Purpose. To document the success rate of closed reduction and soft tissue release in the treatment of bilateral true dislocation in developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH). Methods. Case-note review of 22 children (44 hips) with idiopathic bilateral hip dislocation referred to a tertiary centre before walking age. The management protocol was as follows: . Examination under general anaesthesia, arthrogram, closed reduction and appropriate soft tissue release (adductors/psoas), application of a ‘frog’ cast. CT scan at 2 weeks to confirm reduction. Change of cast and arthrogram at 6 weeks to confirm improving position and stability. Cast removal at 12 weeks, and application of an abduction brace for 6 weeks. Treatment failure could occur on day 1 (failure of reduction), at week 2 (failure to maintain reduction), at week 6, or after cast removal. Results. Median age at presentation was 3.8m (2w-7.5m). 19/22 were girls. 7 had a caesarean section for breech presentation, 16/22 had had prior Pavlik harness treatment. All hips were Tonnis 2 or more. Mean age at surgery was 7 months (range 3-12m). 9/44 hips failed on day 1. 13/44 hips failed at 2 weeks. 1/44 hip failed at 6 weeks. 8/22 patients had bilateral failure. 7/22 patients maintained a unilateral hip reduction and 7/22 patients maintained a bilateral reduction after treatment. Mean follow-up was 25m (range 6-71m). 1 patient has bilateral AVN. Successful results were not associated with presentation, previous treatment given, the level of dislocation (Tonnis) or patient age at time of treatment. Conclusion. Following a successful initial reduction, this protocol failed to maintain reduction in 13/35 (40%) hips at 2 weeks: significantly worse than our presented results for unilateral dislocation. Significance. With our current protocol, the percentage chance of reducing at least one of bilateral idiopathic dislocated hips is 64% (14/22) but parents should be told that there is only a 1:3 chance of a successful outcome for both hips following closed reduction

Purpose. To investigate the effect of soft tissue release (STR) and the length of postoperative immobilisation on the long term outcomes of closed reduction (CR) of the hip for developmental dysplasia of the hip. Materials. 77 hips (72 patients) who had undergone closed reduction (CR) between 1977-2005 were studied retrospectively to review their outcome (Severin grade), identify the reasons for failure and to assess factors associated with residual dysplasia. Particular attention was paid to the use of a STR at the time of CR (to improve initial hip stability) and the duration of postoperative immobilisation. Results. The mean age at CR was 10.5 months (5-24months) and mean follow up 97 months. A STR (adductor ± psoas tenotomies) was performed in 65%. Post-operative immobilisation time varied between 3-12 months (mean 6.3 months). 6 hips (all Tonnis grade 3) failed CR within 2-6 weeks. In the remaining 49 hips, 85% were Severin Grade 1 at age 5yrs. Acetabular index (AI) decreased in all patients over time: 80% hips had an AI <20. 0. at age 5yrs. Neither a STR, nor the time of post-operative immobilisation conferred any additional benefit on the final AI. 2/55 hips required a pelvic osteotomy for residual dysplasia. This was not related to initial Tonnis grade, age at reduction or use of STR. Conclusion. A STR is often required for initial hip stability. Once a stable hip is achieved, an excellent long term outcome from CR in infants <24months old can be expected with remodelling of the acetabular dysplasia in ≥95%. Significance. Hip stability is the key to a good outcome. The optimal length of post-operative bracing has not been determined from this study but 3-6months immobilisation of the stable hip is adequate

Aims. The treatment of tibial aplasia is controversial. Amputation represents the gold standard with good functional results, but is frequently refused by the families. In these patients, treatment with reconstructive limb salvage can be considered. Due to the complexity of the deformity, this remains challenging and should be staged. The present study evaluated the role of femoro-pedal distraction using a circular external fixator in reconstructive treatment of tibial aplasia. The purpose of femoro-pedal distraction is to realign the limb and achieve soft tissue lengthening to allow subsequent reconstructive surgery. Methods. This was a retrospective study involving ten patients (12 limbs) with tibial aplasia, who underwent staged reconstruction. During the first operation a circular hexapod external fixator was applied and femoro-pedal distraction was undertaken over several months. Subsequent surgery included reconstruction of the knee joint and alignment of the foot. Results. The mean follow-up was 7.1 years (2 to 10). The mean age of the patients at the time of the application of the fixator was 2.3 years (1.1 to 5.0). The mean time under distraction was 139.7 days (81.0 to 177.0). A mean fibular distalization of 38.7 mm (14.0 to 67.0) was achieved. Pin infections occurred in four limbs (33.3%) and osteitis in one. A femoral fracture occurred in one patient. Premature removal of the frame was not required in any patient. Sufficient realignment of the leg as well as soft tissue lengthening was achieved in all patients, allowing subsequent reconstruction. All patients were able to mobilize fully weight bearing after reconstruction. Functional outcome was limited in all limbs, and five patients (50.0%) required additional reconstructive operations. Conclusion. Regarding the functional results in the treatment of tibial aplasia, amputation remains superior to limb salvage. The latter procedure should only be performed in patients whose parents refuse amputation. Femoro-pedal distraction efficiently prepares the limb by realigning the leg and soft tissue lengthening. Minor complications are frequent, but usually do not hinder the continuation of distraction. Even though a fully weight-bearing limb is achieved, the functional outcome of reconstructive treatment remains limited. Recurrent deformities frequently occur and may require further operations. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2020;102-B(9):1248–1255

