follow-up. An attempt to contact all participants from a previously published study was made to invite them to return for a follow-up. The assessment included an International Knee Documentation Committee Knee Clinical Assessment (IKDC), isokinetic concentric knee flexion and extension strength testing, as well as the ACL-Quality of life (ACL-QOL). A chart review was conducted to identify or confirm subsequent ipsi- or contralateral knee surgeries. In patients with ipsilateral graft, 3/34 (8.8%) re-ruptured and 3/34 (8.8%) had contralateral rupture. In the contralateral group, 1/28 (3.6%) re-ruptured and 2/28 (7.1%) had contralateral rupture. The relative risk (RR) of re-rupture with ipsilateral graft was 2.47 compared to using the contralateral site (p=0.42). RR of rupture on the contralateral side when ipsilateral graft was used was 1.23 compared to the alternate approach. Current contact information was unavailable for 21 patients. Of the 47 remaining, 37 were consented (79%). No difference in the ACL-QOL between groups (ipsilateral 68.4±24.4, contralateral 80.1±16.0, p=0.17) was observed. There were no differences in knee flexion strength between groups (peak torque flexion affected leg: ipsilateral 77.8nm/kg±27.4, contralateral: 90.0 nm/kg±35.1; p=0.32; Unaffected leg: ipsilateral: 83.3 nm/kg±30.2 contralateral 81.7 nm/kg±24.4; p= 0.89). This study suggests that using the contralateral hamstring in ACL rupture is not associated with an increase in ACL rupture on either side. The risk of ACL injury was low in all limbs; therefore, a larger study would be required to definitively state that graft side had no impact

INTRODUCTION. Reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA) provides an effective alternative to anatomic shoulder replacements for individuals with cuff tear arthropathy, but certain osteoarthritic glenoid deformities make it challenging to achieve sufficient long term fixation. To compensate for bone loss, increase available bone stock, and lateralize the glenohumeral joint center of rotation, bony increased offset RSA (BIO-RSA) uses a cancellous autograft for baseplate augmentation that is harvested prior to humeral head resection. The motivations for this computational study are twofold: finite element (FE) studies of BIO-RSA are absent from the literature, and guidance in the literature on screw orientations that achieve optimal fixation varies. This study computationally evaluates how screw configuration affects BIO-RSA graft micromotion relative to the implant baseplate and glenoid. METHODS. A senior shoulder specialist (GSA) selected a scapula with a Walch Type B2 deformity from patient CT scans. DICOM images were converted to a 3D model, which underwent simulated BIO-RSA with three screw configurations: 2 divergent superior & inferior locking screws with 2 convergent anterior & posterior compression screws (SILS); 2 convergent anterior & posterior locking screws and 2 superior & inferior compression screws parallel to the baseplate central peg (APLS); and 2 divergent superior & inferior locking screws and 2 divergent anterior & posterior compression screws (AD). The scapula was assigned heterogeneous bone material properties based on the DICOM images’ Hounsfield unit (HU) values, and other components were assigned homogenous properties. Models were then imported into an FE program for analysis. Anterior-posterior and superior-inferior point loads and a lateral-medial distributed load simulated physiologic loading. Micromotion data between the RSA baseplate and bone graft as well as between the bone graft and glenoid were sub-divided into four quadrants. RESULTS. In all but 1 quadrant, APLS performed the worst with the graft having an average micromotion of 347.1µm & 355.9 µm relative to the glenoid and baseplate, respectively. The SILS configuration ranked second, having 211.2 µm & 274.4 µm relative to the glenoid and baseplate. AD performed best, allowing 247.4 µm & 225.4 µm of graft micromotion relative to the glenoid and baseplate. DISCUSSION. Both APLS and SILS techniques are described in the literature for BIO-RSA fixation; however, the data indicate that AD is superior in its ability to reduce graft micromotion, and thus some revision to common practices may be necessary. While these micromotion data are larger than data in the extant RSA literature, there are several factors that account for this. First, to properly model the difference between locking and compression screws, we simulated friction between the compression screw heads and baseplate rather than a tied constraint as done in other studies, resulting in larger micromotion. Second, the trabecular bone graft is at greater risk of deforming than metallic spacers used when studying micromotion with glenosphere lateralization, increasing graft deflection magnitude. Future work will investigate the effects of various BIO-RSA variables. For any figures or tables, please contact authors directly

