Background

Patient reported outcomes/experience measures have been a fundamental part of the NHS since 2009. Osteotomy procedures for hallux valgus produce varied outcomes due to their subjective nature. We used PROMS2.0, a semi-automated web-based system, which allows collection and analysis of outcome data, to assess what the patient reported outcome/experience measures for scarf+/− akin osteotomy for hallux valgus are at UHSM.

3D accurate measurements of the skeletal structures of the foot, in physiological and impaired subjects, are now possible using Cone-Beam CT (CBCT) under real-world loading conditions. In detail, this feature allows a more realistic representation of the relative bone-bone interactions of the foot as they occur under patient-specific body weight conditions. In this context, varus/valgus of the hindfoot under altered conditions or the thinning of plantar tissues that occurs with advancing age are among the most complex and interesting to represent, and numerous measurement proposals have been proposed. This study aims to analyze and compare these measurements from CBCT in weight-bearing scans in a clinical population. Sixteen feet of diabetic patients and ten feet with severe adult flatfoot acquired before/after corrective surgery underwent CBCT scans (Carestream, USA) while standing on the leg of interest. Corresponding 3D shapes of each bone of the shank and hindfoot were reconstructed (Materialise, Belgium). Six different techniques found in the literature were used to calculate the varus/valgus deformity, i.e., the inclination of the hindfoot in the frontal plane of the shank, and the distance between the ground and the metatarsal heads was calculated along with different solutions for the identification of possible calcifications. Starting with an accurate 3D reconstruction of the skeletal structures of the foot, a wide range of measurements representing the same angle of hindfoot alignment were found, some of them very different from each other. Interesting correlations were found between metatarsal height and subject age, significant in diabetic feet for the fourth and fifth metatarsal bones. Finally, CBCT allows 3D assessment of foot deformities under loaded conditions. The observed traditional measurement differences and new measurement solutions suggest that clinicians should consider carefully the anatomical and functional concepts underlying measurement techniques when drawing clinical and surgical conclusions

Being commonly missed in the clinical practice, Lisfranc injuries can lead to arthritis and long-term complications. There are controversial opinions about the contribution of the main stabilizers of the joint. Moreover, the role of the ligament that connects the medial cuneiform (MC) and the third metatarsal (MT3) is not well investigated. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of different Lisfranc ligament injuries on CT findings under two specified loads. Sixteen fresh-frozen human cadaveric lower limbs were embedded in PMMA at mid-shaft of the tibia and placed in a weight-bearing radiolucent frame for CT scanning. All intact specimens were initially scanned under 7.5 kg and 70 kg loads in neutral foot position. A dorsal approach was then used for sequential ligaments cutting: first – the dorsal and the (Lisfranc) interosseous ligaments; second – the plantar ligament between the MC and MT3; third – the plantar Lisfranc ligament between the MC and the MT2. All feet were rescanned after each cutting step under the two loads. The average distances between MT1 and MT2 in the intact feet under 7.5 kg and 70 kg loads were 0.77 mm and 0.82 mm, whereas between MC and MT2 they were 0.61 mm and 0.80 mm, without any signs of misalignment or dorsal displacement of MT2. A slight increase in the distances MT1-MT2 (0.89 mm; 0.97 mm) and MC-MT2 (0.97 mm; 1.13 mm) was observed after the first disruption of the dorsal and the interosseous ligaments under 7.5 kg and 70 kg loads. A further increase in MT1-MT2 and MC-MT2 distances was registered after the second disruption of the ligament between MC and MT3. The largest distances MT1-MT2 (1.5 mm; 1.95 mm) and MC-MT2 (1.74 mm; 2.35 mm) were measured after the final plantar Lisfranc ligament cut under the two loads. In contrast to the previous two the previous two cuts, misalignment and dorsal displacement of 1.25 mm were seen at this final disrupted stage. The minimal pathological increase in the distances MT1-MT2 and MC-MT2 is an important indicator for ligamentous Lisfranc injury. Dorsal displacement and misalignment of the second metatarsal in the CT scans identify severe ligamentous Lisfranc injury. The plantar Lisfranc ligament between the medial cuneiform and the second metatarsal seems to be the strongest stabilizer of the Lisfranc joint. Partial lesion of the Lisfranc ligaments requires high clinical suspicion as it can be easily missed

