Aims. A borderline dysplastic hip can behave as either stable or unstable and this makes surgical decision making challenging. While an unstable hip may be best treated by acetabular reorientation, stable hips can be treated arthroscopically. Several imaging parameters can help to identify the appropriate treatment, including the Femoro-Epiphyseal Acetabular Roof (FEAR) index, measured on plain radiographs. The aim of this study was to assess the reliability and the sensitivity of FEAR index on MRI compared with its radiological measurement. Patients and Methods. The technique of measuring the FEAR index on MRI was defined and its reliability validated. A retrospective study assessed three groups of 20 patients: an unstable group of ‘borderline dysplastic hips’ with lateral centre edge angle (LCEA) less than 25° treated successfully by periacetabular osteotomy; a stable group of ‘borderline dysplastic hips’ with LCEA less than 25° treated successfully by impingement surgery; and an asymptomatic control group with LCEA between 25° and 35°. The following measurements were performed on both standardized radiographs and on MRI: LCEA, acetabular index, femoral anteversion, and FEAR index. Results. The FEAR index showed excellent intraobserver and interobserver reliability on both MRI and radiographs. The FEAR index was more reliable on radiographs than on MRI. The FEAR index on MRI was lower in the stable borderline group (mean -4.2° (. sd. 9.1°)) compared with the unstable borderline group (mean 7.9° (. sd. 6.8°)). With a FEAR index cut-off value of 2°, 90% of patients were correctly identified as stable or unstable using the radiological FEAR index, compared with 82.5% using the FEAR index on MRI. The FEAR index was a better predictor of instability on plain radiographs than on MRI. Conclusion. The FEAR index measured on MRI is less reliable and less sensitive than the FEAR index measured on radiographs. The cut-off value of 2° for radiological FEAR index predicted hip stability with 90% probability. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2019;101-B:1578–1584

We present a new CT-based method which measures cover of the femoral head in both normal and dysplastic hips and allows assessment of acetabular inclination and anteversion. A clear topographical image of the head with its covered area is generated. We studied 36 normal and 39 dysplastic hips. In the normal hips the mean cover was 73% (66% to 81%), whereas in the dysplastic group it was 51% (38% to 64%). The significant advantage of this technique is that it allows the measurements to be standardised with reference to a specific anatomical plane. When this is applied to assessing cover in surgery for dysplasia of the hip it gives a clearer understanding of where the corrected hip stands in relation to normal and allows accurate assessment of inclination and anteversion

We investigated differences in the location and mode of labral tears between dysplastic hips and hips with femoroacetabular impingement (FAI). We also investigated the relationship between labral tear and adjacent cartilage damage. We retrospectively studied 72 symptomatic hips (in 68 patients: 19 men and 49 women) with radiological evidence of dysplasia or FAI on high-resolution CT arthrography. The incidence and location of labral tears and modes of tear associated with the base of the labrum (Mode 1) or body of the labrum (Mode 2) were compared among FAI, mildly dysplastic and severely dysplastic hips. The locations predominantly involved with labral tears were different in FAI and mild dysplastic hips (anterior and anterosuperior zones) and in severely dysplastic hips (anterosuperior and superior zones) around the acetabulum. Significant differences were observed in the prevalence of Mode 1 versus Mode 2 tears in FAI hips (72% (n = 13) vs 28% (n = 5)) and severe dysplastic hips (25% (n = 2) vs 75% (n = 6)). The frequency of cartilage damage adjacent to Mode 1 tears was significantly higher (42% (n = 14)) than that adjacent to Mode 2 tears (14% (n = 3)). Hip pathology is significantly related to the locations and modes of labral tears. Mode 1 tears may be a risk factor for the development of adjacent acetabular cartilage damage. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2013;95-B:1320–5