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are one of the most common ligament injury occurring in young and active individuals. Reconstruction of the torn ligament is the current standard of care. Of the many factors which determine the surgical outcome, fixation of the graft in the bony tunnels has significant role. This study compared the clinical and functional outcome in patients who underwent ACL reconstruction by standard anteromedial portal technique with single bundle hamstring graft anchored in the femoral tunnel using rigidfix and cortical button with adjustable loops. The tibial fixation and rehabilitation protocol were same in both groups. 107 patients underwent ACL reconstruction over a two-year period (87 males, 20 females, 44 after motor vehicle accident, 34 after sports injuries, 79 isolated ACL tear, 21 associated medial meniscus tear, 16 lateral meniscus tear and 11 both menisci). Rigid fix group had 47 patients and adjustable loop 60 patients. Clinical evaluation at end of one year showed better stability in rigid fix group regarding Lachman, anterior drawer, pivot shift tests, KT 1000 arthrometer side to side difference and hop limb symmetry index. However, the differences were not statistically significant. Functional evaluation using IKDC 2000 subjective score and Lysholm score showed better results in rigidfix group than variable loop, but was not statistically significant. However, lower scores were noted in patients with concomitant meniscal injury than in isolated acl tear patients and this was statistically significant in both groups. Rigidfix seems to give better graft fixation on femoral side than variable loop, but by the end of one year the functional outcome is comparable in isolated acl reconstructions

Pyogenic spondylodiscitis is an uncommon but clinically relevant infection that represents 3 to 5% of all cases or osteomyelitis. In Europe, it has an estimated incidence of 0.4 to 2.4/100.000 people/year. Mortality is less than 5%, increasing with a delay in diagnosis greater than 2 month. Patients with renal failure have greater predisposition to infections, consequence of the chronic uremic state. Infection rates in Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) hemodialysis grafts in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) range from 3 to 35%. We present a rare case of concurrent spondylodiscitis and PTFE graft infection in a patient with ESRD and recurrent urinary tract infections (RUTI). The authors present a case of an 80-year-old man with past medical history significant for abdominal aortic aneurysm, bilateral ureter-hydronephrosis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa RUTI and ESRD. Three months after a dialysis PTFE graft hemoaccess was performed a Pseudomonas graft infection was diagnosed and the PTFE graft was removed. One week later, the patient was observed in the author's Department due to an insidious dorsal-lumbar mechanic back pain without neurologic deficits, with progressive deterioration over the past 6 months. A T12-L1 and L1-L2 spondylodiscitis with dural compression was diagnosed and vertebral instability was documented on MRI and TC, demanding surgical treatment. Instrumented fusion with a screw and rod construct was performed from T9 to L5, along with somatic L1 and L2 debridement, and T12-L1 interbody fusion with autograft. Microbiology results were positive for Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antibotic therapy with ceftazidime (6 weeks) and ciprofloxacin (12 weeks) was performed. Symptomatic relieve was achieved and C-reactive protein and white blood cell count returned to normal values. No complications were documented. Four months post-surgery, the patient was asymptomatic (Visual Analogue Scale=0), with no significant limitation in his daily life activity (Disability Rating Index=85) and the vertebral body height was sustained, with imagiological signs of spinal fusion. ESRD patients are more susceptive to infections. Failure in early diagnosis and treatment may lead to disease progression and subsequent functional limitations, deformity and increase in mortality. An aggressive approach, despite delay on diagnosis, is the key factor for a worthy outcome. Despite the good results, recrudescence of spondylodiscitis is known to occur even years after the original offense is treated