An isolated avulsion fracture of the peroneus longus tendon is seldom seen and potentially can go undiagnosed using basic imaging methods during an initial emergency visit. If not managed appropriately it can lead to chronic pain, a reduced range of motions and eventually affect mobility. This article brings to light the effectiveness of managing such injuries conservatively. A 55 year old postman presented to clinic with pain over the instep of his right foot for 2 months with no history of trauma. Clinically the pain was confined to the right first metatarsophalangeal joint with occasional radiation to the calf. X-ray films did not detect any obvious bony injury. MR imaging revealed an ununited avulsion fracture of the base of the 1st metatarsal. The patient was subsequently injected with a mix of steroid and local anesthetic injections at the painful nonunion site under fluoroscopic guidance. Post procedure there was no neurovascular deficit. The patient was reviewed at three months and his pain score and functional outcome improved significantly. Moreover following our intervention, the Manchester Oxford Foot Questionnaire reduced from 33 to 0. At the one year follow up he remained asymptomatic and was discharged. The peroneus longus tendon plays a role in eversion and planter flexion of foot along with providing stabilization to arches of foot. The pattern of injury to this tendon is based on two factors one is the mechanism of insult, if injured, and second is the variation in the insertion pattern of peroneus longus tendon itself. There is no gold standard treatments by which these injuries can be managed. If conservative management fails we must also consider surgery which involves percutaneous fixation, or excision of the non-healed fracture fragment and arthrodesis. To conclude isolated avulsion fractures of peroneus longus tendon are rare injuries and it is important to raise awareness of this injury and the diagnostic and management challenges faced. In this case conservative management was a success in treating this injury however it is important to take factors such as patient selection, patient autonomy and clinical judgement into account before making the final decision

Increase in heel height increases peak pressure under the forefoot. Customized shoe inlays with metatarsal lift, arch support has demonstrated lowered forefoot pressure and increase in the subjective comfort. A commercial shoe brand (Roccamore) has introduced an off-the-rack stiletto with a slim (1 cm. 2. ) 8 cm heel plus 2 cm platform with metatarsal lift, arch support and heel cap claiming it will reduce the discomfort associated with high heels. The primary aim of this study was to compare the pressure under the forefoot, arch, heel and toes in this “orthopaedic” stiletto (OS) to a standard stiletto of the same heel height without inlays (SS) and a control sneaker (SN). Secondary aims were to measure the comfort under the forefoot, heel and arch during everyday use. Finally to investigate if any pressure measurements were correlated to comfort or any anatomical/clinical feature of the foot. 22 women, aged 40 (21–62), accustomed to stilettos, walked at 4 km/hr on a level treadmill in all three shoe types. Peak pressure (kPa) and pressure-time integral (kPa/sec) under 2+3rd and first metatarsal heads, the arch/midfoot and heel were measured during 10 consecutive steps at 50 Hz using Novel Pedar-X pressure distribution insoles. Standing X-rays and a standardized clinical examination were carried out. Mundermanns comfort VAS and daily steps were recorded for each shoe type during 3 full days. (0= worst to 150 mm= most comfortable). Data were compared with paired t-tests and regression analysis. Statistical significance is reported as p<0.05=, p<0.01=, p<0.001=. Peak pressure: Compared to SS the peak pressure under the 2+3 metatarsals was reduced to 82% in the OS and 60% in the SN. Under the first metatarsal it was reduced to 73% and 40%, respectively. Under the arch it was similar for SN and OS and 30% lower for the SS. Under the heel the OS was 27–28% lower than SS and SN. The same reductions, as well as similarities in the arch were seen in the pressure-time integrals, although with smaller difference between OS and SS, and conversely larger reductions in the SN to 49% under 2+3 metatarsals and 43% under the first. For forefoot, arch and heel, the comfort was rated highest for the SN and lowest for the SS. No statistical difference between OS and SS in the arch. For each mm the second metatarsal was longer than the first, the peak pressure under MT2+3 rose 13 kPa (95%CI: 7 to 19) and the pressure time integral 3 kPa/s (1–5). No effect of first ray ROM or stability. The forefoot VAS score dropped (less comfortable) 0.3 mm for each kPa/s the pressure time integral rose under the MT2+3. Peak pressure parameters or daily steps were not statistically significantly related to the forefoot comfort. A mass produced “orthopaedic” stiletto can reduce the pressure approaching those achieved in a sneaker and increase comfort for the user. An increase in pressure-time integral under 2+3 metatarsals increases the discomfort and the pressure is increased in index-minus feet

