Purpose of the study: Fracture dislocations are complex injuries compromising elbow stability and functional potential. The treatment of these injuries should restore the exact anatomy of the joint, the only guarantee for a good functional outcome. The purpose of our work was to analyse our results and review the literature in order to establish an evidence-based therapeutic algorithm essentially based on the type of associated fracture.
Material and methods: This was a retrospective analysis of 15 cases (12 men, 3 women) reviewed at mean 18 months. The causal event was a fall in most patients, followed by traffic and sports accidents. This was a first-intention treatment for 12 patients and a second-intention intervention for three. Initially, none of the patients presented vessel or nerve injury. There were three open fractures. The most common fracture was: radial head (n=12), coronoid process (n=9). One or two approaches were used, depending on the type of associated fracture. Treatment consisted in fixation of the radial head (n=8) and arthroplasty (n=4).. The coronoid process was fixed in six cases. All ligament tears were repaired. An articulated external fixator was used in four cases.
Results: All patients had a stable elbow. Mean flexion was 125, extension -16, pronation 72 and supination 63. Wrist force was 80% compared with the controlateral side. The Mayo Clinic function score was 84 points.
Discussion: Reconstruction of the lateral osteoligament column, associated with fixation of the coronoid, restores stability in the majority of elbows. For very high energy injuries with complex bone and ligament damage, addition of an articulated external fixator is indispensable to enable early mobilization. Stiffness and instability are the most common complications after traumatic injury.
Conclusion: Fracture dislocations of the elbow are complex injuries requiring adequate emergency care, with surgery as needed, for all lesions at the same time via one or two approaches followed by early rehabilitation. The function outcome depends on the intraoperative stability achieved and early mobilization.