We compared the dynamic instability of 25 dysplastic hips in 25 patients using triaxial accelerometry before and one year after periacetabular osteotomy. We also evaluated the hips clinically using the Harris hip score and assessed acetabular orientation by radiography before surgery and after one year. The mean overall magnitude of acceleration was significantly reduced from 2.30 m/s. 2. (. sd. 0.57) before operation to 1.55 m/s. 2. (. sd. 0.31) afterwards. The mean Harris hip score improved from 78.08 (47 to 96) to 95.36 points (88 to 100). The radiographic parameters all showed significant improvements. This study suggests that periacetabular osteotomy provides pain relief, improves acetabular cover and reduces the dynamic instability in patients with dysplastic hips

In this retrospective study we evaluated the proficiency of shelf autograft in the restoration of bone stock as part of primary total hip replacement (THR) for hip dysplasia, and in the results of revision arthroplasty after failure of the primary arthroplasty. Of 146 dysplastic hips treated by THR and a shelf graft, 43 were revised at an average of 156 months, 34 of which were suitable for this study (seven hips were excluded because of insufficient bone-stock data and two hips were excluded because allograft was used in the primary THR). The acetabular bone stock of the hips was assessed during revision surgery. The mean implant–bone contact was 58% (50% to 70%) at primary THR and 78% (40% to 100%) at the time of the revision, which was a significant improvement (p < 0.001). At primary THR all hips had had a segmental acetabular defect > 30%, whereas only five (15%) had significant segmental bone defects requiring structural support at the time of revision. In 15 hips (44%) no bone graft or metal augments were used during revision. . A total of 30 hips were eligible for the survival study. At a mean follow-up of 103 months (27 to 228), two aseptic and two septic failures had occurred. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis of the revision procedures demonstrated a ten-year survival rate of 93.3% (95% confidence interval (CI) 78 to 107) with clinical or radiological failure as the endpoint. The mean Oxford hip score was 38.7 (26 to 46) for non-revised cases at final follow-up. Our results indicate that the use of shelf autografts during THR for dysplastic hips restores bone stock, contributing to the favourable survival of the revision arthroplasty should the primary procedure fail. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2013;95-B:777–81

There have been several studies examining the association between the morphological characteristics seen in acetabular dysplasia and the incidence of the osteoarthritis (OA). However, most studies focus mainly on acetabular morphological analysis, and few studies have scrutinised the effect of femoral morphology. In this study we enrolled 36 patients with bilateral acetabular dysplasia and early or mid-stage OA in one hip and no OA in the contralateral hip. CT scans were performed from the iliac crest to 2 cm inferior to the tibial tuberosity, and the morphological characteristics of both acetabulum and femur were studied. . In addition, 200 hips in 100 healthy volunteer Chinese adults formed a control group. The results showed that the dysplastic group with OA had a significantly larger femoral neck anteversion and a significantly shorter abductor lever arm than both the dysplastic group without OA and the controls. Femoral neck anteversion had a significant negative correlation with the length of the abductor lever arm and we conclude that it may contribute to the development of OA in dysplastic hips. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2014; 96-B:1586–93

Aims. Although periacetabular osteotomies are widely used for the treatment of symptomatic dysplastic hips, long-term surgical outcomes and patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) are still unclear. Accordingly, we assessed hip survival and PROMs at 20 years after transpositional osteotomy of the acetabulum (TOA). Methods. A total of 172 hips in 159 patients who underwent TOA were followed up at a mean of 21.02 years (16.6 to 24.6) postoperatively. Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to assess survivorship with an endpoint of total hip arthroplasty (THA). PROMs included the visual analogue scale (VAS) Satisfaction, VAS Pain, Oxford Hip Score (OHS), and Forgotten Joint Score-12 (FJS-12). Thresholds for favourable outcomes for OHS (≥ 42) and FJS-12 (≥ 51) were obtained using the receiver operating characteristic curve with VAS Satisfaction ≥ 50 and VAS Pain < 20 as anchors. Results. THA was performed on 37 hips (21.5%) by the latest follow-up. Kaplan-Meier analysis indicated that the hip survival rate at 20 years was 79.7% (95% confidence interval (CI) 73.7 to 86.3). Multivariate analysis showed that preoperative Tönnis grade significantly influenced hip survival. Tönnis grades 0, 1, and 2 were associated with 20-year survival rates of 93.3% (95% CI 84.8 to 100), 86.7% (95% CI 79.8 to 94.3), and 54.8% (95% CI 41.5 to 72.3), respectively. More than 60% of the patients exhibited favourable PROMs. An advanced Tönnis grade at the latest follow-up and a higher BMI were both significantly associated with unfavourable OHS, but not with other PROMs. Conclusion. This study demonstrated the durability of TOA for hips with Tönnis grades 0 to 1 at 20 years. While the presence of advanced osteoarthritis and higher BMI was associated with lower hip functions (OHS), it was not necessarily associated with worse patient satisfaction and joint awareness. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2022;104-B(7):767–774

