To investigate the extent of bone development around the scaffold of custom triflange acetabular components (CTACs) over time. We performed a single-centre historical prospective cohort study, including all patients with revision THA using the aMace CTAC between January 2017 and March 2021. A total of 18 patients (18 CTACs) were included. Models of the hemipelvis and the scaffold component of the CTACs were created by segmentation of CT scans. The CT scans were performed immediately postoperatively and at least one year after surgery. The amount of bone in contact with the scaffold was analyzed at both times, and the difference was calculated.Aims
Methods
Implantation of ultra-purified alginate (UPAL) gel is safe and effective in animal osteochondral defect models. This study aimed to examine the applicability of UPAL gel implantation to acellular therapy in humans with cartilage injury. A total of 12 patients (12 knees) with symptomatic, post-traumatic, full-thickness cartilage lesions (1.0 to 4.0 cm2) were included in this study. UPAL gel was implanted into chondral defects after performing bone marrow stimulation technique, and assessed for up to three years postoperatively. The primary outcomes were the feasibility and safety of the procedure. The secondary outcomes were self-assessed clinical scores, arthroscopic scores, tissue biopsies, and MRI-based estimations.Aims
Methods
The aim of this study was to report the patterns of symptoms and insufficiency fractures in patients with tumour-induced osteomalacia (TIO) to allow the early diagnosis of this rare condition. The study included 33 patients with TIO who were treated between January 2000 and June 2022. The causative tumour was detected in all patients. We investigated the symptoms and evaluated the radiological patterns of insufficiency fractures of the rib, spine, and limbs.Aims
Methods
Limb-lengthening nails have largely replaced external fixation in limb-lengthening and reconstructive surgery. However, the adverse events and high prevalence of radiological changes recently noted with the STRYDE lengthening nail have raised concerns about the use of internal lengthening nails. The aim of this study was to compare the prevalence of radiological bone abnormalities between STRYDE, PRECICE, and FITBONE nails prior to nail removal. This was a retrospective case series from three centres. Patients were included if they had either of the three limb-lengthening nails (STYDE, PRECICE, or FITBONE) removed. Standard orthogonal radiographs immediately prior to nail removal were examined for bone abnormalities at the junction of the telescoping nail parts.Aims
Methods
The aetiologies of common degenerative spine, hip, and knee pathologies are still not completely understood. Mechanical theories have suggested that those diseases are related to sagittal pelvic morphology and spinopelvic-femoral dynamics. The link between the most widely used parameter for sagittal pelvic morphology, pelvic incidence (PI), and the onset of degenerative lumbar, hip, and knee pathologies has not been studied in a large-scale setting. A total of 421 patients from the Cohort Hip and Cohort Knee (CHECK) database, a population-based observational cohort, with hip and knee complaints < 6 months, aged between 45 and 65 years old, and with lateral lumbar, hip, and knee radiographs available, were included. Sagittal spinopelvic parameters and pathologies (spondylolisthesis and degenerative disc disease (DDD)) were measured at eight-year follow-up and characteristics of hip and knee osteoarthritis (OA) at baseline and eight-year follow-up. Epidemiology of the degenerative disorders and clinical outcome scores (hip and knee pain and Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index) were compared between low PI (< 50°), normal PI (50° to 60°), and high PI (> 60°) using generalized estimating equations.Aims
Methods
Whether to perform hybrid surgery (HS) in contrast to anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) when treating patients with multilevel cervical disc degeneration remains a controversial subject. To resolve this we have undertaken a meta-analysis comparing the outcomes from HS with ACDF in this condition. Seven databases were searched for studies of HS and ACDF from inception of the study to 1 September 2019. Both random-effects and fixed-effects models were used to evaluate the overall effect of the C2-C7 range of motion (ROM), ROM of superior/inferior adjacent levels, adjacent segment degeneration (ASD), heterotopic ossification (HO), complications, neck disability index (NDI) score, visual analogue scale (VAS) score, Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) score, Odom’s criteria, blood loss, and operating and hospitalization time. To obtain more credible results contour-enhanced funnel plots, Egger’s and Begg’s tests, meta-regression, and sensitivity analyses were performed.Aims
Methods