The exact action of the Peroneus Longus muscle on the foot is not fully understood. It is involved in a number of pathological processes like tendonitis, tenosynovitis, chronic rupture and neurological conditions. It is described as having a consistent insertion to the base of the first metatarsal, but there have also been reports of significant variations and additional slips. Our aim was to further clarify the anatomy of the main insertion of the Peroneus Longus tendon and to describe the site and frequency of other variable insertion slips. The course of the distal peroneus longus tendon and its variable insertion was dissected in 20 embalmed, cadaveric specimens. The surface area of the main insertion footprint was measured using an Immersion Digital Microscibe and 3D mapping software. The site and frequency of the other variable insertion slips is presented. There was a consistent, main insertion to the infero-lateral aspect of the first metatarsal in all specimens. The surface area of this insertion was found to be proportional to the length of the foot. The insertion in males was found to be significantly larger than females. The most frequent additional slip was to the medial cuneiform. Other less frequent insertion slips were present to the lesser metatarsals. The main footprint of the Peroneus Longus tendon is on the first metatarsal. There appears to an additional slip to the medial cuneiform frequently. Although we are unsure about the significance of these additional slips, we hope it will lead to a better understanding of the mechanism of action of this muscle and its role both in the normal and pathological foot

Objectives. To compare the therapeutic potential of tissue-engineered constructs (TECs) combining mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and coral granules from either Acropora or Porites to repair large bone defects. Materials and Methods. Bone marrow-derived, autologous MSCs were seeded on Acropora or Porites coral granules in a perfusion bioreactor. Acropora-TECs (n = 7), Porites-TECs (n = 6) and bone autografts (n = 2) were then implanted into 25 mm long metatarsal diaphyseal defects in sheep. Bimonthly radiographic follow-up was completed until killing four months post-operatively. Explants were subsequently processed for microCT and histology to assess bone formation and coral bioresorption. Statistical analyses comprised Mann-Whitney, t-test and Kruskal–Wallis tests. Data were expressed as mean and standard deviation. Results. A two-fold increaseof newly formed bone volume was observed for Acropora-TECs when compared with Porites-TECs (14 . sd. 1089 mm. 3. versus 782 . sd. 507 mm. 3. ; p = 0.09). Bone union was consistent with autograft (1960 . sd. 518 mm. 3. ). The kinetics of bioresorption and bioresorption rates at four months were different for Acropora-TECs and Porites-TECs (81% . sd. 5% versus 94% . sd. 6%; p = 0.04). In comparing the defects that healed with those that did not, we observed that, when major bioresorption of coral at two months occurs and a scaffold material bioresorption rate superior to 90% at four months is achieved, bone nonunion consistently occurred using coral-based TECs. Discussion. Bone regeneration in critical-size defects could be obtained with full bioresorption of the scaffold using coral-based TECs in a large animal model. The superior performance of Acropora-TECs brings us closer to a clinical application, probably because of more suitable bioresorption kinetics. However, nonunion still occurred in nearly half of the bone defects. Cite this article: A. Decambron, M. Manassero, M. Bensidhoum, B. Lecuelle, D. Logeart-Avramoglou, H. Petite, V. Viateau. A comparative study of tissue-engineered constructs from Acropora and Porites coral in a large animal bone defect model. Bone Joint Res 2017;6:208–215. DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.64.BJR-2016-0236.R1

The Cobb Stainsby forefoot arthroplasty for claw and hammer toes combines excision arthroplasty (Stainsby) with extensor tendon transfer to the metatarsal head (Cobb). We present a retrospective, three surgeon case series of 218 toes in 128 patients over four years. Clinical notes were reviewed for all patients and 77 could be contacted for a telephone survey. Follow up ranged from 12–82 months. All patients presented with pain and shoe wear problems from dislocated metatarsophalangeal joints either from arthritis, hallux valgus, Freiberg's disease or neurological disorders. Ipsilateral foot procedures were performed simultaneously in 24 (30%) patients. Seventy-two patients (94%) were satisfied, 72 (94%) reported pain relief, 55 (71%) were happy with toe control, 61 (79%) were pleased with cosmesis, 59 (77%) returned to normal footwear and 56 (73%) reported unlimited daily activities. Minor complications occurred in 17 (13%) and 3 (2%) developed complex regional pain syndrome. Four (5%) developed recurrent clawing. The Stainsby procedure permits relocation of the plantar plate under the metatarsal head for cushioned weight-bearing but can create a floppy, unsightly toe. By combining this with the Cobb procedure, our case series demonstrates improved outcomes from either procedure alone with benefits over alternatives such as the Weil's osteotomy. Oxford Level 4 evidence – retrospective case series

