Aims. Arthroscopic microfracture is a conventional form of treatment for patients with osteochondritis of the talus, involving an area of < 1.5 cm. 2. However, some patients have persistent pain and limitation of movement in the early postoperative period. No studies have investigated the combined treatment of microfracture and shortwave treatment in these patients. The aim of this prospective single-centre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was to compare the outcome in patients treated with arthroscopic microfracture combined with radial extracorporeal shockwave therapy (rESWT) and arthroscopic microfracture alone, in patients with ostechondritis of the talus. Methods. Patients were randomly enrolled into two groups. At three weeks postoperatively, the rESWT group was given shockwave treatment, once every other day, for five treatments. In the control group the head of the device which delivered the treatment had no energy output. The two groups were evaluated before surgery and at six weeks and three, six and 12 months postoperatively. The primary outcome measure was the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) Ankle-Hindfoot Scale. Secondary outcome measures included a visual analogue scale (VAS) score for pain and the area of bone marrow oedema of the talus as identified on sagittal fat suppression sequence MRI scans. Results. A total of 40 patients were enrolled and randomly divided into the two groups, with 20 in each. There was no statistically significant difference in the baseline characteristics of the groups. No complications, such as wound infection or neurovascular injury, were found during follow-up of 12 months. The mean AOFAS scores in the rESWT group were significantly higher than those in the control group at three, six, and 12 months postoperatively (p < 0.05). The mean VAS pain scores in the rESWT group were also significantly lower than those in the control group at these times (p < 0.05). The mean area of bone marrow oedema in the rESWT group was significantly smaller at six and 12 months than in the control group at these times (p < 0.05). Conclusion. Local shockwave therapy was safe and effective in patients with osteochondiritis of the talus who were treated with a combination of arthroscopic surgery and rESWT. Preliminary results showed that, compared with arthroscopic microfracture alone, those treated with arthroscopic microfracture combined with rESWT had better relief of pain at three months postoperatively and improved weightbearing and motor function of the ankle. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2023;105-B(10):1108–1114

Introduction. Freiberg's infarction poses a challenge to foot and ankle surgeons. Several surgical and non surgical treatment methods are described. We performed a dorsal closing wedge osteotomy, debridement and microfracture of the metatarsal head. Dorsal closing wedge osteotomy helps in bringing the smooth plantar articular surface of the metatarsal head to articulate with the phalangeal articular cartilage whilst offloading the damaged dorsal articular cartilage. Debridement and Microfracture of the metatarsal head helps in regeneration of the damaged cartilaage via subchondral stem cells. Materials and Methods. Total of 15 patients (12F, 3M) underwent the above surgery between year 2002 and 2008. Mean age was 35yrs (range14-60). All of them had an extraarticular dorsal closing wedge osteotomy fixed with a single screw along with debridement of the joint and mocrofracture of the damaged cartilage. Post operatively heel weight bearing was allowed with a special shoe for 6 weeks. Serial radiological assessments were done to assess healing of the osteotomy and reshaping of metatarsal head. Patients had a mean follow up of 2.5 yrs (Range 1-6). All patients were assessed using subjective patient satisfaction scores (scale 0-10) and AOFAS scores. Results. 2nd metatarsal was involved in 14 and 3rd in one patient. All the osteotomies healed at a mean period of 10 weeks (range6-18). The mean patient satisfaction score was 8 (range5-10). The mean pre and post operative AOFAS scores were 54 and 82. One patient developed post operative haematoma which resolved spontaneously. No other complications noted. Conclusions. A combination of dorsal closing wedge osteotomy, debridement and microfracture is a simple, reproducible and effective method of treating Freiberg's disease with no major complications