We report the mid- to long-term (mean 20.3 years, 10 to 32.5) results of the Chiari pelvic osteotomy in patients with pre- to advanced stage osteoarthritis in dysplastic hips. We followed 163 Japanese patients (173 hips) with a mean age at surgery of 20 years (9 to 54). Overall, 124 hips (72%) had satisfactory results, with Harris hip scores ≥ 80. Satisfactory results were seen in 105 of 134 hips with pre- or early osteoarthritis (78%) and 19 of 39 hips with advanced osteoarthritis (49%). A total of 15 hips (9%) underwent a total hip replacement (THR) with a mean interval between osteotomy and THR of 16.4 years. With conversion to THR as the endpoint, the 30-year survival rate was 85.9% (95% confidence interval 82.3 to 89.5). It was 91.8% for patients with pre- or early osteoarthritis and 43.6% for those with advanced osteoarthritis (p < 0.001). We now perform the Chiari osteotomy for patients with dysplastic hips showing poor joint congruency and who prefer a joint-conserving procedure to THR

In order to evaluate the relationship between acetabular and proximal femoral alignment in the initiation and evolution of osteoarthritis of the dysplastic hip, the acetabular and femoral angles were calculated geometrically from radiographs of 62 patients with pre-arthrosis and early osteoarthritis. The sum of the lateral opening angle of the acetabulum and the neck-shaft angle was defined as the lateral instability index (LII), and the sum of the anterior opening angle of the acetabulum and the anteversion angle of the femoral neck as the anterior instability index (AII). These two indices were compared in dysplastic and unaffected hips. A total of 22 unilateral hips with pre-arthrosis were followed for at least 15 years to determine whether the two indices were associated with the progression of osteoarthritis. The LII of the affected hips (197.4 (. sd. 6.0)) was significantly greater than that of the unaffected hips (1830 (. sd. 6.9)). A follow-up study of 22 hips with pre-arthrosis showed that only the LII was associated with progression of the disease, and an LII of 196 was the threshold value for this progression

Aims. The aim of this study was to compare patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs), radiological measurements, and total hip arthroplasty (THA)-free survival in patients who underwent periacetabular osteotomy (PAO) for mild, moderate, or severe developmental dysplasia of the hip. Patients and Methods. We performed a retrospective study involving 336 patients (420 hips) who underwent PAO by a single surgeon at an academic centre. After exclusions, 124 patients (149 hips) were included. The preoperative lateral centre-edge angle (LCEA) was used to classify the severity of dysplasia: 18° to 25° was considered mild (n = 20), 10° to 17° moderate (n = 66), and < 10° severe (n = 63). There was no difference in patient characteristics between the groups (all, p > 0.05). Pre- and postoperative radiological measurements were made. The National Institute of Health’s Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) outcome measures (physical function computerized adaptive test (PF CAT), Global Physical and Mental Health Scores) were collected. Failure was defined as conversion to THA or PF CAT scores < 40, and was assessed with Kaplan–Meier analysis. The mean follow-up was five years (2 to 10) ending in either failure or the latest contact with the patient. Results. There was no significant difference in PROMs for moderate (p = 0.167) or severe (p = 0.708) groups compared with the mild dysplasia group. The numerical pain scores were between 2 and 3 units in all groups at the final follow-up (all, p > 0.05). There was no significant difference (all, p > 0.05) in the proportion of patients achieving target correction for the LCEA between groups. The mean correction was 12° in the mild, 15° in the moderate (p = 0.135), and 23° in the severe group (p < 0.001). Failure-free survival at five years was 100% for mild, 79% for moderate, and 92% for severely dysplastic hips (p = 0.225). Conclusion. Although requiring less correction than hips with moderate or severe dysplasia, we found PAO for mild dysplasia to be associated with promising PROMs, consistent with that of the general United States population, and excellent survivorship at five years. Future studies should compare these results with the outcome after arthroscopy of the hip in patients with mild dysplasia. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2019;101-B(6 Supple B):16–22

