The aim of this study was to compare the primary fixation stability and initial fixation stiffness of two commonly used fixation techniques, the tension band wiring technique and interfragmentary screw fixation, with an innovative mini-screw fragment fixation system in a model of transverse fracture of the patella. It was hypothesized that the biomechanical performance of the fragment fixation system would not significantly differ from the loading characteristics of the two established methods currently investigated.

Materials and Methods: A standardized transverse patella fracture was induced in ninety-six calf patella and three different fixation methods, including the mod-ified tension band wiring technique, interfragmentary screw fixation, and the mini-screw fragment fixation system, were used for fragment fixation. Specimens were mounted to a loading rig which was integrated within a material testing machine. In each fixation group, eight specimens were loaded to failure at varying simulated knee angles of either 0° or 45°. Another eight specimens were submitted to polycyclic loading consisting of 30 cycles between 20 N and 300 N at a simulated knee angle of either 0° or 45°. The residual displacement between the first and the last cycle was recorded. Differences in the biomechanical performance between the three fixation groups were evaluated.

Results: With monocyclic loading, no significant differences between the three groups were observed in the parameters maximum load to failure and linear fixation stiffness. Specimens loaded at 45° showed significantly lower maximum failure loads and linear stiffness when compared with 0° knee angle. With polycyclic loading, no significant differences in the residual displacement were observed between the groups at 0° loading angle, while at 45°, residual displacement was significantly higher with tension band fixation when compared with interfragmentary screw fixation or the fragment fixation system.

Conclusion: This study confirmed that the biomechanical performance of the fragment fixation system was comparable to interfragmentary screw fixation and superior to the tension band wiring technique. As the fragment fixation system combines the advantages of providing interfragmentary compression with percutaneous pin insertion after closed reduction, we believe the fragment fixation system to be an adequate alternative in the osteosynthesis of transverse patella fractures.

Side-to-side comparison of anatomical or functional parameters in the evaluation of unilateral pathologies of the knee joint is common practice. Generally, it is assumed that the contralateral joint provides “normal” anatomy and function and that within-subject side differences are less when compared with between-subject variability. This has advocated the use of side-to-side comparisons in a wide field of orthopaedic surgery. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that there are no significant differences in the morphometric knee joint dimensions between the right and the left knee of a human subject. Furthermore, it was hypothesized that side differences within subjects are smaller than inter-subject variability.

In 30 pairs of human cadaver knees the morphometry of the articulating osseous structures of the femorotibial joint, the cruciate ligaments, and the mensici were measured using established measurement methods. Morphometric data were obtained either using digital callipers, radiographs, contour gauges, or cross-sectiontal scans. Data were analysed for overall side differences using the Student t-test and Pearson’s correlation coefficient and the ratio between within-subject side differences and intersubject variability was calculated.

In three out of 71 morphometric dimensions there was a significant side difference, including the posterior tibial slope, the anatomical valgus alignment of the distal femur, and the position of the femoral insertion area of the ACL. In two additional parameters, including the cross-sectional area of the distal third of the ACL and PCL, within-subject side differences were larger than intersubject variability. In general, there was a positive correlation in morphometric dimensions between right and left knees in one subject.

This study confirmed a good correlation in the morphometric dimensions of a human knee joint between the right and the left side. Our data support the concept of obtaining morphometric reference data from the contralateral uninjured side in the evaluation of unilateral pathologies of the knee joint. The uninjured contralateral side rather than knee joint dimensions obtained from an uninjured subject should be used as a valid control in orthopaedic practice.

In the treatment of acute elbow dislocation promising clinical results have been reported on articulated external fixation and surgical reconstruction of major joint stabilizers. However, it remains unclear whether or not surgical reconstruction of the major joint stabilizers sufficiently stabilizes the elbow joint or if augmentation by a hinged elbow fixator is beneficial to provide early stability and motion capacity. The aim of the present study was to compare the stabilizing potential of surgical reconstruction versus augmentation by a hinged external elbow in a model of sequentially induced intability of the elbow.

Materials and Methods: 8 unpreserved human upper extremities were mounted to a testing apparatus which was integrated within a material testing machine. In a first series, varus and valgus moments were induced to the intact elbow joint at full extension, as well as at 30°, 60°, 90° and 120° of flexion and the mean angular displacement at 2.5, 5, an 7.5 Nm was calculated. Instability was then induced by sequentially dissecting the lateral and the medial collateral ligament, the radial head, and the posterior capsule. The elbow joint was then sequentially restabilized by osteosynthesis of the radial head and refixation of the lateral and medial collateral ligament using bone anchors. In each sequence, elbow stability was tested with and without augmentation by a hinged external fixator according to the first testing series described above. Biomechanical data of surgical reconstruction alone and surgical reconstruction augmented by external fixation were compared using an analysis of variance.