Purpose. The incidence of relapses could be occur in sever clubfeet deformities whether treated surgically or non surgically. In this study, we evaluate the results of correction of residual and recurrent congenital clubfoot with soft tissue distraction or osteotomy techniques using Ilizarov external fixation. Methods. This study included 35 feet in 28 patients were treated between 1999 to 2007. 16 feet in thirteen patients with an average age 13.7 (range from 11–29 years) were treated with percutaneous calcaneal V steotomy and gradual correction by Ilizarov method. 19 feet in fifteen patients with an average age 10.5 (range from 4–22 years) were treated with distraction of joints through soft tissue with Ilizarov technique. The mean average follow up period was 5.6 years ranged from (1–8 years). Results. At the time of fixator removal, a plantigrade foot was achieved in 30 feet. Mild residual varus and equines deformities were in 5 feet. At the last follow foot pressure measurement shows recurrent or residual deformity in ten feet (7 treated with bone osteotomy technique and 3 treated with soft tissue distraction technique). Conclusion. We thought that recurrence may be occurred in both techniques this depends on many factor like the bone morphology, number of the pervious operations and the degree of stiffness of the foot prior the operation

Abstract. The specific methods of skeletal reconstruction of massive bone loss remains a topic of controversy. The problem increased in case of massive bone loss, extensive soft tissue scar, vascular compromise, and short tibial remnants. Aim of the work. We evaluate the use of fibula in association of Ilizarov external fixator in management of massive post traumatic bone loss of tibial shaft. Materials and methods. Between December 1999 and 2004, we treated 8 adult patients with bone loss 10 cm and more. The indication was massive bone loss, extensive soft tissue scar, vascular compromise, and short tibial remnants. Whole fibula was used in 6 conditions and partial fibula in 2. The average age was 30.5 years (range: 25:51). The fibulas were prepared for transfer either as a whole or partially transfer. Ilizarov device was applied with a special construct for each condition accordingly. Free latismus dorsi was applied in 1 patient, and fasciocutanious flaps in 2. Four patients with whole fibula transfer continued to wear orthosis for outdoor activities. Results. The mean follow-up period was 40 months (range: 24:96) after healing. All fractures heeled between 8 and 24 months. Conclusion. We concluded that the Ilizarov external fixator is effective in management of management of massive post traumatic bone loss of tibial shaft. It provides advantages of compensation of bone defects, length, and early rehabilitation. It has the disadvantages of long healing time, long orthotic support. Its advantages are clear in case of massive bone loss, extensive soft tissue scar, vascular compromise, and short tibial remnants

Aim. To compare outcomes for children treated for idiopathic clubfeet with the Ponseti regimen before (2002–2004) and after (2005–2006) implementation of a dedicated Ponseti service. Method. A retrospective analysis of outcomes for all patients with idiopathic clubfeet treated in the 2 years before and after implementation of a dedicated Ponseti service was undertaken. Results were statistically analysed using Fisher's exact t-test. Results. In the original cohort treated between 2002–2004, with an ad-hoc service where children were treated in general paediatric orthopaedic clinics by a number of different consultants, 100 feet in 66 children were treated. 96 feet (96%) responded to initial casting. 85 feet (85%) required tendo-achilles tenotomy. 31 feet had a recurrence within the first 2 years (16 of which were successfully treated by repeat casting and/or tenotomy and/or transfer of the tendon of tibialis anterior, the remaining 15 requiring extensive soft tissue release). Between 2005–2006, with a dedicated Ponseti service, 72 feet in 53 children were treated. 72 (100%) responded to initial casting. 60 feet (83.3%) required tendo-achilles tenotomy. Relapse of the initial deformity occurred within 2 years in 11 feet – 4 children required repeat serial casting, 3 feet required tendon of tibialis anterior transfer, 3 required repeat tenotomy of tendo-achilles and one foot required extensive soft tissue release. Conclusion. Our results have shown that a dedicated Ponseti service leads to improved outcomes in the treatment of idiopathic clubfeet. We have shown a statistically significant reduction of recurrence (p=0.02) and extensive soft tissue release (0.002) in those children treated in a specialist service compared to an earlier ad hoc treatment programme