Background:. Full thickness cartilage defect of the knee frequently resulted in fibrous tissue formation, and larger lesions often lead to degenerative arthritis of the knee. Many techniques are designed to repair the cartilage defect including chondrocyte transplantation, microfracture and osteochondral graft. Each method has achieved some success but no universal results. Autologus osteochondral graft has gained in clinical popularity because of its technical feasibility and cost effectiveness. Purpose:. The purpose of this retrospective study was to evaluate the medium-term results of autologous osteochondral graft for focal contained articular cartilage defects of the knee in 25 patients with 26 knees with 2- to 7-year follow-up. Patients and Methods:. The cohort consisted of 17 men and 8 women with an average age of 31.3 ± 11.8 (range 20 to 65) years. One patient had bilateral knees. The diagnosis included 9 osteonecrosis, 10 osteochondritis dessicans, and 7 traumatic defects. A 1.0 mm oversized 10 mm long ossteochondral plug was harvested from either from the sulcus terminalis or the intercondylar notch, and implanted into the recipient site The numbers of osteochondral plug ranged from 1 to 3. In larger lesions, osteochondral grafts were implanted in the weight bearing area, and microfracture in non-weight bearing area. Postoperative management included crutch walking with non-weight bearing for 6 weeks, then partial weight bearing for another 6 weeks before full weight bearing. Range of knee motion, quadriceps and hamstring strengthening exercises were encouraged. The evaluations included functional assessment, radiograph of the knee and second look arthroscopy. Results:. At follow-up of 52.9 ± 20.3 (range 25 to 84) months, the results were 50% excellent, 35% good, 11% fair and 4% poor. Overall satisfactory results were noted in 85%. The improvements in pain and function of the knee ranged from 8 to 16 weeks after surgery. There was no correlation of the clinical results with the diagnosis of the lesion. However, the lesion size greater than 500 mm. 2. is associated with failure. Radiographic degenerative changes were noticed in 6 (23%) and 7 (27%) in medial compartment, 5 (19%) and 5 (19%) in lateral compartment, and 1 (4%) and 2 (8%) in the patellofemoral compartment pre- and postoperatively (P > 0.05). Twelve knees underwent a second look arthroscopy. Of the 11 asymptomatic knees, 8 knees with the defect smaller than 500 mm. 2. showed complete bonding of the graft to the adjacent host cartilage, and 3 cases showed minimal fissuring and fibrous tissue formation between graft and host tissue. One symptomatic knee with greater than 500 mm. 2. lesion showed extensive fibrous tissue between the graft and host cartilage. Conclusion:. Autologous osteochondral graft provides good or excellent results in 85% of patients with focal contained chondral and osteochondral defects of the knee. There was no correlation of the clinical results with the nature of the disease and the size of the lesion smaller than 500 mm. 2. Any lesion larger than 500 mm. 2. is prone to poor clinical outcome

Background The minimum size required for a successful quadrupled hamstring autograft ACL reconstruction remains controversial. The risks of ACL re-tear in younger patients who tend to participate in a higher level of sports activity, and female athletes who have numerous predisposing factors, are poorly defined. Purpose To identify risk factors for graft re-tears within 2 years of ACL surgery. The hypotheses are that female sex, a smaller size graft, and younger patients will increase the odds of failure. Study Design Cohort Study. Level of evidence, 3. A cohort of 503 athletes undergoing primary, autograft hamstring ACL reconstruction, performed by a single surgeon using the same surgical technique and rehabilitation protocol, between September-December 2012, was followed for a total duration of 2 years. Return to play was allowed between 6 and 12 months post-surgery upon completion of functional testing. Exclusion criteria included infections, revisions, double bundle techniques, multi-ligament injuries, non-compliance, BTB/allografts/hybrid grafts. Primary outcome consisted of binary data (ACL graft re-tear or no tear) as measured on physical exam (Lachman and pivot shift) and MRI. Multivariate logistic regression statistical analysis with model fitting was used to investigate the predictive value of sex, age, and graft size on ACL re-tear. Secondary sensitivity analyses were performed on the adolescent subgroup, age and graft size as categorical variables, and testing for interactions among variables. Sample size was calculated based on the rule of 10 events per independent variable for logistic regression. The mean age of the 503 athletes was 27.5 (SD 10.6; range = 12–61). There were 235 females (47%) and 268 males (53%) with a 6 % rate of re-tears (28 patients; 17 females). Mean graft size was 7.9 (SD 0.6; range = 6–10). Univariate analyses of graft size, sex, and age only in the model showed that younger age (odds ratio [OR] = 0.86; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.80–0.93; P = .001] and smaller graft size (OR = 0.36; 95% CI = 0.18–0.70; P = .003) were significantly predictive of re-tear. Female sex was correlated with re-tear but was not significant (OR = 1.8; 95% CI = 0.84–3.97; P = .13). Multivariate analysis with all 3 variables in the model showed similar significant results. Graft size < 8 mm (OR = 2.95; 95% CI = 1.33–6.53; P = .008) and age < 25 (OR = 7.01; 95% CI = 2.40–20.53; P = .001) were significantly predictive of re-tear. Entire model was statistically significant (Omnibus test P = .001; Hosmer-Lemeshow statistic P = .68; Receiver Operating Curve [ROC] = 0.8). Surgeons should counsel their patients who are female, younger than 25 and with a graft size less than 8 mm accordingly and consider modifying their surgical or rehabilitation techniques to mitigate these re-tear risks

