Purpose of Study

Lengthening of the gastrocsoleus for equinus deformity is commonly performed in orthopaedic surgery. The aim of this study was to describe the precise details of each surgical procedure and assess each biomechanically in cadaver models.

Purpose of Study

In children with spastic diplegia, surgery for equinus has a high incidence of both over and under correction. We wished to determine if conservative (mainly Zone 1) surgery for equinus gait, in the context of multilevel surgery, could result in the avoidance of calcaneus and crouch gait as well as an acceptable rate of recurrent equinus, at medium term follow-up.

Purpose

The incidence of hip displacement in children with cerebral palsy is approximately 30% in large population based studies. The purpose of this study was to report the long-term effect of hip surgery on the incidence of hip displacement using a newly validated Cerebral Palsy (CP) hip classification.

Proximal femoral deformity is common in children with cerebral palsy (CP), contributing to hip instability and ambulation difficulties. This population-based cohort study investigates the prevalence and significance of these deformities in relation to Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) level.

Children with a confirmed diagnosis of CP born within a three-year period were identified from a statewide register.

Motor type, topographical distribution and GMFCS level were obtained from clinical notes. Neck Shaft Angle (NSA) and Migration Percentage (MP) were measured from an anteroposterior pelvis x-ray with the hips internally rotated. Measurement of FNA was by the Trochanteric Palpation Test (TPAT) or during fluoroscopic screening of the hip with a guide wire in the centre of the femoral neck.

Linear regression analysis was performed for FNA, NSA and MP according to GMFCS level.

292 children were eligible. FNA was increased in all GMFCS levels. The lowest measurements were at GMFCS levels I and II p<0.001. GMFCS levels III, IV, and V were uniformly high p<0.001. Neck shaft angle increased sequentially from GMFCS levels I to V (p<0.001). This study confirms a very high prevalence of increased FNA in children with CP in all GMFCS levels. In contrast, NSA and MP progressed step-wise with GMFCS level.

We propose that increased FNA in children with CP represents failure to remodel normal fetal alignment because of delay in ambulation and muscle imbalance across the hip joint. In contrast, coxa valga is an acquired deformity and is largely related to lack of weight bearing and functional ambulation.

The high prevalence of both deformities at GMFCS levels IV and V explain the high rate of displacement in these hips and the need for proximal femoral realignment surgery in the prevention and management of hip displacement.

Introduction: The management of deformities of the lower extremity in children with spina bifida is challenging. Surgery is fraught with high complication and recurrence rates. The Ilizarov technique has shown to be a successful tool in the management of complex lower limb deformity. There are few published series in the literature dealing specifically with Ilizarov correction of complex lower limb deformities in spina bifida. In this paper we present our experience of the Ilizarov technique for complex deformities in children with spina bifida.

Methods: From 1989 to 2006, 33 patients with spina bifida underwent 48 corrections of their lower extremity deformity using the Ilizarov technique at one of three tertiary care centres (Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, Australia, Musgrave Park Hospital, Belfast, Northern Ireland and Birmingham Children’s Hospital, Birmingham, UK). Notes were reviewed retrospectively. Patient demographics, indications for surgery, deformity analysis and the extent of surgery were recorded. Complications of the surgery and outcomes were noted.

Results: Group I comprised of 12 fixed knee flexion deformities and one unstable neuropathic joint. Group II comprised 15 external tibial rotational deformities. Group III comprised 20 complex foot deformities. The mean age of the patients was 12.1 years (5.2–20.6 years). Prior to their treatment using the Ilizarov technique patients had undergone a mean of 1.6 previous surgeries (range: 0–5) on the affected limb. The mean duration of treatment in the frame was 9.3 weeks (range: 2–26 weeks). The mean follow-up is 4.0 years (range 0.3–9.0 years). Thirteen problems occurred in the 48 procedures (27.1%). Five obstacles occurred in the 48 procedures (10.4%). Thirteen complications occurred in the 48 procedures (27.1%). Further surgical procedures are either planned, or have been performed, in 8 of the 33 patients (24.2%). Following treatment, all feet were recorded to be plantigrade. All were comfortable in their respective orthoses where appropriate.