Aim. 10 years after the introduction of the Ponseti casting regimen as standard treatment for idiopathic clubfoot at Alder Hey Children's Hospital, we reviewed the mid-term outcomes of the initial 2-year cohort (treated from 2002–2004). Method. 100 feet were treated in 66 patients. 61 of the 100 feet have been prospectively reviewed on an annual/ bi-annual basis since successful correction, with outcomes of the remaining feet obtained by retrospective analysis. Results. 96 feet responded to initial casting; of these, 31 had a recurrence within the first 2 years (16 of which were successfully treated by repeat casting and/or tenotomy and/or transfer of the tendon of tibialis anterior, the remaining 15 requiring extensive soft tissue release). 12 feet developed recurrence after 2 years (9 of whom were successfully treated with transfer of tibialis anterior tendon and 3 of whom required extensive soft tissue release) Mean dorsiflexion at average follow-up of 9 years is 15 degrees (95% CI 12.96 to 17.04) and mean abduction 41 degrees. (95%CI 37.65 to 45.07). Conclusion. The Ponseti regimen is a successful treatment option for the management of idiopathic clubfoot. The majority of recurrences occur in the first two years and so close follow-up should be undertaken during this period. The importance of strict compliance with boots and bars must be emphasised to parents at this treatment stage. These mid-term outcomes have highlighted that, although fewer recurrences occur after the first two years, it is difficult to predict which feet might recur; consequently, we recommend following children up in an annual/bi-annual fashion until their skeletal maturity

Panton-Valentine leukocidin secreted by Staphylococcus aureus is known to cause severe skin, soft tissue and lung infections. However, until recently it has not been described as causing life-threatening musculoskeletal infection. We present four patients suffering from osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, widespread intravascular thrombosis and overwhelming sepsis from proven Panton-Valentine leukocidin-secreting Staphylococcus aureus. Aggressive, early and repeated surgical intervention is required in the treatment of these patients. The Panton-Valentine leukocidin toxin not only destroys host neutrophils, immunocompromising the patient, but also increases the risk of intravascular coagulopathy. This combination leads to widespread involvement of bone with glutinous pus which is difficult to drain, and makes the delivery of antibiotics and eradication of infection very difficult without surgical intervention

We describe the long-term results in ten patients with obstetric brachial plexus palsy of anterior shoulder release combined with transfer of teres major and latissimus dorsi posteriorly and laterally to allow them to act as external rotators. Eight patients had a lesion of the superior trunk and two some involvement of the entire brachial plexus. The mean age at operation was six years, and the mean follow-up was 30 years. Before operation, the patients were unable actively to rotate the arm externally beyond neutral, although this movement was passively normal. All showed decreased strength of the external rotator, but had normal strength of the internal rotator muscles. Radiologically, no severe bony changes were seen in the glenohumeral joint. No clinically detectable improvement of active abduction was noted in any patient. The mean active external rotation after operation was 36.5°. This was maintained for a mean of ten years, and then deteriorated in eight patients. At the latest follow-up the mean active external rotation was 10.5°. The early satisfactory results of the procedure were not maintained. In the long term there was loss of active external rotation, possibly because of gradual degeneration of the transferred muscles, contracture of the surrounding soft tissues and degenerative changes in the glenohumeral joint

Difficulties posed in managing developmental dysplasia of the hip diagnosed late include a high-placed femoral head, contracted soft tissues and a dysplastic acetabulum. A combination of open reduction with femoral shortening of untreated congenital dislocations is a well-established practice. Femoral shortening prevents excessive pressure on the located femoral head which can cause avascular necrosis. Instability due to a coexisting dysplastic shallow acetabulum is common, and so a pelvic osteotomy is performed to achieve a stable and concentric hip reduction. We retrospectively reviewed 15 patients (18 hips) presenting with developmental dysplasia of the hip aged four years and above who were treated by a one-stage combined procedure performed by the senior author. The mean age at operation was five years and nine months (4 years to 11 years). The mean follow-up was six years ten months (2 years and 8 months to 8 years and 8 months). All patients were followed up clinically and radiologically in accordance with McKay’s criteria and the modified Severin classification. According to the McKay criteria, 12 hips were rated excellent and six were good. All but one had a full range of movement. Eight had a limb-length discrepancy of about 1 cm. All were Trendelenburg negative. The modified Severin classification demonstrated four hips of grade IA, six of grade IB, and eight of grade II. One patient had avascular necrosis and one an early subluxation requiring revision. One-stage correction of congenital dislocation of the hip in an older child is a safe and effective treatment with good results in the short to medium term