Background. Severe hallux rigidus can be treated with total or hemi arthroplasty to preserve motion in the 1st metatarsophalangeal joint (MTPJ). Decreased dorsiflexion impairs the rollover motion of the 1st MTPJ and recent studies of patients with 1st MTPJ osteoarthritis show increased plantar forces on the hallux. Objectives. Our aim was to examine the plantar force variables under the hallux and the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd – 5th distal metatarsal head (MH) on patients operated with a proximal hemiarthroplasty (HemiCap) in the 1st MTPJ and compare to a control group of healthy patients. Secondary aims: To examine correlations between the force and the 1st MTPJ range of motion (ROM) and pain. Study Design & Methods. Seventy patients operated with HemiCap were invited. 41 were included, (10 men, 31 women), median operation date 2011(range 2007–2014), age 63(47–78), 37 unilateral and 4 bilateral. Dorsal ROM of the 1st MTPJ was measured by goniometer and by x-ray. Pain evaluated by visual analog scale (VAS 1–10) during daily activities (DA) and during testing (DT). Emed (Novel) Foot Pressure Mapping system was used to measure peak force (N) and force/time integral (N/s) under the hallux, 1st and 2nd and 3–5th metatarsal heads (MH). Statistics: Force variables between operated feet and control group were compared by independent two-sample t-test or Wilcoxon rank sum test. Force variables association to ROM and pain by linear regression models. Results. Median (range) for HemiCap/Control group: Peak force (N): Hallux: 12(1–26)/20(4–30), 1st MH: 17(8–41)/24(14–42), 2nd MH 24(15–37)/28(24–37), 3rd–5th MH: 27(18–36)/30(25–35). Force/time integral (N/s): Hallux: 1(1–4)/4(1–12), 1st MH: 5(2–18)/7(3–11), 2nd MH 8(4–13)/10(7–13), 3rd–5th MH: 9(6–15)/10(8–14). Significant difference between HemiCap patients and healthy controls in peak force and force/time integral was found under the hallux (p<0.01), 1st (p<0.05) and 2nd MH (p<0.05), and max force under the 3–5th MH (p<0.01). Dorsal ROM of the operated feet was 45 degrees (10–75) by goniometer and 41 degrees (16–70) by x-ray. An increase in dorsal ROM decreased the peak force and force/time integral under the hallux (p>0.05) but not under the MHs. Most patients reported no pain (VAS 1: 62% DA, 78% DT), only 2 patients reported VAS>3. No significant correlation between pain and force or force/time integral. Conclusions. A mid-term hemiarthroplasty do not restore the joint motion to normal. The loading patterns are in opposition to AO patients as as assfgjkdfgjkfdgjk the HemiCap patients show a significantly decreased peak force and force/time integral under the hallux compared to the control group and the larger the dorsiflexion achieved postoperatively the smaller the force/time integral becomes. It may reflect a patient reluctance to load the 1st ray and 2nd MH. The plantar forces are not linked to pain. Most report minimal pain, but the pain score is biased by missing numbers and exclusion of revisions

Fifth metatarsal fractures are common and the majority unite regardless of treatment. A sub-type of these fractures carries a risk of non-union and for this reason many centres follow up all 5. th. metatarsal fractures. In 2011, a standardised protocol was introduced to promote weight-bearing as pain allowed with a tubigrip or Velcro boot according to symptoms. No routine fracture clinic appointments were made from A&E but patients were provided with information and a help-line number to access care if required. Some patients still attended fracture clinics, but only after review of their notes/X-rays by an Orthopaedic Consultant, or after self-reported “failure to progress” using the special help-line number. Audit of a year prior to the introduction of the protocol and the year following it was performed. All x-rays taken at presentation in A&E were reviewed and classified independently (KBF/JM) for validation. During 2009/2010, 279 patients presented to A&E with a 5. th. metatarsal fracture and were referred to a fracture clinic. 106(38%) attended 1 appointment, 130(47%) attended 2 appointments and 31 (11%) attended 3 or more appointments – 491 appointments in total. 3% failed to attend the clinic. Operative fixation was performed in 3 patients (1.07%). In 2011/2012, of 339 A&E fractures, only 63 (19%) attended fracture clinic. 37 (11%) attended 1 appointment, 12 (4%) 2 and 9 (3%) 3 or more appointments – 96 appointments in total. Four patients (1.17%) required operative fixation. Our study did not demonstrate any added value for routine outpatient follow-up of 5. th. metatarsal fractures. Patients can be safely allowed to weight bear and discharged at the time of initial presentation in the A&E department if they are provided with appropriate information and access to a “help line” run by experienced fracture clinic staff. The result is a more efficient, patient-centred service

The Cochrane Collaboration has produced five new reviews relevant to bone and joint surgery since the publication of the last Cochrane Corner These reviews are relevant to a wide range of musculoskeletal specialists, and include reviews in Morton’s neuroma, scoliosis, vertebral fractures, carpal tunnel syndrome, and lower limb arthroplasty.