Introduction. The purpose of this study was to examine trends in patient characteristics and clinical outcomes that occur with age as a statistical variable when performing autologous osteochondral transplantation (AOT) for the treatment of osteochondral lesions of the talus (OLT). Methods. A retrospective cohort study for AOT procedures on 78 patients from 2006 to 2019. was conducted Clinical outcomes were evaluated via FAOS scores. A multivariable linear regression was used to assess the independent factors predictive of the first post-operative FAOS after AOT. The independent variables included pre-operative FAOS, age, defect size, shoulder lesion, cystic lesion, prior traumatic injury, and history of microfracture surgery. A p-value <.05 was considered significant and 95% confidence limits (95% CL) for regression coefficient estimates (est.) were calculated. Results. 78 patients were included with a mean age of 35.5 ± 13.6years at a mean follow-up was 54.4 ± 18.9 months. The mean pre-operative FAOS was 54.3 ± 19.4 and the mean post-operative FAOS was 83.4 ± 13.6. The mean defect size was 109.3±62.4 mm2. The multivariable linear regression showed that the pre-operative FAOS was associated with a higher post-operative FAOS (est., 95% CL: 0.16, 0.012 – 0.307; p=0.034). Defect size (est., 95% CL: −0.05, −0.097 – −0.003; p=0.0358), having a shoulder lesion (est., 95% CL: −9.068, −15.448 – −2.688; p=0.006), or having a prior microfracture surgery (est., 95% CL: −7.07, −13.118 – −1.021; p=0.0226) were associated with a lower post-operative FAOS. Conclusion. Patient age was not an independent risk factor for inferior clinical outcomes after AOT for OLT. Additionally, cystic lesions, or lesions with a traumatic aetiology were not significantly associated with post-operative FAOS. Having a shoulder lesion had the largest marginal effect on post-operative FAOS. These findings provide important information for providers when counseling and selecting patients for AOT procedure for treatment of OLT

Osteochondral lesions (OCLs) occur in up to 70% of sprains and fractures involving the ankle. Atraumatic aetiologies have also been described. Techniques such as microfracture, and replacement strategies such as autologous osteochondral transplantation, or autologous chondrocyte implantation are the major forms of surgical treatment. Current literature suggests that microfracture is indicated for lesions up to 15 mm in diameter, with replacement strategies indicated for larger or cystic lesions. Short- and medium-term results have been reported, where concerns over potential deterioration of fibrocartilage leads to a need for long-term evaluation. . Biological augmentation may also be used in the treatment of OCLs, as they potentially enhance the biological environment for a natural healing response. Further research is required to establish the critical size of defect, beyond which replacement strategies should be used, as well as the most appropriate use of biological augmentation. This paper reviews the current evidence for surgical management and use of biological adjuncts for treatment of osteochondral lesions of the talus. . Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2014;96-B:164–71

Aims

Osteochondral lesions of the talus (OLT) are a common cause of disability and chronic ankle pain. Many operative treatment strategies have been introduced; however, they have their own disadvantages. Recently lesion repair using autologous cartilage chip has emerged therefore we investigated the efficacy of particulated autologous cartilage transplantation (PACT) in OLT.

Aims

This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the in vivo ankle kinetic alterations in patients with concomitant chronic ankle instability (CAI) and osteochondral lesion of the talus (OLT), which may offer opportunities for clinician intervention in treatment and rehabilitation.

Introduction. Freiberg's disease is an uncommon condition of anterior metatarsalgia that involves the head of metatarsals. Avascular necrosis of the metatarsal head is thought to arise during puberty. Treatment is usually conservative and operative treatment reserved for cases that do not respond to these measures. Materials and Methods. We retrospectively reviewed a consecutive series of ten patients who presented to our institution who did not respond to conservative methods. These patients were treated surgically with a previously undescribed operative technique involving microfracture of the metatarsal heads and reattachment of the cartilage flap. Results. Mean follow up was 49 post operative months (18–96). Mean pain score at rest and on mobilising was 2.1 (0–3) and 3.1 (0–5) respectively. At 6 months, all 10 patients had reported a satisfactory outcome and return to acceptable activity levels. Discussion. The aim of the treatment for late stage Freiberg's disease is to relieve pain and improve the mobility of the patient by restoring the metatarsophalangeal joint function. Other techniques described involve osteotomies or minimal resection of the base of the proximal phalanx and insertion of metallic spacers which are removed several weeks later. However none has shown to be significantly superior to another. All of our patients reported a significant reduction of pain in their feet and all were able to walk and run almost pain free. There were no reported cases of severe restriction of movement or fixed deformity of the toe. Conclusion. This technique involves a single operative procedure that encourages metatarsal head remodelling and restoration of the joint articular surface. It is advantageous as we have seen remodelling of the metatarsal heads without causing shortening or other anatomical abnormalities in the area