Aims

Open tibial fractures are limb-threatening injuries. While limb loss is rare in children, deep infection and nonunion rates of up to 15% and 8% are reported, respectively. We manage these injuries in a similar manner to those in adults, with a combined orthoplastic approach, often involving the use of vascularised free flaps. We report the orthopaedic and plastic surgical outcomes of a consecutive series of patients over a five-year period, which includes the largest cohort of free flaps for trauma in children to date.

Aim. Case Report presentation of traumatic cartilage loss in a child. Method. We present a case report of a 3-year-old girl who sustained a severe open fracture dislocation of her talus with complete loss of full thickness articular cartilage and subchondral bone over 80% of the talar dome. At presentation there was also a Salter Harris I fracture of the fibular, and an extensive soft tissue defect including absent anterior joint capsule. She required a free anterolateral thigh (ALT) flap to reconstruct this defect. The talar dome defect was treated with a cell-free chondro-inductive implant. This was the first use of this implant in the UK and the first use of such an implant in a child anywhere in the world. Result. At 3 years post-operative, the patient underwent thinning of the ALT flap and trimming of an anterior tibial overgrowth, which was causing impingement. At surgery the talar dome cartilage was looked pristine, with a line representing the tidemark between the original cartilage and the new formed. Biopsies were taken and histopathology performed. This was a rare and difficult case that has achieved a satisfactory outcome at this follow up stage. Conclusion. Cell-free chondro-inductive implants may hold promise for the treatment full thickness articular cartilage defects in children

Background. Congenital vertical talus (CVT) is a rare deformity of the foot. It has been historically treated with extensive soft tissue releases with significant associated complications. Recently, reverse Ponseti-type casting followed by minimally invasive or percutaneous reduction and fixation has been described with excellent results in separate cohorts of either idiopathic or teratologic cases of CVT. There are currently no studies that compare the outcomes between the two types. Methods. We present a prospective cohort of 13 patients (21 feet) in which this technique has been used in both idiopathic and teratologic associated cases of CVT. Clinical, radiographic and parent-reported outcomes were obtained at a mean follow up of 36 months (range 8–57). Clinical and radiographic scoring was according to the system of Adelaar and parent-reported outcomes were assessed using the POSNA paediatric outcomes data collection instrument (PODCI). Results. Six patients (9 feet) had associated neuromuscular conditions or syndromes; seven patients (11 feet) were idiopathic. Initial correction was achieved in all patients with significant improvement in all radiographic parameters. The recurrence rate was 48%; there was no statistical significance between idiopathic and teratologic cases for rate of recurrence. Further treatment was required in the form of casting in 2 feet and open release in 6 feet. Adelaar scores were significantly lower in the recurrence group than in those with no recurrence. PODCI scores for global functioning at latest follow-up were a mean of 72 (range 18–98). Pain/comfort scoring was uniformly good with an average score of 99. Conclusions. The reverse Ponseti-type technique is effective in initial correction of both idiopathic and teratologic cases of CVT. Recurrence is a problem in both these groups, with higher rates than first reported in the original paper. However, these rates are less than those reported for open surgical releases. Level of evidence: II

Aims

We aimed to address the question on whether there is a place for shoulder stabilization surgery in patients who had voluntary posterior instability starting in childhood and adolescence, and later becoming involuntary and uncontrollable.

Aims

To compare changes in gait kinematics and walking speed 24 months after conventional (C-MLS) and minimally invasive (MI-MLS) multilevel surgery for children with diplegic cerebral palsy (CP).