Bone tissue engineering constructs (BTEC) combining natural resorbable osteoconductive scaffolds and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have given promising results to repair critical size bone defect. Yet, results remain inconsistent. Adjonction of an osteoinductive factor to these BTEC, such as rh-BMP-2, to improve bone healing, seems to be a relevant strategy. However, currently supraphysiological dose of this protein are used and can lead to adverse effects such as inflammation, ectopic bone and/or bone cyst formation. Interestingly, in a preliminary study conducted in ectopic site in a murine model, a synergistic effect on bone formation was observed only when a low dose of rh-BMP-2 was associated with MSCs-seeded coral scaffolds but not with a high dose. The objective of the study was then to evaluate a BTEC combining coral scaffold, MSCs and a low dose of rh-BMP-2 in a large animal model of clinical relevance. Sixteen sheep were used for this study. MSCs were isolated from an aspirate of bone marrow harvested from the iliac crest of each sheep receiving BTEC with MSCs, cultivated and seeded on Acroporacoral scaffolds one week before implantation. Rh-BMP-2, used at two different doses (low dose: 68μg/defect and high dose: 680μg/defect), was diluted and absorbed on Acroporacoral scaffold one day before implantation. Metatarsal segmental bone defects (25 mm) were made in the left metatarsal bone of the sheep, stabilized by plate fixation, and filled with Acroporacoral scaffolds loaded with either (i) MSCs and a low dose of rh-BMP-2 (Group 1;n=6), (ii) a low dose of rh-BMP-2 (Group 2;n=5), (iii) a high dose of rh-BMP-2 (Group 3;n=5). Standard radiographs were taken after each surgery and each month until sheep sacrifice, 4 months postoperatively. Bone healing and scaffold resorption were assessed by micro-computed-tomography (μCT) and histomorphometry. Results were compared to a historical control group in which coral scaffolds were loaded with MSCs. Bone volumes (BV) evaluated by μCT and bone surfaces (BS) evaluated by histomorphometry did not differ between groups (BV: 1914±870, 1737±841, 1894±1028 and 1835±1342 mm. 3. ; BS: 25,41±14,25, 19,85±8,31, 25,54±16,98 and 26,08±22,52 %; groups 1, 2, 3 and control respectively); however, an higher bone union was observed in group 1 compared to the others (3, 1, 2 and 2 sheep with bone union in groups 1, 2, 3 and control respectively). No histological abnormalities were observed in any group. Coral resorption was almost complete in all specimens. No significant difference in coral volumes and coral surfaces was observed between groups. A trend towards a higher variability in coral resorption was noted in group 1 compared to the others. There seems to be a benefit to associate low dose of rh-BMP-2 with MSCs-seeded coral scaffolds as this strategy allowed an increase of bone unions in our model. Yet, results remain inconsistent. Although, defective coupling between scaffold resorption and bone formation impaired bone healing in some animals, adjunction of rh-BMP-2 (even at low dose) to CSMs loaded construct is a promising strategy for bone tissue engineering

Background. Fractures of the metatarsal bones are the most frequent fracture of the foot. Up to 70% involve the fifth metatarsal bone, of which approximately eighty percent are located proximally. Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) has been shown to be a useful adjunct in the treatment of delayed fractures and non unions. However, there is no study looking at the success rate of LIPUS in fifth metatarsal fracture delayed unions. Objectives. The aim of our study was to investigate the use of LIPUS treatment for delayed union of fifth metatarsal fractures. Study Design & Methods. A retrospective review of patients who were treated with LIPUS following a delayed union of fifth metatarsal fracture was conducted over a three-year period (2013 – 2015). Delayed union was defined as lack of clinical and radiological evidence of union, bony continuity or bone reaction at the fracture site if 3 months has elapsed from the initial injury. Results. There were thirty patients (9 males, 21 females) in our cohort. The average age was 39.3 years. Type 2 fractures made up 43% of our cohort. Twenty-seven (90%) patients went on to progress to union clinically and radiologically following LIPUS treatment. Smoking (p=0.014) and size of fracture gap (p=0.045) were predictive of non-union. Conclusions. This is the first study looking at the use of LIPUS in the treatment of delayed union of fifth metatarsal fractures. We report a success rate of 90%. There is a role in the use of LIPUS in delayed union of fifth metatarsal fractures and can serve as an adjunct prior to consideration of surgery