Conclusion: Through the pitfalls in treating the complex lower limb deformity in spina bifida, the Ilizarov technique offers a refreshing approach. It offers distinct advantages throughout the treatment period. It modifies both the intraoperative and postoperative environment to address the morbidity of the significant complications associated with the traditional approach to the correction of the limb deformity in the child with spina bifida.

Significance: This is a large series of complex limb reconstruction cases in spina bifida showing excellent results, an acceptable complication rate and recommendations for further use of this technique.

Purpose: In slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE) with increasing slip angle and increasing impingement, pain, stiffness, limping and degenerative change may follow. Currently there are no accepted guidelines to guide management in patients with stable SCFE. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the proximal femoral geometry in stable SCFE using a postero-anterior radiograph of the hip in the extended position and to determine its use in predicting subsequent surgical management.

Methods: Over a 7 year period, we evaluated the proximal femoral geometry in a consecutive series of 31 adolescents with stable SCFE using the prone extension hip radiograph and statistically analysed the relationship between lateral slip angle (LSA), the morphology of the metaphyseal-epiphyseal (ME) junction, pain and hip range of motion.

Results: The mean age was 13.5 years and statistical analysis shows that ME anatomy is strongly related to LSA and pain. Linear regression analysis shows a strong significant relationship between LSA and hip range of movements.

Conclusions: The prone extension hip x-ray, is capable of accurately predicting the response to a flexion valgus intertrochanteric osteotomy and will clearly demonstrate the degrees of flexion and valgus required to restore the proximal femoral anatomy to allow a more functional range of motion by reducing impingement. The prone extension hip x-ray will also indicate when an additional cheilectomy may be required or alternatively define degrees of proximal femoral deformity which are beyond the scope of intertrochanteric osteotomy and in which a more radical correction at the epiphyseal-metaphyseal junction is required.

Significance: We found the prone extension hip radiograph useful in selecting those hips amenable to management by flexion valgus intertrochanteric osteotomy and other surgical Methods:

Aim: Septic Arthrits & osteomylelitis has traditionally been managed by intravenous antibiotics for 4 to 6 weeks. This requires a prolonged in patient stay, inconvience to parents, morbidity and unnecessary cost. A number of authors have suggested that shortened course of intravenous antibiotics 7–10 days are effective.

Methods: In 2001 we started to prospectively evaluate a shortened 3 day of intravenous antibiotic regime. We prospectively treated 36 cases of acute osteomyelitis and 30 cases of acute septic arthritis in children. These were confirmed by positive blood culture, positive aspirate culture, raised WCC in joint aspirate for septic arthritis or positive bone scan/culture for osteomyelitis. These patients were treated with a shortened course (3 days) of intravenous antibiotics following surgical drainage when required. Serial measurements of inflammatory markers and clinical status were recorded. On Day 4 of admission if clinical and biochemical parameters improved patients commenced high dose oral antibiotics. If no improvement they continued IV abx and consideration for repeat washout given. Patients discharged with three week course of antibiotics. Endpoint analysis of duration of IV administration, inpatient stay, readmission/reoccurrence was undertaken.

Results: 43 of the 66 (66%) patients received were discharged by Day 5 after receiving 3 full days of intravenous antibiotics. Mean in-pt stay was 5.5 days. There was one readmission for intolerance of high dose antibiotics. 6 septic patients required a repeat washout (Day 4–7 of admission). At 3 months there were no patients with ongoing infection.

Conclusion: We suggest the vast majority of acute suppurative skeletal infection can be managed safely with shortened course of intravenous and oral antibiotics following surgical drainage (in the case of intra articular infection). About 25% of patients will need longer courses of antibiotics and possibly repeat washout. This subgroup can be identified by careful clinical evaluation and measurement of inflammatory markers.

This study evaluates outcomes of hip adductor surgery in children with cerebral palsy in preventing hip displacement. This review is from the perspective of an extended follow-up (beyond 3 years in contrast to currently available literature) and the Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS).