Introduction. Osteochondral defects of the talus are usually a consequence of trauma. They can cause chronic pain and serious disability. Various interventions, non-surgical and surgical, have been used for treating these defects. The objective of this Cochrane systematic review of randomised control trials is to determine the benefits and harms of the interventions used for treating osteochondral defects of the talus in adults. Methods. We searched the Cochrane Bone, Joint and Muscle Trauma Group Specialised Register, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, MEDLINE In-Process, EMBASE, Current Controlled Trials, the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform and reference lists of articles. Date of last search: December 2009. Eligible for inclusion were any randomised or quasi-randomised controlled clinical trials evaluating interventions for treating osteochondral defects of the talus in adults. Our primary outcomes included pain, ankle function, treatment failure (unresolved symptoms or reoperation) and health-related quality of life. Preference was given to validated, patient-reported outcome measures. Two review authors independently evaluated trials for inclusion and, for the included trial, independently assessed the risk of bias and extracted data. Results. One small trial with 15 participants and six months follow-up was included. This trial was published only as a conference abstract, which provided inadequate information to judge the trial's methods and no numerical results. The trial reported that a series of three intra-articular hyaluronan injections started three weeks after arthroscopic microfracture did not improve pain but may have improved one aspect of mobility. There were no available data to check this claim. An important finding of this review is that one allegedly randomised trial, which compared three surgical interventions, was not randomised or quasi-randomised. Upon further clarification from contacting the lead trial author, it became clear that this was a comparative study only. The only other randomised trial found was an ongoing trial with a published protocol. This is studying pulsed electromagnetic fields after arthroscopic treatment for osteochondral defects of the talus. Conclusions. There is insufficient evidence from randomised trials to determine which interventions are best for osteochondral defects of the talus in adults. High quality randomised trials are required to guide non-surgical and surgical treatment decisions for these injuries

Aims

There is little information about how to manage patients with a recurvatum deformity of the distal tibia and osteoarthritis (OA) of the ankle. The aim of this study was to evaluate the functional and radiological outcome of addressing this deformity using a flexion osteotomy and to assess the progression of OA after this procedure.

Aims

The aims of this study were to evaluate the morphology of the ankle in patients with an osteochondral lesion of the talus using 3D CT, and to investigate factors that predispose to this condition.

Large osteochondral lesions (OCLs) of the shoulder of the talus cannot always be treated by traditional osteochondral autograft techniques because of their size, articular geometry and loss of an articular buttress. We hypothesised that they could be treated by transplantation of a vascularised corticoperiosteal graft from the ipsilateral medial femoral condyle.

Between 2004 and 2011, we carried out a prospective study of a consecutive series of 14 patients (five women, nine men; mean age 34.8 years, 20 to 54) who were treated for an OCL with a vascularised bone graft. Clinical outcome was assessed using a visual analogue scale (VAS) for pain and the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) hindfoot score. Radiological follow-up used plain radiographs and CT scans to assess graft incorporation and joint deterioration.

At a mean follow-up of 4.1 years (2 to 7), the mean VAS for pain had decreased from 5.8 (5 to 8) to 1.8 (0 to 4) (p = 0.001) and the mean AOFAS hindfoot score had increased from 65 (41 to 70) to 81 (54 to 92) (p = 0.003). Radiologically, the talar contour had been successfully reconstructed with stable incorporation of the vascularised corticoperiosteal graft in all patients. Joint degeneration was only seen in one ankle.