The properties of impacted morsellised bone graft (MBG) in revision total knee arthroplasty (TKA) were studied in 12 horses. The left hind metatarsophalangeal joint was replaced by a human TKA. The horses were then randomly divided into graft and control groups. In the graft group, a unicondylar, lateral uncontained defect was created in the third metatarsal bone and reconstructed using autologous MBG before cementing the TKA. In the control group, a cemented TKA was implanted without the bone resection and grafting procedure. After four to eight months, the animals were killed and a biomechanical loading test was performed with a cyclic load equivalent to the horse’s body-weight to study mechanical stability. After removal of the prosthesis, the distal third metatarsal bone was studied radiologically, histologically and by quantitative and micro CT. Biomechanical testing showed that the differences in deformation between the graft and the control condyles were not significant for either elastic or time-dependent deformations. The differences in bone mineral density (BMD) between the graft and the control condyles were not significant. The BMD of the MBG was significantly lower than that in the other regions in the same limb. Micro CT showed a significant difference in the degree of anisotropy between the graft and host bone, even although the structure of the area of the MBG had trabecular orientation in the direction of the axial load. Histological analysis revealed that all the grafts were revascularised and completely incorporated into a new trabecular structure with few or no remnants of graft. Our study provides a basis for the clinical application of this technique with MBG in revision TKA

Introduction. The management of adolescent hallux valgus (AHV) remains controversial, with reservations about both conservative and surgical treatments. Non-operative management has a limited role in preventing progression. Surgical correction of AHV has, amongst other concerns, been associated with a high prevalence of recurrence of deformity after surgery. We conducted a systematic review to assess clinical and radiological outcomes following surgery for AHV. Methods & Materials. A comprehensive literature search was performed in the Cochrane Library, CINAHL, EMBASE, Google Scholar, and Pubmed. The study was performed in accordance with the recommendations of the PRISMA guidelines. Demographic data, radiographic parameters, and results of validated clinical scoring system were analysed. Results. Nine contemporary studies reporting on 201 osteotomies in 140 patients were included. The female to male ratio was 10:1. Mean age at operation was 14.5 years (10.5–22). Mean follow-up was 41.6 months (12–134). The mean post-operative AOFAS score was 85.8 (sd ±7.38). The mean AOFAS patient satisfaction showed that 86% (sd ± 11.27) of patients satisfied or very satisfied with their outcome. On the DuPont BRS, 90% rated their outcome as good or excellent. There was a statistically significant improvement in the IMA (p=0.0003), HVA (p<0.0001), and DMAA (p=0.019). The main complication was persistent pain (12%); others included infection (2%), scar hypersensitivity (4.5%), and non-union, metatarsalgia, and CRPS (each at 0.5%), and no reports of metatarsal head AVN. Conclusion. Based on the most current published evidence, surgery for AHV shows excellent clinical and radiological outcomes, with high patient satisfaction. The rates of recurrence and other complications are lower than the historically reported figures. There is, however, a need for high level, multi-centre collaborative studies with prospective data to establish the long-term outcomes and optimal surgical procedure(s)

Tenodesis effect and digital cascade of the foot were never described in the current literature. However, understanding of these effects are important in the diagnoses and managements of foot flexor tendon rupture and lesser toe deformities. We aim to investigate the presence of these effects in the foot with intact and cut tendons. Ten fresh frozen cadaveric specimens were used in our study. 2. nd. , 3. rd. and 4. th. toe metatarsophalangeal joint (MTPJ) and proximal interphalangeal joint (PIPJ) range of motion (ROM) at ankle resting position were measured. Same measurements were repeated with maximum ankle plantarflexion and dorsiflexion. 4. th. toe Flexor Digitorum Longus (FDL) was then identified over plantar aspect of metatarsal shaft and cut transversely. 2. nd. , 3. rd. and 4. th. toe MTPJ and PIPJ ROM at ankle resting position, maximum plantarflexion and dorsiflexion were then measured. Mean 4. th. toe MTPJ and PIPJ ROM at ankle dorsiflexion were 13.5 ° of dorsiflexion and 25 ° of plantarflexion respectively, compared with values at ankle plantarflexion which were 35 ° and 25 ° respectively. After 4. th. toe FDL was cut, mean 4. th. toe MTPJ and PIPJ ROM at ankle dorsiflexion were 14 ° and 24 ° respectively and at ankle plantarflexion the values were 34.5 ° and 25 ° respectively. At ankle resting position before 4. th. FDL was cut, mean 4. th. toe MTPJ and PIPJ ROM were 22 ° and 31 ° respectively, compared with the values after 4. th. FDL was cut, ie 22.5 ° and 30.5 ° respectively. Tenodesis effect of the foot was shown in our study. However unlike in hand, this effect was only present in MTPJ and was still present following cut FDL. Similarly, digital cascade was still present following cut FDL. The maintenance of tenodesis effect and digital cascade following cut flexor tendon is likely contributed by various soft tissue restraints and intrinsic muscle actions. These findings are important in both the diagnosis and management of foot flexor tendon rupture and help us to better understand the biomechanics of lesser toe deformities and the managements of these deformities

