Most of the studies in the literature identify spondylodiscitis as a challenge for the physician: symptoms are not specific and sub-acute/chronic presentation is common. The question of when surgery is indicated is a frequent matter of debate. We want to present and validate our flow chart for spinal infections diagnosis and treatment.

A retrospective review of 128 cases of spinal infections presenting over a 10-year period was performed. Medical records, imaging (X-Rays, MRI with gadolinium, Ga-67 and Tc-99 bone scan), laboratory test and bacteriology results of 128 patients from 1997 to 2006 were reviewed.

The average age of presentation was 55 years (median age: 61 years, range: between 1 and 88 years) of 53 females and 75 males. Only one level was interested in 22% of the cases. The cervical spine was affected in 6% of cases, the thoracic spine in 37%, and the lumbosacral spine in 57%. Soft tissues have been affected in 16% of the patients. CT guided trocar biopsies were performed in 80 patients, incisional biopsies in 10 patients, and excisional biopsy in 1 case. No complication occurred. The most represented microorganisms which were identified were Staphylococcus Aureus and Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. Conservative treatment alone (antibiotic therapy and bracing) was performed in 84 cases out of 128 (66%); Forty-four patients with either neurologic compromise or mechanical instability or those who were unresponsive to drugs and immobilisation were submitted to surgical treatment.

Late diagnosis may lead to spinal deformities, prolonged hospital stay and more expensive management of the patient. Appropriate treatment usually brings to resolution even if spinal infections are rare and often misdiagnosed. We suggest an easy-to-follow flow-chart for the diagnosis and treatment of spinal infections.

Introduction: Purpose of this study is to evaluate retrospectively 61 cases of spinal infections, unrelated to previous spinal surgical treatment. We included patients with drug addiction. Objective of this study is to analyze the results of treatment using a diagnostic and therapeutic algorithm. This procedure may allow a systematic and comprehensive approach to the diagnosis and management of vertebral osteomyelitis. For instance, despite advances in imaging, this pathology is easily missed and treatment is often delayed.

Materials and Methods: We reviewed 61 patients aged 15–83 (average 52y) treated between January 1997 and March 2001. All patients received plain radiographs, gadolinium enhanced magnetic resonance imaging, Ga-67 and Tc-99 scintigraphy. A total of 36 patients underwent CT- guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy: the coltures of spinal specimen were positive in 47% (17/36) of cases. Blood coltures were positive in 65% (13/20).

Results: Staphylococcus Aureus was the main organism followed by Mycobacterium Tubercolosis and Staphylococcus Epidermidis. All patients received intravenous antibiotics. Neurologic impairment was present in 13 (26%) patients who underwent surgery. All patients with paresis recovered completely after surgical decompression (100%). Patients with nonsurgical spondylodiscitis were treated with bed rest and bracing. They reported residual back pain not frequently 22% (8/36) than patients treated surgically 38% (5/13).

Conclusions: the outcome of patients with vertebral osteomyelitis in general is favourable when appropriate treatment is picked even if vertebral osteomyelitis is a rare condition and because of this often overlooked initially. Delay in diagnosis may results in spine impairment, more hospitalisation time and more cost. We suggest diagnostic and therapeutic criteria in order to simplify the treatment.

Haematogenous vertebral osteomyelitis (HVO) is a relatively rare disorder which accounts for 2–4% of all cases of infectious bone disease. In recent years, the incidence of spinal infections seems to have increased according to the growing number of intravenous drug users in young people and with the use of intravenous access devices, genitourinary surgery and manipulation in the elderly. Men are more frequently affected than women, with an average age of onset in the fifth and sixth decade of life. The onset of symptoms is typically insidious, with neck or back pain often underestimated by the patient. The early diagnosis is also difficult due to the non-specific nature of laboratory and radiographic findings. The frequent observation of back pain also makes the diagnosis a challenge in most cases. Several studies in the literature report an average delay in the diagnosis of HVO from 2 to 6 months after the beginning of the symptoms. In this article we review the clinical features and the diagnostic approach to HVO in order to optimise treatment strategies and follow-up assessment.

From 1997 to 2003 we treated 153 patients affected by vertebral osteomyelitis. The localisation was cervical in 11.5% of the cases, thoracic in 31% and lumbar in 57.5% cases. In all, 92 CT needle biopsies were performed without any complications. We were able to identify the microbiological pattern in 57% of cases (the most represented bacteria were Staphylococcus aureus and Mycobaterium tuberculosis) whereas in 47% of cases we could not identify any micro-organismus. Treatment was conservative in 112 cases and surgical in 41 cases.

Most of the studies in the literature consider HVO as a challenge for the physician: symptoms are not specific and sub-acute or chronic presentation is most common. In general, a delay in diagnosis is the rule rather than the exception. This is an easily missed infectious process, particularly in the elderly, in whom degenerative radiographic changes and conditions resulting in back pain, such as osteoporotic fractures or spinal metastases, are common and signs of sepsis may not become manifest. However, persisting localised back pain and tenderness with elevated ESR should prompt the physician to also consider HVO, although fever and leucocytosis may often not be present.

Once HVO is suspected, a long series of imaging and laboratory tests, and if necessary surgical procedures, must be initiated. The purpose of this study is to formulate a systematic, comprehensive and simple approach to the management of this disease following the diagnostic algorithm suggested.