Treatment of a large OCL of the shoulder of the talus with a vascularised corticoperiosteal graft taken from the medial condyle of the femur was found to be a safe, reliable method of restoring the contour of the talus in the early to mid-term.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2015;97-B:1242–9.

Neuropathic changes in the foot are common with a prevalence of approximately 1%. The diagnosis of neuropathic arthropathy is often delayed in diabetic patients with harmful consequences including amputation. The appropriate diagnosis and treatment can avoid an extensive programme of treatment with significant morbidity for the patient, high costs and delayed surgery. The pathogenesis of a Charcot foot involves repetitive micro-trauma in a foot with impaired sensation and neurovascular changes caused by pathological innervation of the blood vessels. In most cases, changes are due to a combination of both pathophysiological factors. The Charcot foot is triggered by a combination of mechanical, vascular and biological factors which can lead to late diagnosis and incorrect treatment and eventually to destruction of the foot.

This review aims to raise awareness of the diagnosis of the Charcot foot (diabetic neuropathic osteoarthropathy and the differential diagnosis, erysipelas, peripheral arterial occlusive disease) and describe the ways in which the diagnosis may be made. The clinical diagnostic pathways based on different classifications are presented.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2016;98-B:1155–9.

The AO Foundation advocates the use of partially threaded lag screws in the fixation of fractures of the medial malleolus. However, their threads often bypass the radiodense physeal scar of the distal tibia, possibly failing to obtain more secure purchase and better compression of the fracture.

We therefore hypothesised that the partially threaded screws commonly used to fix a medial malleolar fracture often provide suboptimal compression as a result of bypassing the physeal scar, and proposed that better compression of the fracture may be achieved with shorter partially threaded screws or fully threaded screws whose threads engage the physeal scar.

We analysed compression at the fracture site in human cadaver medial malleoli treated with either 30 mm or 45 mm long partially threaded screws or 45 mm fully threaded screws. The median compression at the fracture site achieved with 30 mm partially threaded screws (0.95 kg/cm² (interquartile range (IQR) 0.8 to 1.2) and 45 mm fully threaded screws (1.0 kg/cm² (IQR 0.7 to 2.8)) was significantly higher than that achieved with 45 mm partially threaded screws (0.6 kg/cm² (IQR 0.2 to 0.9)) (p = 0.04 and p < 0.001, respectively). The fully threaded screws and the 30mm partially threaded screws were seen to engage the physeal scar under an image intensifier in each case.

The results support the use of 30 mm partially threaded or 45 mm fully threaded screws that engage the physeal scar rather than longer partially threaded screws that do not. A 45 mm fully threaded screw may in practice offer additional benefit over 30 mm partially threaded screws in increasing the thread count in the denser paraphyseal region.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2013;95-B:1662–6.

Charcot osteoarthropathy of the foot is a chronic and progressive disease of bone and joint associated with a risk of amputation. The main problems encountered in this process are osteopenia, fragmentation of the bones of the foot and ankle, joint subluxation or even dislocation, ulceration of the skin and the development of deep sepsis. We report our experience of a series of 20 patients with Charcot osteoarthropathy of the foot and ankle treated with an Ilizarov external fixator. The mean age of the group was 30 years (21 to 50). Diabetes mellitus was the underlying cause in 18 patients. Five had chronic ulcers involving the foot and ankle. Each patient had an open lengthening of the tendo Achillis with excision of all necrotic and loose bone from the ankle, subtalar and midtarsal joints when needed. The resulting defect was packed with corticocancellous bone graft harvested from the iliac crest and an Ilizarov external fixator was applied. Arthrodesis was achieved after a mean of 18 weeks (15 to 20), with healing of the skin ulcers. Pin track infection was not uncommon, but no frame had to be removed before the arthrodesis was sound.

Every patient was able to resume wearing regular shoes after a mean of 26.5 weeks (20 to 45).