Four-dimensional computed tomography (4DCT: three dimensional + time) allows to measure individual bone position over a period of time usually during motion. This method has been found useful in studying the joints around the wrist as dynamic instabilities are difficult to detect during static CT scans while they can be diagnosed using a 4DCT scan [1]–[3]. For the foot, the PedCAT system (Curvebeam, Warrington, USA) has been developed to study the foot bones under full weight bearing, however its use is limited to static images. On the contrary, dynamic measurements of the foot kinematics using skin markers can only describe motion of foot segments and not of individual bones. However, the ability to measure individual bone kinematics during gait is of paramount importance as such detailed information could be used to detect instabilities, to evaluate the effect of joint degeneration, to help in pre-operative planning as well as in post-operative evaluation. The overall gait kinematics of two healthy volunteers were measured in a gait analysis lab (Movement Analysis Lab Leuven, Belgium) using a detailed foot-model (Oxford foot model, [4]). The measured plantar-dorsiflexion and in-eversion were used to manipulate their foot during a 4D CT acquisition. The manipulation was performed through a custom made foot manipulator that controls the position and orientation of the foot bed according to input kinematics. The manipulator was compatible with the 4D CT Scanner (Aquilion One, Toshiba, JP), and a sequence of CT scans (37 CT scans over 10 seconds with 320 slices for each scan and a slice thickness of 0.5 mm) was generated over the duration of the simulation. The position of the individual bones was determined using an automatic segmentation routine after which the kinematics of individual foot bones were calculated. To do so, three landmarks were tracked on each bone over time allowing to construct bone-specific coordinate frames. The motion of the foot bed was compared against the calculated kinematics of the tibia-calcaneus as the angles between these two bones are captured with skin markers. There is high repeatability between the imposed plantar/dorsiflexion and inversion/eversion and the calculated. Although the internal/external rotation was not imposed, the calculated kinematics follow the same pattern as the measured in the gait-analysis lab. Based on the validation of the tibia-calcaneus, the kinematics were also calculated between four other joints: tibia-talar, talar-calcaneus, calcaneus-cuboid and talar-navicular. Repeatable measurements of individual foot bone motion were obtained for both volunteers. The use of 4D CT-scanning in combination with a foot manipulator can provide more detailed information than skin marker-based gait-analysis e.g. for the study of the the tibia-talar joint. In the future, the foot manipulator will be tested for its sensitivity for specific pathologies (e.g. metatarsal coalition) and will be further developed to better resemble a real-life stance phase of gait (i.e. to include isolated heel contact and toe off)

The anatomy of the first metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint and, in particular, the metatarsosesamoid articulation remains poorly understood. Its effect on sesamoid function and the pathomechanics of this joint have not been described. Fresh frozen cadaveric specimens without evidence of forefoot deformity were dissected to assess the articulating surfaces throughout a normal range of motion. The dissections were digitally reconstructed in various positions of dorsiflexion and plantarflexion using a MicroScribe, enabling quantitative analyses in a virtual 3D environment. In 75% of specimens, there was some degree of chondral loss within the metatarsosesamoid articulation. The metatarsal surface was more commonly affected. These changes most frequently involved the tibial metatarsosesamoid joint. The tibial sesamoid had an average excursion of 14.2 mm in the sagittal plane when the 1st MTP joint was moved from 10 degrees of plantarflexion to 60 degrees of dorsiflexion; the average excursion of the fibular sesamoid was 8.7 mm. The sesamoids also move in a medial to lateral fashion when the joint was dorsiflexed. The excursion of the tibial sesamoid was 2.8 mm when the joint was maximally dorsiflexed while that of the fibular sesamoid was 3.2 mm. There appears to be differential tracking of the hallucal sesamoids. The tibial sesamoid has comparatively increased longitudinal excursion whilst the fibular sesamoid has comparatively greater lateral excursion. This greater excursion of the tibial sesamoid could explain the higher incidence of sesamoiditis in this bone. The differential excursion of the 2 metatarsosesamoid articulations is also a factor that should be considered in the design and mechanics of an effective hallux MTP joint arthroplasty