Purpose. The majority (73%) of orthopaedic surgeons in Canada prefer using semitendinosus-gracilis (STG) autograft for ACL reconstruction. However, there is large variation in tendon size between individuals which makes pre-operative estimation of graft size unpredictable. Inadequate graft size may require an alternative source of graft tissue that should be planned prior to surgery. The purpose of this study is to determine if clinical anthropometric data and MRI measurements of STG tendons can be used to predict hamstring graft size. Method. One-hundred and fourteen patients with ACL deficiency awaiting reconstruction using hamstring autograft were retrospectively evaluated. The following information was obtained from patient charts: height, weight, body mass index (BMI), age, and gender. Cross-sectional area (CSA) of gracilis (G) and semitendinosus (ST) tendons were determined from pre-operative MRI scans using NIH ImageJ analysis software. Actual STG graft diameters were obtained from operative reports. Correlations between patient height, weight, BMI, age, gender, ST-CSA, G-CSA, STG-CSA and intraoperative graft size were calculated to determine the association between these variables. Multiple stepwise regression was performed to assess the predictive value of these variables to intraoperative graft diameter. In addition, three investigators with no radiological experience made independent measurements of the ST and G tendons to determine the inter-rater reliability (ICC) of MRI measurements. Results. All variables were independently correlated with intraoperative graft size (p<0.001). However, based on multiple stepwise regression analysis, only models including STG-CSA (r2=.212; p<.001); STG-CSA and sex (r2=.285; p<.001); and STG-CSA, sex and weight (r2=.294; p<.001) were found to be significant predictors of graft size (when co-variation in other factors was controlled). Inter-class correlation coefficients demonstrated very high agreement between raters for measurements of the ST, G and STG (.816, .827, .863, respectively). Conclusion. Measurement of tendon CSA from MRI images is very reliable. A model including STG-CSA, sex and weight was found to be strongly predictive of hamstring graft diameter for ACL reconstruction. This model may enhance our ability to predict adequate graft size and identify instances that other graft tissues may be a better option. The results of this study may improve pre-operative planning for ACL reconstruction

Introduction. Massive rotator cuff repairs have up to 60% failure rate and repair of a chronic repair can have up to 40% failure rate. With this in mind, new methodologies are being to being developed to overcome this problem. The use of tendon augmentation grafts is one of them. Prior attempts have shown equivocal or poorer outcomes to control repairs. Aims and objectives: The specific aim of these expereiments was to test how well ovine tendon cells would take to a specific biological augmentation graft (Ligamimetic), and wheter tissue engineering techniques would enhance this. Method. Tendon cells harvested from ovine tendons will be cultured, exposed to the tendon augmentation graft, and analysed to see how well it takes to the tendon cells. We have conducted a 21 day experiment, sampling at days 7, 14, and 21. The experiment will look in sheep tendon cells:1. Platelet rich plasma: A comparison of the effects of platelet rich plasma to cell adherence, cell proliferation, and collagen production. Mesenchymal stem cell: A comparison of the effects of mesenchymal stem cells to the material on cell adherence, cell proliferation, and collagen production. Results. Our results show that the ovine tendon cells do take to the tendon augmentation graft, and are able to proliferate. We will present DAPI stainings, DNA and collagen turnover, with Westin blotting results. Results show that the addition of PRP had increased the cell adherence, cell proliferation, and collagen production. These effects were not seen with the mesenchymal stem cells. Conclusion. These experiments have shown our novel collagen scaffold augmentation graft has allowed cells to proliferate on it. Tissue engineered techniques also enhance cell proliferation, and has the potential to enhance cell repair

Introduction:. Lateralization of reversed shoulder arthroplasty provides improvement in range of motion and decreases inferior scapular notching. The purpose of this study was to verify if the autologous cancelous bone graft harvested from the humeral head does heal constantly in a large cohort of patients followed for a long time. Methods:. Cohort of 92 consecutive patients operated between 2006 and 2010 with a BIORSA for definitive shoulder pseudoparalysis, secondary to cuff tear arthropathy (CTA) or massive, irreparable cuff tear (MCT). The autogenous cancelous graft was harvested from humeral head in all cases. Eight patients were lost for follow up, and four died before 2 years. The remaining 80 patients underwent clinical, radiographic and CT assessment at a minimum FU of 24 months. Mean age was 73 years. Three independent observers evaluated notching, partial or total glenoid or humeral loosening and viability of the graft. Constant-Murley score, range of motion and subjective shoulder value (SSV) were recorded. The mean follow up was 39 months (range 24–74 months). Results:. The bone graft did healed completely in 96% of the cases (77/80); the thickness of the graft remained stable through the years. There were two cases of glenoid loosening: one nonunion of the graft at the scapular side was due to an important superior tilt of the glenosphere; one failure of fixation at the baseplate side was related to a low-grade infection. Another patient had a partial radiolucent line between graft and native glenoid located only above the central peg. No other radiolucent line around peg, screws or baseplate was found. Inferior scapula notching was observed in 19% of the cases (mainly grade 1 and 2). Each parameters of Constant score improved, and the mean SSV increased from 27% to 78%. Conclusion:. This study shows that: (1) autologous cancellous bone graft, harvested from the humeral head, does heal to the native glenoid despite the advanced age of the patients; and (2) BIO-RSA allows improvement of shoulder function (mobility, pain, strength, subjective value) with a low rate of scapular notching

