Despite the impressive advancements in prenatal planning and assessment, obstetrical brachial plexus palsy remains an unfortunate consequence of difficult childbirth. Although the majority of infants with plexopathy recover with minor or no residual functional deficits, a number of children do not regain sufficient limb function and develop significant functional limitations, bony deformities and joint contractures. Recent developments in the technique of microsurgical reconstruction of peripheral nerve injuries proved to be effective in selected cases of children with obstetrical brachial plexus injury. Many of these children and those who were defined as having minor injury will remain with considerable functional limitation and deserve late orthopaedic reconstruction. Based on that, we developed a multidisciplinary Brachial Plexus clinic gathering a microsurgeon, a pediatric orthopaedic surgeon, an electrophysiologist clinician, physiotherapists and occupational therapist in order to assess and evaluate these children. A total of 105 children were seen and followed up in our clinic during the last 2 years. Most of these children were referred to our clinic from other centers and from physiotherapists treating these children on an out-patient basis. We report the orthopaedic reconstruction operations performed in 9 cases of residual functional disabilities in children born with obstetric palsy. 4 patients had latissimmus dorsi and teres major transfer. 2 patients had derotation osteotomy of the humerus. 1 patient had Steindler flexorplasty of the elbow. 2 patients had open reduction and capsulorrhapy for a dislocated shoulder. Video assessment of these children was performed before and after the operation. Function was also analyzed before and after operation by a physiotherapist and an occupational therapist. Significant functional improvement was achieved, to the satisfaction of patients and parents.
Club foot can be diagnosed by ultrasound of the fetus in more than 60% of cases. We have correlated the accuracy of the prenatal findings in 281 ultrasound surveys with the physical findings after birth and the subsequent treatment in 147 children who were born with club foot. The earliest week of gestation in which the condition was diagnosed with a high degree of confidence was the 12th and the latest was the 32nd. Not all patients were diagnosed at an early stage. In 29% of fetuses the first ultrasound examination failed to detect the deformity which subsequently became obvious at a later examination. Club foot was diagnosed between 12 and 23 weeks of gestation in 86% of children and between 24 and 32 weeks of gestation in the remaining 14%. Therefore it can be considered to be an early event in gestation (45% identified by the 17th week), a late event (45% detected between 18th and 24th weeks) or a very late event (10% recognised between 25th and 32nd weeks). We cannot exclude, however, the possibility that the late-onset groups may have been diagnosed late because earlier scans were false-negative results. The prenatal ultrasonographic findings were correlated with the physical findings after birth and showed that bilateral involvement was more common than unilateral. There was no significant relationship between the prenatal diagnosis and the postnatal therapeutic approach (i.e., conservative or surgical), or the degree of rigidity of the affected foot.
The conventional osteotomies used to treat infantile tibia vara (Blount’s disease) may require internal fixation and its subsequent removal. These techniques, which carry the risk of traction injury, and potential problems of stability and consolidation, do not always succeed in correcting the rotational deformity which accompanies the angular deformity. We have used a new surgical approach, the serrated W/M osteotomy of the proximal tibia, to correct infantile tibia vara in 15 knees of 11 patients. We present the results in 13 knees of nine patients who have been followed up for a mean of eight years. The mean angular correction achieved after operation was 18 ± 5.8°. The mean femorotibial shaft angle was corrected from 14.2 ± 3.7° of varus to 4.6 ± 4.4° of valgus. At the last follow-up, the mean angular correction had reduced to 1.3 ± 4.9° of valgus without compromising the rotational correction and the overall good clinical results. All the patients and parents were satisfied, rating the result as excellent or good. There were no major postoperative complications and no reoperations. Eight patients were free from pain and able to perform physical activities suitable for their age. One complained of occasional pain. This procedure has the advantage of allowing both angular and rotational correction with a high degree of success without the need for internal fixation.
We describe a five-year-old child with neurofibromatosis type I who developed a Charcot knee. Infiltration of the joint by tissue associated with the disease caused damage to the proprioceptive mechanism and resulted in severe joint instability, accelerated destruction and development of neuropathic arthropathy.
We prospectively evaluated the percutaneous injection of autogenous bone marrow for the treatment of active simple bone cysts in ten consecutive children with cysts in the proximal humerus, proximal femur or tibia. The treatment included percutaneous biopsy, aspiration of fluid and the injection of autogenous bone marrow aspirated from the iliac crest. All the patients became painfree after a mean of two weeks and resumed full activities within six weeks. All ten cysts consolidated radiologically and showed remarkable remodelling within four months. Review at 12 to 48 months showed satisfactory healing without complications. Percutaneous injection of autologous bone marrow appears to be an effective treatment for active simple bone cysts.