A retrospective audit was performed of children with cerebral palsy aged 2 to 10 years who had primary adductor surgery at the Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne between January 1994 and December 2004. These children had hip migration percentages (MP) greater than 30% and been followed up for a minimum 12 months post-operatively.

Septic Arthrits & osteomylelitis has traditionally been managed by intravenous antibiotics for 4 to 6 weeks. This requires a prolonged in patient stay, inconvenience to parents, morbidity and unnecessary cost. A number of authors have suggested that shortened course of intravenous antibiotics 7–10 days are effective.

In 2001 we started to prospectively evaluate a shortened 3 day of intravenous antibiotic regime. We prospectively treated 36 cases of acute osteomyelitis and 30 cases of acute septic arthritis in children. These were confirmed by positive blood culture, positive aspirate culture, raised WCC in joint aspirate for septic arthritis or positive bone scan/culture for osteomyelitis. These patients were treated with a shortened course (3 days) of intravenous antibiotics following surgical drainage when required. Serial measurements of inflammatory markers and clinical status were recorded. On Day 4 of admission if clinical and biochemical parameters improved patients commenced high dose oral antibiotics. If no improvement they continued IV abx and consideration for repeat washout given. Patients discharged with three week course of antibiotics. Endpoint analysis of duration of IV administration, inpatient stay, readmission/ reoccurrence was undertaken.

Results: 43 of the 66 (66%) patients received were discharged by Day 5 after receiving 3 full days of intravenous antibiotics. Mean in-pt stay was 5.5 days. There was one re-admission for intolerance of high dose antibiotics. 6 septic patients required a repeat washout (Day 4–7 of admission). At 3 months there were no patients with ongoing infection.

Conclusion: We suggest the vast majority of acute suppurative skeletal infection can be managed safely with shortened course of intravenous and oral antibiotics following surgical drainage (in the case of intra articular infection). About 25% of patients will need longer courses of antibiotics and possibly repeat washout. This subgroup can be identified by careful clinical evaluation and measure

Introduction and Aims: The appropriate duration of antibiotic therapy in children suffering from acute haematogenous osteomyelitis (AHO) and acute septic arthritis (SA) has not been clearly established by clinical trials. In recent years there has been a tendency to shorter courses of both intravenous and oral therapy, but evidence is currently limited as to the efficacy of short duration antimicrobial therapy. .

Method: This study was conducted in two phases.

A retrospective study of 71 children in which we investigated the duration of both intravenous and oral antimicrobial therapy in relation to recurrent disease and side effects.

Results: Duration of antibiotics in the retrospective study varied from two to 28 days with a median duration of 4.5 days. Duration of the oral phase of antibiotic therapy varied from two to 10 weeks with a median value of 4.7 weeks. The recurrence rate, requiring admission or an additional operative procedure was 1.4%. There were no long-term sequelae.

In the prospective study the duration of intravenous and oral antibiotics has been successfully reduced in the majority of patients, without any increase in the need for surgical procedures, re-admission or evidence of chronic osteomyelitis. However, in 26% of patients, the duration of the IV phase of antibiotic therapy was electively increased, because of clinical signs, suggestive of inadequate response. To date recurrent/chronic disease has only been seen in patients judged clinically to have an inadequate response to short-term therapy and who received a longer course of IV antibiotics.

Conclusion: Shorter courses of antimicrobial therapy in children with acute haematogenous osteomyelitis and acute septic arthritis, are safe and effective with a low incidence of recurrent disease. However clinical judgment is required to identify those children who require longer courses of both intravenous and oral therapy in order to eradicate the disease during the primary presentation. Further study is required to identify with greater certainty the profile of children who require longer courses of therapy than the emerging standard, three weeks IV/three weeks oral.

Introduction and Aims: We studied the outcome of single event multilevel surgery (SEMLS) for the correction of severe crouch gait in spastic diplegia, over a five-year period. It was unknown if gait correction post-SEMLS could be sustained at skeletal maturity.

Method: This was a prospective cohort study, utilising validated outcome measures. Presenting symptoms were increasingly abnormal gait, anterior knee pain, patellar fractures and fatigue. SEMLS was based on pre-operative gait analysis: mean of seven procedures (range 5–10), including lengthening of contracted muscle-tendon units (particularly hamstrings and psoas), as well as rotational osteotomies and bony stabilisation procedures to correct lever arm dysfunction. Post-operatively subjects wore Ground Reaction Ankle Foot Orthoses (GRAFOs) and received a community-based rehabilitation program. Post-operative changes were evaluated at five years: technical outcome by 3D kinematics and functional outcome by mobility status. Outcomes were analysed with linear regression with robust standard errors.

Results: Eleven children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy fulfilled the criteria for ‘severe crouch gait’, defined as knee flexion > 30 degrees and ankle dorsiflexion > 15 degrees throughout stance. Ten of 11 subjects had previous Tendo Achilles lengthening. Mean age pre-operatively was 12 years one month (range 8–16) and at follow-up 17 years 10 months (range 16–21). All subjects regained pre-operative mobility levels with improved gait pattern, relief of knee pain and healing of patellar fractures. There was a significant decrease in dependence on assistive devices. Pre- versus five years post-operative kinematics showed clinically and statistically significant increases in knee extension and decreases in ankle dorsiflexion. Improvements were seen in knee extension initial contact (p< 0.001, 95% CI 15°, 31°); maximum knee extension (p< 0.001, 95% CI 16°, 37°), ankle dorsiflexion (p< 0.001, 95% CI 8°, 18°) and plantarflexion 3rd rocker in stance (p=0.03, 95% CI 1°, 17°); knee excursion (p=0.003, 95% CI –24°, −6°), and peak knee flexion timing (p=0.02, 95% CI 2%, 20%).

Conclusion: Multilevel surgery for severe crouch gait in spastic diplegia results in consistently marked improvements in dynamic knee and ankle function, but not at the hip and pelvic levels. The results are durable in most patients, after five years and after reaching skeletal maturity.

Introduction and Aims: We investigated the hypothesis that the effects of muscle-tendon surgery could be controlled or ‘dosed’ by varying the location of intramuscular tenotomy (IMT) or fascial striping within the muscle-tendon unit (MTU). We performed a series of randomised trials in paired cadaver MTUs of tibialis posterior, semitendinosus, gracilis and semimembranosus.

Method: Following dissection of 10 paired cadaver MTUs of the above-mentioned muscles, we performed a series of randomised trials in which each pair of MTUs received a low or high IMT. ‘Low IMT’ was defined as an IMT performed two centimetres proximal to the distal musculotendinous junction. ‘High IMT’ was performed two centimetres distal to the start of the first tendinous fibres in the proximal muscle belly. The force-length characteristics were then determined by tensile load testing until failure on an Instron machine. The load and lengthening at failure for each pair of MTUs were compared by paired t test.

Results: As expected, there were significant differences in the load versus length curves for different muscles and for different simulated surgeries (IMT versus fascial striping). The mean load at failure was significantly lower for all low IMTs compared to high IMTs in all MTUs tested e.g. tibialis posterior: mean difference low versus high = 13N (95% CI 6.8, 19.2 p< 0.001). The lengthening at failure was also greater for low IMTs than for high IMTs. The difference reached statistical significance only in tibialis posterior.

Conclusions: The site of the intramuscular surgery or fascial striping has a direct bearing on the force versus lengthening curve. We hypothesise that the same principle applies during muscle tendon surgery in children with spastic contractures and that it may be possible to graduate surgical lengthening, according to the correction required.

Introduction and Aims: We present the preliminary results of patellar tendon shortening (PTS), for severe crouch gait in children with spastic cerebral palsy who were household ambulators.

Method: We performed bilateral patellar tendon shortening in 15 patients with severe spastic diplegia between May 1996 and January 2002. The majority had acquired crouch gait because of isolated lengthening of the Achilles tendons in childhood and presented with anterior knee pain and rapidly deteriorating gait and function. The PTS procedure included dividing the patellar tendon in its mid portion, and performing an overlapping repair by suturing the distal tendon to the distal pole of the patella and the proximal segment to the tibial tubercle. The corrected position of the patella was maintained by a K-wire passed transversely through the patella and incorporated into a cylinder plaster, with the knee in extension, for a period of six weeks. Correction of knee flexion deformity was achieved by transfer of semitendonosis to the distal femur or extension osteotomy of the distal femur.

Results: Rehabilitation was predictably slow but all patients regained their pre-operative mobility status within one year and the majority surpassed their pre-operative functional level by two years after surgery. There were no tendon ruptures or growth disturbance in the proximal tibia. Average age at the time of surgery was 14.2 years (10–19 years). Mean follow-up was 27 months (12–48 months). Pre- and post-operative Insall index in 17 knees was 0.68cm (0.46 to 1.07cm, SD=0.16cm) and 0.85cm (0.56 to 1.08cm, SD=0.20) respectively (p< 0.001 Students-t test). Pre-operatively, only three sides had a normal index, but post-operatively 14 sides had a normal index. Crouch gait improved in all patients who were reclassified as community ambulators. Thirteen patients still needed crutches. One patient continued to complain of bilateral knee pain 12 months after surgery, had insufficient correction according to the Insall index (0.58cm on the left 0.56cm on the right).

Conclusion: Severe crouch gait after appropriate surgical and orthotic management, maybe due to patella alta, quadriceps and ankle plantarflexors insufficiency. We present preliminary results of a salvage procedure, patellar tendon shortening, which seems a reasonable option to treat complex crouch gait in selected patients with cerebral palsy.

During a six-year period we prospectively studied eight children who presented with supracondylar fractures of the humerus and of the forearm on the same side. They were treated by prompt closed reduction, percutaneous fixation with Kirschner wires, and appropriate management of neurovascular and soft-tissue injuries. The results were assessed clinically and radiographically at a minimum of 12 months after injury. According to a clinical scoring system they were acceptable in seven children and poor in one.

Combined bony and vascular injuries present challenging problems to orthopaedic and vascular surgeons. The use of temporary intraluminal vascular shunts produces significant reductions in ischaemia time and allows fracture stabilisation to be performed before definitive, delicate vascular repair. We report our management of a five-week-old infant who sustained a comminuted fracture of the femur with arterial and venous injuries in a shooting incident. Paediatric nasogastric feeding tubes were used as temporary vascular shunts to re-establish the distal circulation. Stabilisation of the fracture was then followed by vascular reconstruction and soft-tissue surgery, with a good result. We emphasise the need for skills from several surgical disciplines in the management of complex combined injuries.

Seven patients with osteoid osteoma of the proximal femur were treated by percutaneous excision of the nidus. The combination of preoperative localisation by tomography and intraoperative localisation by image intensifier resulted in a curative procedure with minimal bone resection in all cases, although a second operation was required in one patient.

We made a prospective study of angulated radial neck fractures in children reduced by leverage with a percutaneous Kirschner wire. Of 36 consecutive cases with angulation of more than 30 degrees reduction was successful in 33. We obtained an excellent or good final result in 31 (94%).

Fifteen independent observers of three levels of experience (consultant staff, fellows, residents) assessed 40 radiographs of children presenting with Perthes' disease using the Catterall and the Salter-Thompson grading systems. Each observer was supplied with descriptions and illustrations of the classifications and each hip was grouped by both systems by each observer. The results were statistically analysed using 'kappa' statistics. The level of interobserver agreement was higher for the Salter-Thompson system and correlated with the level of experience of the observer. Both systems can give acceptable levels of interobserver agreement, but the Salter-Thompson grouping is simpler and easier to apply in the earlier stages of the disease when treatment must be decided, and has a higher degree of reproducibility amongst more experienced observers.

For equinus deformity in spastic hemiplegia, correction by the White slide technique has been studied in a group of 35 patients followed up for 14 to 20 years. It is a simple, effective method of lengthening the calcaneal tendon, and is free from significant complications with an acceptable rate of recurrent deformity. The majority of patients achieved a heel-toe gait.