Accurate estimations of the risk of fracture due to metastatic bone disease in the femur is essential in order to avoid both under-treatment and over-treatment of patients with an impending pathological fracture. The purpose of the current retrospective in vivo study was to use CT-based finite element analyses (CTFEA) to identify a clear quantitative differentiating factor between patients who are at imminent risk of fracturing their femur and those who are not, and to identify the exact location of maximal weakness where the fracture is most likely to occur. Data were collected on 82 patients with femoral metastatic bone disease, 41 of whom did not undergo prophylactic fixation. A total of 15 had a pathological fracture within six months following the CT scan, and 26 were fracture-free during the five months following the scan. The Mirels score and strain fold ratio (SFR) based on CTFEA was computed for all patients. A SFR value of 1.48 was used as the threshold for a pathological fracture. The sensitivity, specificity, positive, and negative predicted values for Mirels score and SFR predictions were computed for nine patients who fractured and 24 who did not, as well as a comparison of areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUC of the ROC curves).Aims
Methods
The aim of this study was to describe implant and patient-reported outcome in patients with a unilateral transfemoral amputation (TFA) treated with a bone-anchored, transcutaneous prosthesis. In this cohort study, all patients with a unilateral TFA treated with the Osseointegrated Prostheses for the Rehabilitation of Amputees (OPRA) implant system in Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden, between January 1999 and December 2017 were included. The cohort comprised 111 patients (78 male (70%)), with a mean age 45 years (17 to 70). The main reason for amputation was trauma in 75 (68%) and tumours in 23 (21%). Patients answered the Questionnaire for Persons with Transfemoral Amputation (Q-TFA) before treatment and at two, five, seven, ten, and 15 years’ follow-up. A prosthetic activity grade was assigned to each patient at each timepoint. All mechanical complications, defined as fracture, bending, or wear to any part of the implant system resulting in removal or change, were recorded.Aims
Methods
The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of maturity status at the time of surgery on final spinal height in patients with an adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) using the spine-pelvic index (SPI). The SPI is a self-control ratio that is independent of age and maturity status. The study recruited 152 female patients with a Lenke 1 AIS. The additional inclusion criteria were a thoracic Cobb angle between 45° and 70°, Risser 0 to 1 or 3 to 4 at the time of surgery, and follow-up until 18 years of age or Risser stage 5. The patients were stratified into four groups: Risser 0 to 1 and selective fusion surgery (Group 1), Risser 0 to 1 and non-selective fusion (Group 2), Risser 3 to 4 and selective fusion surgery (Group 3), and Risser 3 to 4 and non-selective fusion (Group 4). The height of spine at follow-up (HOSf) and height of pelvis at follow-up (HOPf) were measured and the predicted HOS (pHOS) was calculated as 2.22 (SPI) × HOPf. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed for statistical analysis.Aims
Patients and Methods
Periacetabular osteotomy is an effective way of treating symptomatic
hip dysplasia. We describe a new minimally invasive technique using
a modification of the Smith-Peterson approach. We performed a prospective, longitudinal cohort study to assess
for any compromise in acetabular correction when using this approach,
and to see if the procedure would have a higher complication rate
than that quoted in the literature for other approaches. We also
assessed for any improvement in functional outcome. From 168 consecutive patients (189 hips) who underwent acetabular
correction between March 2010 and March 2013 we excluded those who
had undergone previous pelvic surgery for DDH and those being treated
for acetabular retroversion. The remaining 151 patients (15 men,
136 women) (166 hips) had a mean age of 32 years (15 to 56) and the
mean duration of follow-up was 2.8 years (1.2 to 4.5). In all 90%
of cases were Tönnis grade 0 or 1. Functional outcomes were assessed
using the Non Arthritic Hip Score (NAHS), University of California,
Los Angeles (UCLA) and Tegner activity scores.Aims
Patients and Methods
The aim of this study was to analyse human muscle tissue before
and after rotator cuff repair to look for evidence of regeneration,
and to characterise the changes seen in the type of muscle fibre. Patients were assessed pre-operatively and one year post-operatively
using the Oxford Shoulder Score (OSS) and MRI. The cross-sectional
area and distribution of the type of muscle fibre were assessed
on biopsies, which were taken at surgery and one year post-operatively.
Paired samples from eight patients were analysed. There were three
men and five women with a mean age of 63 years (50 to 73).Aims
Patients and Methods
The surgical management of ankle arthritis with tibiotalar arthrodesis
is known to alter gait, as compared with normal ankles. The purpose
of this study was to assess post-operative gait function with gait
before arthrodesis. We prospectively studied 20 patients who underwent three-dimensional
gait analysis before and after tibiotalar arthrodesis. Cadence,
step length, walking velocity and total support time were assessed.