Summary. MSCs could promote bone regeneration in sheep when loaded on natural fully-resorbable scaffolds, but results are highly variable. Improving the ultimate performance of cell-containing constructs cannot be limited to the decreased rate of scaffold resorption. Introduction. Tissue constructs containing mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are an appealing strategy for repairing massive segmental bone defects. However, their therapeutic effectiveness does not match that of autologous bone grafts; among the failure reasons the scaffold resorbability has been identified as a critical feature for achieving bone regeneration. In the present study, the osteogenic potential of 2 constructs obtained by expanding in a bioreactor autologous MSCs onto granules of Acropora or Porites coral, natural fully-resorbable scaffolds, was compared. Materials and methods. 15 sheep underwent a 25 mm long metatarsal ostectomy stabilised with a 3.5 DCP plate. Bone defects were replaced with (i) MSCs-Acropora constructs (n=7), (ii) MSCs-Porites constructs (n=6), (iii) autograft (n=2). Animals were sacrificed 4 months later and bone healing and coral resorption was documented by radiographic, histologic and microCT studies. Results. Results were highly variable in both scaffold groups. Bone formation. Non-union occurred in half cases of each group. In the other half, abundant new bone formation within the defect was observed. This permitted full bone regeneration in 2 animals from the Acropora group and 1 from the Porites group. MicroCT and histomorphometric analysis confirmed great variations as regard of the amount of newly formed bone in defects. Two Acropora-filled defects showed greater amount of newly formed bone than all the Porites-filled defects and were equivalent to the autograft-filled defects, however the difference between the 2 groups wasn't significant. In all groups, the amount of newly formed bone was similar in the proximal, central, and distal thirds of the defects. Coral resorption. The quantitative analysis provided evidence that the Acropora scaffold resorption rate was slower than the Porites one. Bone formation was not statistically associated with coral resorption. However, the 2 Acropora-filled defects with the highest rate of resorption showed a less extend bone formation. Discussion and conclusions. Interestingly, osteogenesis within the 2 constructs was not only found continuous with the bony stumps, but also at the core of the implants. Moreover, bone was observed inside the residual coral fragments. Scaffold resorption was almost complete at 4 months, leading to full bone regeneration in 3 animals. These results provided evidence that MSCs could promote bone regeneration in sheep when loaded on a natural fully-resorbable scaffold. The capacity of the 2 scaffolds to repair defects is statistically similar, despite their different resorption rates and kinetics. This finding suggests that improving the ultimate performance of cell-containing constructs cannot be limited to the decreased rate of scaffold resorption

Regional anaesthetic for foot surgery has been discussed as a method of post operative analgesia. Ankle block as the sole anaesthetic for foot surgery has not been extensively reviewed in the literature. We aimed to describe our experience of forefoot surgery under ankle block. Sixty-six consecutive forefoot procedures (59 patients) were carried out under ankle block. Patients were contacted post operatively and completed a standardised questionnaire including an incremental pain assessment ranging from 0-10 (0 no pain, 10 severe pain). Forty nine female and 10 male patients (age range 20-85y) were included. Procedures included 33 first metatarsal osteotomies, 15 cheilectomies, 3 first MTP joint replacements, 5 fusions, 4 excision of neuroma and 6 other procedures. 22 patients (33% of cases) reported discomfort during the block procedure (average pain score 1.5). 6 patients reported pain during their operation(s), average score 0.26. Average pain scores at 6, 12, 24 and 48 hours following surgery were 2.0, 3.2, 2.7 and 2.1 respectively. All patients were discharged home and walking on the same day. There were no readmissions. Each patient confirmed they would have surgery under regional block rather than general anaesthesia and would recommend this technique to family and friends. There are many advantages in being able to perform these relatively small procedures under regional anaesthesia. The anaesthesia obtained permits the majority of forefoot procedures and provides lasting post-operative analgesia. Combined with intra-operative sedation, use of ankle tourniquet and same day discharge; it has very high patient acceptance and satisfaction