Aim. A prospective study to report the results of using gentamycin-collagen in the surgical treatment of osteomyelitis. Materials and Methods. After complete radiological and laboratory studies, empirical systemic Imipenem antibiotic was started pre-operatively followed by radical operation and implantation of Collatamp-EG®. Bone defects were treated with iliac or composite ceramic bone graft. Primary or secondary soft tissue reconstructive procedures were used. Closed gravitational suction drainage was used. Parental systemic antibiotics were continued for 2–3 weeks according to culture sensitivity results followed by oral therapy for another 4 weeks. Cattaneo et al scoring system was used to evaluate the final bony and functional results. Results. The mean number of Collatamp-EG® sponges implanted per patient were 3.6 and the mean follow-up period was 3.8 years. 85.7% of patients had showed positive cultures and staphylococcus aureus was the commonest cultured organism. The following complications were reported; pathological fracture (1), malnuion (2), nonunion (1). According to Cattaneo et al scoring system, bone healing was achieved in 94.4% of patients; bone infection control without relapse was achieved in 100% of patients. 89.2% of patients had complete functional recovery. Conclusions. Local antibiotic delivery system seems to be a useful and safe component in the armamentarium of the orthopedic surgeon dealing with bone infection by maximizing the local concentration while minimizing their systemic toxicity. Collatamp-EG® help bone and soft tissue repair without the need to remove it

Aims

To determine the likelihood of achieving a successful closed reduction (CR) of a dislocated hip in developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) after failed Pavlik harness treatment We report the rate of avascular necrosis (AVN) and the need for further surgical procedures.

Aims

The aims of this study is to report the clinical and radiological outcomes after pre-, central-, and postaxial polydactyly resection in children from a tertiary referral centre.

Purpose. To document the incidence and nature of complications associated with hemiepiphysiodesis using a screw and plate device (8-plate, Orthofix). Methods. We reviewed case notes and radiographs of 71 children (130 segments) with lower limb deformities treated with temporary hemiepiphyseal arrest using the 8-plate. 96% of deformities were in the coronal plane, 4% sagittal. 72% of coronal deformities demonstrated valgus malalignment. We defined three types of complications:. early (perioperative) complications eg infection and/or wound breakdown, bleeding, neurological impairment. implant related complications such as soft tissue irritation, plate breakage or migration,. complications involving the growth plate including rebound deformity, early physeal closure or iatrogenic deformity. Complications were related to variables of patient age, gender, diagnosis, location of deformity and associated surgery. Results. The average age at surgery was 10 years (range 3-16). There were 41 boys, 30 girls. 3/70 patients were treated for an idiopathic deformity: the remainder were affected by a wide range of pathologies (20% skeletal dysplasia, 20% metabolic bone disease). Full correction has occurred in 38% of patients. The remaining 45 children are all showing improvement in their deformity. 10 patients (14%) have had a complication: 3 patients had early complications (wound infection, wound breakdown and intra-operative hypotensive crisis) and 2 patients have had implant related complications (irritation and migration). In a further 5 patients there have been physis related problems: 1 over-correction, 1 recurrence and 3 cases in which the timing of the procedure or the ill-health of the physis did not allow correction to occur. Conclusion. The 8-plate is an effective device in the management of deformity secondary to pathological conditions. 10% of patients had complications: the majority were minor but care should be taken regarding the timing of the procedure related to the growth potential of the pathological physis

Statement of Purpose. Our experience with Taylor Spatial Frame correction of complex foot deformities in children. Persistent foot deformity in congenital talipes equinovarus is a challenge. Open surgery is associated with complications including difficulty in achieving acute corrections in stiff, scarred feet. Gradual correction using the Ilizarov circular frame has been described as an alternative and we present the experience using a computer assisted hexapod gradual frame correction with the Taylor Spatial Frame (TSF). A retrospective audit of sequential patients treated by TSF was performed. Technique, outcome, complications and key learning points were recorded. 21 paediatric patients underwent 27 treatments with a Taylor Spatial frame for complex foot deformity correction. Average age 11 years with majority diagnosis of congenital talipes equinovarus. The deformities severity meant acute correction would result in either neurovascular or soft tissue compromise. Plantigrade feet with good function was achieved in 22 feet. 3 feet were deemed as failures. 2 feet have residual deformity but acceptable function. According to Paley's classification, there were 4 complications, 7 obstacles and 35 difficulties (pin tract infection and pain management). Complications did contribute to poorer outcomes. The key learning points were: protection of the ankle joint and distal tibial physis; staged osteotomy reduces swelling and complication rates; and consideration of further procedures at frame removal is important. Finally a thorough preoperative counselling programme should be instituted and patients warned of the time commitment and high difficulty rates associated with treatment. Managing patient expectation with goals is as important as meticulous surgery. Although complication rates were high, the majority of treatment goals were met, therefore the TSF is valid in the treatment of complex deformities in the foot. Most patients with severe deformity can achieve a plantigrade functional foot but residual stiffness and need for minor orthotics is almost universal