Kinetic parameters, including the moment and power of the ankle
in the sagittal plane and hip power were also recorded.Aims
Patients and Methods
This article presents a unified clinical theory
that links established facts about the physiology of bone and homeostasis,
with those involved in the healing of fractures and the development
of nonunion. The key to this theory is the concept that the tissue
that forms in and around a fracture should be considered a specific
functional entity. This ‘bone-healing unit’ produces a physiological
response to its biological and mechanical environment, which leads
to the normal healing of bone. This tissue responds to mechanical
forces and functions according to Wolff’s law, Perren’s strain theory
and Frost’s concept of the “mechanostat”. In response to the local
mechanical environment, the bone-healing unit normally changes with
time, producing different tissues that can tolerate various levels
of strain. The normal result is the formation of bone that bridges
the fracture – healing by callus. Nonunion occurs when the bone-healing
unit fails either due to mechanical or biological problems or a
combination of both. In clinical practice, the majority of nonunions
are due to mechanical problems with instability, resulting in too
much strain at the fracture site. In most nonunions, there is an
intact bone-healing unit. We suggest that this maintains its biological
potential to heal, but fails to function due to the mechanical conditions.
The theory predicts the healing pattern of multifragmentary fractures
and the observed morphological characteristics of different nonunions.
It suggests that the majority of nonunions will heal if the correct
mechanical environment is produced by surgery, without the need
for biological adjuncts such as autologous bone graft. Cite this article:
To clarify the asymmetrical ossification of the epiphyseal ring
between the convex and concave sides in patients with adolescent
idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). A total of 29 female patients (mean age, 14.4 years; 11 to 18)
who underwent corrective surgery for AIS (Lenke type 1 or 2) were
included in our study. In all, 349 vertebrae including 68 apical
vertebrae and 87 end vertebrae in the main thoracic (MT) curve and
thoracolumbar/lumbar (TL/L) curve were analysed. Coronal sections
(anterior, middle and posterior) of the vertebral bodies were reconstructed
from pre-operative CT scans (320-row detector; slice thickness,
0.5 mm) and the appearances of the ossification centre in the epiphyseal
ring at four corners were evaluated in three groups; all vertebrae
excluding end vertebrae, apical vertebrae and end vertebrae. The appearance
rates of the ossification centre at the concave and convex sides
were calculated and compared.Aims
Patients and Methods
Recently, the use of metal-on-metal articulations
in total hip arthroplasty (THA) has led to an increase in adverse
events owing to local soft-tissue reactions from metal ions and
wear debris. While the majority of these implants perform well,
it has been increasingly recognised that a small proportion of patients
may develop complications secondary to systemic cobalt toxicity
when these implants fail. However, distinguishing true toxicity
from benign elevations in cobalt ion levels can be challenging. The purpose of this two part series is to review the use of cobalt
alloys in THA and to highlight the following related topics of interest:
mechanisms of cobalt ion release and their measurement, definitions
of pathological cobalt ion levels, and the pathophysiology, risk factors
and treatment of cobalt toxicity. Historically, these metal-on-metal
arthroplasties are composed of a chromium-cobalt articulation. The release of cobalt is due to the mechanical and oxidative
stresses placed on the prosthetic joint. It exerts its pathological
effects through direct cellular toxicity. This manuscript will highlight the pathophysiology of cobalt
toxicity in patients with metal-on-metal hip arthroplasties. Take home message: Patients with new or evolving hip symptoms
with a prior history of THA warrant orthopaedic surgical evaluation.