Results: In the intact elbow, varus-valgus displacement with 7.5 Nm ranged from 8,3 ± 2,4° (0°) to 11,4 ± 4,2° (90°). With the fixator applied, varus-valgus displacement was significantly lower and ranged from 4,2 ± 1,3° (0°) to 5,3 ± 2,2° (90°). After complete destabilization of the elbow joint, maximum varus-valgus displacement ranged from 17,4 ± 5,3° (0°) to 23,6 ± 6,4° (90°). Subsequent reconstruction of the collateral ligaments, the posterior capsule, and the radial head proved to stabilize the elbow joint compared with the unstable situation, however, mean varus-valgus displacement remained significantly higher when compared to the intact elbow joint. During each sequence of instability, the hinged external fixator provided constant stability not significantly different to the intact elbow joint while guiding the elbow through the entire range of motion.

Conclusion: The stabilizing potential of surgical reconstruction alone is inferior to augmentation of a hinged external elbow fixator. In order to proved primary stability and early motion capacity, augmentation of a hinged external elbow fixator in the treatment of acute dislocation of the elbow is recommended.

Introduction: Drilling of the femoral bone tunnel in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction may be performed in a transtibial drilling technique or via the anteromedial portal.

Purpose: To determine the accuracy of the radiographic bone tunnel position using either a transtibial or anteromedial drilling technique.

Materials & methods: The postoperative lateral radiographs of 100 patients after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction were reviewed. In each patient, the femoral bone tunnel was created either through the tibial tunnel or via the anteromedial standard arthroscopy portal. The resulting position of the femoral tunnel was evaluated according to reference values reported by Aglietti (65 % of the cortical femoral A-P distance along Blumenstaat’s line), Amis (60 % of the A-P diameter of the posterior lateral femoral condyle parallel to Blumensaat’s line), and Harner (80 % of the A-P length of Blumensaat’s line). The mean deviation of the radiographic tunnel position from the referenced values was statistically evaluated.

Results: Radiographic bone tunnel positions with transtibial drilling were 62.42 ± 8.36, %, 54.53 ± 8.43 %, and 75.84 ± 9.56 % according to Aglietti, Amis, and Harner, respectively. Bone tunnel positions with anteromedial drilling were 65.46 ± 5.29 %, 59.59 ± 4.18 %, and 79.93 ± 4.24 %, respectively. The mean deviation from the reference values was significantly higher when comparing transtibial to anteromedial drilling. Transtibial drilling resulted in a significantly more anterior bone tunnel position.

Conclusion: Precise bone tunnel placement is a prerequisite for proper postoperative knee function and stability. The results of this study indicate that the accuracy of femoral bone tunnel placement through the anteromedial arthroscopy portal was superior to transtibial drilling. It may therefrore be concluded that drilling the femoral tunnel through the anteromedial portal is recommended when using fixation techniques not depending upon placement of a transtibial guide.

Background: The influence of the knee angle on plantarflexion moments after Achilles tendon repair has yet to be analyzed. It was hypothesized that flexion of the knee joint will disproportionately influence isometric plantarflexion moments after Achilles tendon repair.

Methods: Isometric plantarflexion moments and functional heel rise performance were retrospectively assessed in 32 patients at a mean follow-up of 36.9 (±17.83) months after open or percutaneous repair of acute Achilles tendon rupture. Plantarflexion moments were measured with the knee joint in 0, 30, and 60 degrees of flexion and the ankle joint positioned in neutral, 15 degrees plantar flexion and 15 degrees dorsiflexion. Data were compared between the involved and the noninvolved leg as well as between open and percutaneous repair.

Results: Flexion of the knee had no significant effect on isometric plantarflexion moments in either the involved or the noninvolved leg, while at any knee angle, plantarflexion moments decreased from dorsiflexion to plantar flexion. In accordance, dynamic heel rise performance revealed no significant strength deficits between the involved and the noninvolved limb. No overall differences in plantarflexion strength were observed between open and percutaneous Achilles tendon repair.

Conclusions: The flexion angle of the knee had no influence on plantarflexion moments when comparing the involved with the noninvolved leg after open or percutaneous Achilles tendon repair. Weakness of plantarflexion after open or percutaneous Achilles tendon repair is determined by the position of the ankle joint rather than by the flexion angle of the knee.

Background: To correct deformity and achieve fusion after failed fusion a retrograde nail with posterior-to-anterior (PA) locking into os calcis, talus and tibia was used.

Methods: A variety of Methods: have been published to achieve union of the ankle and subtalar joint in a failed fusion situation. We have studied a retrograde locking nail technique through a 2.5 cm incision in the non-weigthbearing part of the sole of the foot. Remaining cartilage in the ankle joint, where necessary, was percutaneously removed through an anterior approach and the locking nail was inserted after reaming of os calcis, talus and tibia. Locking screw insertion was in the sagittal plane (p.a. direction), in talus os calcis and tibial diaphysis using a nail mounted jig. Ten patients were entered in the study (age 27–60 years). The initial aetiology for attempted fusion was posttraumatic in nine cases and rheumatic in one case. There were 25 previous operations in the cohort not leading to fusion. An additional temporary external fixator was used in four cases to reach and maintain the optimum position for the procedure. The intervention time was 30–75 minutes. Dynamization of the nail was performed after four months under local anaesthesia.