Introduction:. The anterior column of the spine is often destroyed by trauma or disease. It is reconstructed by using autograft, allograft, or synthetic cages. The fibula strut graft provides good strength, incorporates quickly and has less risk of disease transmission, which is a big advantage in communities with high incidence of HIV. Various authors cite that its major drawback is the size of its foot print. We could not find any literature that measures its size. We undertook a study to measure the size of the footprint of the fibular in relation to the surface area of the endplate. The clinical relevance is that it may guide the surgeon in deciding how many struts of fibular are required in reconstructing the anterior column, and also quantifies the statement that the fibular strut has a small footprint. Material and Method:. CT angiograms are done frequently for peripheral vascular diseases. These angiograms also show CT scans of the lumbar and thoracic vertebrae, and fibulae of the same patient. We retrospectively examined the first 35 scans done during the year 2012 at Steve Biko Academic Hospital. From the CT we measured the surface area of the endplate of the vertebral bodies T6, 8, 12, L2, and the surface area of the cut surface of the proximal, middle and distal thirds of the fibular, all in square millimetres. We then compared the areas of the vertebral measurements to the area of the fibular measurements. Results:. The middle third of the fibular had the biggest cross sectional surface area. This fact, together with anatomical features of the fibula, explains why the middle part of the fibular is the preferred graft donor site. The ratio of the fibular surface area to that of the vertebral endplate is 1:3–6. It is difficult to advise in a biological system how many struts are required, as compared to a mechanical system. However these ratios suggest that more than one fibular strut graft is required to reconstruct the anterior column. Conclusion:. This is the first time to our knowledge that the surface area of the fibular graft is quantified against the vertebral end plate surface area. The study shows that at least 2 fibula struts are required to reconstruct the thoracic and lumbar anterior columns

In combined high median and ulnar nerve injury, transfer of extensor digiti minimi (EDM) and extensor carpi ulnaris (ECU) nerve branches to restore intrinsic hand function is previously described. A segment of nerve graft is required in this operation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of using the sensory branch of radial nerve (SRN) as an “in situ vascular nerve bridge'” (IVNB) instead of sural nerve graft. Twenty fresh cadavers were dissected. In proximal forearm incision, the feasibility of transferring the EDM/ECU branches to the distal stump of transected SRN was evaluated. In distal forearm incision, the two distal branches of the SRN were transected near the radial styloid process to determine whether transfer of the proximal stumps of these branches to the motor branches of the median (MMN) and ulnar (MUN) nerves is possible. The number of axons in each nerve was determined. The size of the dissected nerves and their location demonstrate that tension free nerve coaptation is easily possible in both proximal and distal incisions. Utilisation of the SRN as an IVNB instead of the conventional sural nerve graft has some advantages. Firstly, the sural nerve graft is a single branch and could be sutured to either the MMN or MUN, whereas the SRN has two terminal branches and can address both of them. Secondly, the IVNB has live Schwann cells and may accelerate the regeneration. Finally, this IVNB does not require leg incision and could be performed under regional anesthesia. The SRN as an IVNB is a viable option which can be used instead of conventional nerve graft in some brachial plexus or high median and ulnar nerve injuries when restoration of intrinsic hand function by transfer of EDM/ECU branches is attempted

A prospective study was done to assess the outcome of MPFL reconstruction for patellar instability using quadriceps graft. MPFL reconstruction was done using superficial strip of quadriceps by an anteromedial incision and attached close to medial epicondyle of femur. There were 15 knees in thirteen patients with a mean age of 23.4 years. All patients had MPFL reconstruction and 5 had tibial tuberosity transfers. With a mean follow-up of 39.4 (12–57) months, the mean pre-op Kujala scores improved from 47.8 to 87.2. The mean Lysholm scores improved from 54.2 to 86.8. None of the patients had patella re-dislocations. MPFL reconstruction with quadriceps graft appears to be effective producing good results in patients with patellar instability