The role of high tibial osteotomy (HTO) is being questioned by
the use of unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA) in the treatment
of medial compartment femorotibial osteoarthritis. Our aim was to
compare the outcomes of revision HTO or UKA to a total knee arthroplasty
(TKA) using computer-assisted surgery in matched groups of patients. We conducted a retrospective study to compare the clinical and
radiological outcome of patients who underwent revision of a HTO
to a TKA (group 1) with those who underwent revision of a medial
UKA to a TKA (group 2). All revision procedures were performed using
computer-assisted surgery. We extracted these groups of patients
from our database. They were matched by age, gender, body mass index,
follow-up and pre-operative functional score. The outcomes included
the Knee Society Scores (KSS), radiological outcomes and the rate
of further revision.Aims
Patients and Methods
Navigation of Uni knee arthroplasty (UKA) is not common. Usually the software includes navigation of the tibial as well as the femoral implant. In order to simplify the surgical procedure we thought that navigation of the tibial plateau alone could be a good option. Since 2005 we have been using a mobile bearing UKA of which the ancillary is based on dependent bone cuts. The tibial cut is made first and the femoral cut is automatically performed using cutting blocks inserted between the tibial cut and the distal end of the femur. Although we are satisfied with this procedure, it is not rare we have some difficulties getting the right under correction needed to get a good long-term result. The aim of this paper was to present our computer-assisted UKA technique and our preliminary radiological results in genu varum (17 cases) as well as genu valgum (6 cases) deformities. The series was composed of 23 patients, 10 females and 13 males, aged from 63 to 88 years old (mean age: 75 +/− 8). The mean preoperative HKA (Hip-Knee-Ankle) angle was: 172.35° +/− 2.31° (167° to 176°) for the genu vara and 186.33° +/− 2.87° (182° to 189°) for the genu valga. The goal of the navigation was to get an HKA angle of 177° +/− 2° for genu varum deformity and 183° +/− 2° for genu valgum. We used the SURGETICS® device (PRAXIM, GRENOBLE, FRANCE) in the first six cases and the ORTHOPILOT® device (B-BRAUN-AESCULAP, TUTTLINGEN, GERMANY) in the other cases. The principles are the same for both devices. The 1rst step consists in inserting percutaneously the rigid-bodies on the distal end of the femur and on the proximal end of the tibia. Then, we locate the center of the hip by a movement of circumduction, the center of the ankle by palpating the malleoli and the center of the knee by palpating intra articular anatomic landmarks to get the HKA angle in real time. This step is probably the most important because it allows checking the reducibility of the deformity in order to avoid an over correction when inserting a mobile bearing prosthesis. The 3rd step consists in navigation of the tibial cut such as the height of the resection, the tibial slope (3 to 5° posterior tibial slope) and the varus of the implant (2 to 3°). Once the tibial cut was done, we must use the conventional ancillary to perform the femoral bone cuts (distal and chamfer). The last step consists in inserting the trial implants and checking the HKA angle and the laxity of the medial or lateral side. We used postoperative long leg X-Rays to evaluate the accuracy of navigation and plain radiographs to evaluate the right position of the implant. As far as genu varum deformity was concerned, the mean postoperative HKA angle was 177.23° +/− 1.64° (173°–179°). The preoperative goal was reached in 94% of the cases. Moreover, this angle could be superimposed on the peroperative computer-assisted angle, which was 177° +/− 1.43° (p>0.05). For genu valgum, the mean postoperative HKA angle was 181° +/− 1.41° (179°–183°). The preoperative goal was reached in 66% of the cases but the series is too short to give any conclusion. The navigation of tibial plateau alone can be used with accuracy, provided one has the right ancillary to use dependent bone cuts. The procedure is quick and needs only one tibial cutting guide equipped with a rigid-body. Our results, especially in genu varum deformity, are quite remarkable. Regarding genu valgum, the results seem to be less accurate, but the software was designed for medial UKA and the series is short, so, it is too soon to extrapolate any conclusion. The main interest in this navigation is to avoid too much under correction and even better to avoid over correction when the deformity is over reducible. Indeed, when one uses a mobile bearing plateau, the risk is to have a dislocation of the meniscus. So, when tightening the collateral ligaments, checking the lower limb axis may persuade not to use a mobile bearing plateau but rather a fixed plateau.