Results: The mean duration of follow-up was 4 years (3 to 5,5 years). Radiologically and clinically, fusion was achieved in 16 weeks (range, 12 to 20 weeks). There was no loosening of the implant nor implant failure. A leg length discrepancy was avoided using this technique. There was one complication with varus malunion in a heavy smoker which united after corrective osteotomy, revision nailing and bone grafting. Patient satisfaction was measured on a scale (not visual analog) of 0 (not satisfied) to 10 (completely satisfied), overall satisfaction averaged 9.5 points (range, 6 to 10 points). The postoperative ankle-hindfoot score of the American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society averaged 73,5 points (range, 61 to 81 points).

Conclusion: Retrograde locked nailing with locking in the sagittal plane is a reliable minimally invasive procedure to achieve fusion of the ankle and the subtalar joint after failed fusion.

We have evaluated four different fixation techniques for the reconstruction of a standard Mason type-III fracture of the radial head in a sawbone model. The outcome measurements were the quality of the reduction, and stability.

A total of 96 fractures was created. Six surgeons were involved in the study and each reconstructed 16 fractures with 1.6 mm fine-threaded wires (Fragment Fixation System (FFS)), T-miniplates, 2 mm miniscrews and 2 mm Kirschner (K-) wires; four fractures being allocated to each method using a standard reconstruction procedure.

The quality of the reduction was measured after definitive fixation. Biomechanical testing was performed using a transverse plane shear load in two directions to the implants (parallel and perpendicular) with respect to ultimate failure load and displacement at 50 N.

A significantly better quality of reduction was achieved using the FFS wires (Tukey’s post hoc tests, p < 0.001) than with the other devices with a mean step in the articular surface and the radial neck of 1.04 mm (sd 0.96) for the FFS, 4.25 mm (sd 1.29) for the miniplates, 2.21 mm (sd 1.06) for the miniscrews and 2.54 mm (sd 0.98) for the K-wires. The quality of reduction was similar for K-wires and miniscrews, but poor for miniplates.

The ultimate failure load was similar for the FFS wires (parallel, 196.8 N (sd 46.8), perpendicular, 212.5 N (sd 25.6)), miniscrews (parallel, 211.8 N (sd 47.9), perpendicular, 208.0 N (sd 65.9)) and K-wires (parallel, 200.4 N (sd 54.5), perpendicular, 165.2 N (sd 37.9)), but significantly worse (Tukey’s post hoc tests, p < 0.001) for the miniplates (parallel, 101.6 N (sd 43.1), perpendicular, 122.7 N (sd 40.7)). There was a significant difference in the displacement at 50 N for the miniplate (parallel, 4.8 mm (sd 2.8), perpendicular, 4.8 mm (sd 1.7)) vs FFS (parallel, 2.1 mm (sd 0.8), perpendicular, 1.9 mm (sd 0.7)), miniscrews (parallel, 1.8 mm (sd 0.5), perpendicular, 2.3 mm (sd 0.8)) and K-wires (parallel, 2.2 mm (sd 1.8), perpendicular, 2.4 mm (sd 0.7; Tukey’s post hoc tests, p < 0.001)).

The fixation of a standard Mason type-III fracture in a sawbone model using the FFS system provides a better quality of reduction than that when using conventional techniques. There was a significantly better stability using FFS implants, miniscrews and K-wires than when using miniplates.

Our aim in this prospective study was to evaluate a minimally invasive technique for percutaneous arthrodesis of the small joints in the hand. Thirteen arthrodeses were undertaken in 11 patients, eight women and three men. After the percutaneous removal of articular cartilage, the bony surfaces were aligned in a predetermined position and stabilised using a percutaneous screw system. The mean follow-up was 38.6 months (36 to 56). Bony union was achieved in 12 cases (ten patients) between nine and 12 weeks after surgery. In one patient a second operation was required to obtain union and another developed a painless nonunion after premature removal of the implants.

A young woman sustained disruption of the anterior pelvic ring with bony avulsion of the symphysis pubis during a spontaneous delivery. Anterior external fixation allowed a full functional recovery.

Posterior spinal instrumentation with the placement of intrapedicular implants has become an important technique. We have designed a hand-held target device to facilitate the open or percutaneous location and penetration of the thoracolumbar pedicles. A cylindrical pin guide incorporates two metal rings and can be moved under image intensifier control until the rings are superimposed to show correct alignment. The radiation dosage for the surgeon is minimal; the device allowed accurate placement of 106 consecutive pedicle screws.