Increased awareness of the range of systemic symptoms associated
with cobalt toxicity, coupled with prompt orthopaedic intervention, may
forestall the development of further complications. Cite this article:
The continual cycle of bone formation and resorption
is carried out by osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts under
the direction of the bone-signaling pathway. In certain situations
the host cycle of bone repair is insufficient and requires the assistance
of bone grafts and their substitutes. The fundamental properties
of a bone graft are osteoconduction, osteoinduction, osteogenesis,
and structural support. Options for bone grafting include autogenous
and allograft bone and the various isolated or combined substitutes
of calcium sulphate, calcium phosphate, tricalcium phosphate, and
coralline hydroxyapatite. Not all bone grafts will have the same
properties. As a result, understanding the requirements of the clinical
situation and specific properties of the various types of bone grafts
is necessary to identify the ideal graft. We present a review of
the bone repair process and properties of bone grafts and their
substitutes to help guide the clinician in the decision making process. Cite this article:
The early failure and revision of bimodular primary
total hip arthroplasty prostheses requires the identification of the
risk factors for material loss and wear at the taper junctions through
taper wear analysis. Deviations in taper geometries between revised
and pristine modular neck tapers were determined using high resolution
tactile measurements. A new algorithm was developed and validated
to allow the quantitative analysis of material loss, complementing
the standard visual inspection currently used. The algorithm was applied to a sample of 27 retrievals (in
situ from 2.9 to 38.1 months) of the withdrawn Rejuvenate
modular prosthesis. The mean wear volumes on the flat distal neck
piece taper was 3.35 mm. 3. (0.55 to 7.57), mainly occurring
in a characteristic pattern in areas with high
Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is known to lead
to a reduction in periprosthetic bone mineral density (BMD). In theory,
this may lead to migration, instability and aseptic loosening of
the prosthetic components. Bisphosphonates inhibit bone resorption
and may reduce this loss in BMD. We hypothesised that treatment
with bisphosphonates and calcium would lead to improved BMD and
clinical outcomes compared with treatment with calcium supplementation
alone following TKA. A total of 26 patients, (nine male and 17 female,
mean age 67 years) were prospectively randomised into two study
groups: alendronate and calcium (bisphosphonate group, n = 14) or calcium
only (control group, n = 12). Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA)
measurements were performed post-operatively, and at three months,
six months, one, two, four, and seven years post-operatively. Mean femoral metaphyseal BMD was significantly higher in the
bisphosphonate group compared with controls, up to four years following
surgery in some areas of the femur (p = 0.045). BMD was observed
to increase in the lateral tibial metaphysis in the bisphosphonate
group until seven years (p = 0.002), and was significantly higher than
that observed in the control group throughout (p = 0.024). There
were no significant differences between the groups in the central
femoral metaphyseal, tibial medial metaphyseal or diaphyseal regions
of interest (ROI) of either the femur or tibia. Bisphosphonate treatment after TKA may be of benefit for patients
with poor bone quality. However, further studies with a larger number
of patients are necessary to assess whether this is clinically beneficial. Cite this article:
Accurate, reproducible outcome measures are essential
for the evaluation of any orthopaedic procedure, in both clinical
practice and research. Commonly used patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) have
drawbacks such as ‘floor’ and ‘ceiling’ effects, limitations of
worldwide adaptability and an inability to distinguish pain from
function. They are also unable to measure the true outcome of an
intervention rather than a patient’s perception of that outcome. Performance-based functional outcome tools may address these
problems. It is important that both clinicians and researchers are
aware of these measures when dealing with high-demand patients,
using a new intervention or implant, or testing a new rehabilitation
protocol. This article provides an overview of some of the clinically-validated
performance-based functional outcome tools used in the assessment
of patients undergoing hip and knee surgery. Cite this article:
In 2012 we reviewed a consecutive series of 92
uncemented THRs performed between 1986 and 1991 at our institution
using the CLS Spotorno stem, in order to assess clinical outcome
and radiographic data at a minimum of 21 years. The series comprised
92 patients with a mean age at surgery of 59.6 years (39 to 77)
(M:F 43;49). At the time of this review, seven (7.6%) patients had died and
two (2.2%) were lost to follow-up. The 23-year Kaplan–Meier survival
rates were 91.5% (95% confidence intervals (CI) 85.4% to 97.6%;
55 hips at risk) and 80.3% (95% CI, 71.8% to 88.7%; 48 hips at risk)
respectively, with revision of the femoral stem or of any component
as endpoints. At the time of this review, 76 patients without stem
revision were assessed clinically and radiologically (mean follow-up
24.0 years (21.5 to 26.5)). For the 76 unrevised hips the mean Harris
hip score was 87.1 (65 to 97). Femoral osteolysis was detected in
five hips (6.6%) only in Gruen zone 7. Undersized stems were at
higher risk of revision owing to aseptic loosening (p = 0.0003).
Patients implanted with the stem in a varus position were at higher risk
of femoral cortical hypertrophy and thigh pain (p = 0.0006 and p
= 0.0007, respectively). In our study, survival, clinical outcome and radiographic data
remained excellent in the third decade after implantation. Nonetheless,
undersized stems were at higher risk of revision owing to aseptic
loosening. Cite this article:
