There is a complex interaction among acetabular component position and the orientation of the femoral component in determining the maximum, impingement-free prosthetic range of motion (ROM) in total hip arthroplasty (THA). Regarding restrictions in ROM, femoral antetorsion is one of the most important parameters. But, ROM is also influenced by parameters like the deviation between the femoral shaft and the mechanical axis in a sagittal projection. This deviation is best described as “Femoral Tilt” (FT). This study analysis the incidence of FT in clinical practice and its consequences on post-operative ROM. Based on these results, the effects of changes in FT on ROM-based cup optimisation are assessed by a using a virtual ROM analysis.

For studying the incidence of FT, 40 (16 male, 24 female) postoperative computerised tomography (CT) scans were analysed using a 3D CT planning software. The implant models were superimposed onto the image data to determine their exact position. The anatomical orientations were determined by planning anatomical landmarks and coordinate directions (i.e. mechanical axis, posterior condyle axis). Descriptive statistics were calculated for FT. Effects of changes in FT and CCD on ROM were analysed by calculating zones of compliance. FT was varied between 2.1° and 9.3° for 135°.

The overall range of post-operative values for femoral tilt was 5.7° ± 1.8° (mean ± standard deviation, minimum 1.7°, maximum 10.2°). The zone of compliance significantly depended on FT (difference more than 200%). The optimum cup position changed from 35° radiographic inclination/30° anteversion to 39°/30° when FT was increased from 2.1° to 9.3°.

Within this study, it was demonstrated that FT has a significant effect on postoperative ROM in THAs. First of all, it was shown that clinically FT values lie in a range between 2.1° and 9.3° (95% CI), where we used a long-shaft stem type with a relatively low possibility to influence sagittal tilt angles. FT may significantly change zones of compliance up to 200% as well as optimised cup positions. Thus, standard combined anteversion formulas, which were proposed in the literature to implement femur first approaches for THA, do only particularly address an optimisation of post-operative ROM. Instead, a sophisticated virtual ROM analysis based on a navigated femur-first approach would enable accurate ROM estimations as parameters like FT are hard to be assessed intra-operatively.