An eight-year-old girl who suffered a traumatic dislocation of a congenitally dysplastic hip is described. No other such case is recorded in the literature

Aims

The aims of this study were to compare clinically relevant measurements of hip dysplasia on radiographs taken in the supine and standing position, and to compare Hip2Norm software and Picture Archiving and Communication System (PACS)-derived digital radiological measurements.

It has recently been reported that the transverse acetabular ligament (TAL) is helpful in determining the position of the acetabular component in total hip replacement (THR). In this study we used a computer-assisted navigation system to determine whether the TAL is useful as a landmark in THR. The study was carried out in 121 consecutive patients undergoing primary THR (134 hips), including 67 dysplastic hips (50%). There were 26 men (29 hips) and 95 women (105 hips) with a mean age of 60.2 years (17 to 82) at the time of operation. After identification of the TAL, its anteversion was measured intra-operatively by aligning the inferomedial rim of the trial acetabular component with the TAL using computer-assisted navigation. The TAL was identified in 112 hips (83.6%). Intra-observer reproducibility in the measurement of anteversion of the TAL was high, but inter-observer reproducibility was moderate. . Each surgeon was able to align the trial component according to the target value of the angle of anteversion of the TAL, but it was clear that methods may differ among surgeons. Of the measurements of the angle of anteversion of the TAL, 5.4% (6 of 112 hips) were outliers from the safe zone. In summary, we found that the TAL is useful as a landmark when implanting the acetabular component within the safe zone in almost all hips, and to prevent it being implanted in retroversion in all hips, including dysplastic hips. However, as anteversion of the TAL may be excessive in a few hips, it is advisable to pay attention to individual variations, particularly in those with severe posterior pelvic tilt. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2014;96-B:306–11

Total hip replacement for developmental hip dysplasia is challenging. The anatomical deformities on the acetabular and femoral sides are difficult to predict. The Crowe classification is usually used to describe these cases – however, it is not a very helpful tool for pre-operative planning. Small acetabular components, acetabular augments, and modular femoral components should be available for all cases. Regardless of the Crowe classification, the surgeon must be prepared to perform a femoral osteotomy for shortening, or to correct rotation, and/or angulation.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2013;95-B, Supple A:31–6.

We performed a modified, rotational acetabular osteotomy through a lateral transtrochanteric approach on 19 hips in 18 patients with a dysplastic joint. Six hips in six patients were operated on using the original approach. The mean age at operation was 28 years (14 to 54) and the mean period of follow-up 2.3 years (1 to 4.4).

Clinical evaluation using the Merle d’Aubigné score showed excellent or good results in 76%. Radiologically, 15 hips showed good acetabular remodelling and no signs of progressive osteoarthritis. In ten hips (40%) there was chondrolysis and collapse of the transferred acetabulum or both within one year, although this gave only mild pain in some patients. Factors which were significantly associated with the grade of outcome included age at the time of operation, the thickness of the transferred acetabulum, failure to use a bone graft, and a transtrochanteric approach.

Aims

Various surgical techniques have been described for total hip arthroplasty (THA) in patients with Crowe type III dislocated hips, who have a large acetabular bone defect. The aim of this study was to evaluate the long-term clinical results of patients in whom anatomical reconstruction of the acetabulum was performed using a cemented acetabular component and autologous bone graft from the femoral neck.

Aims. The aim of this study was to review the value of accepting referrals for children with ‘clicky hips’ in a selective screening programme for hip dysplasia. Patients and Methods. A single-centre prospective database of all referrals to the hip clinic was examined to identify indication for referrals, diagnosis, and treatment. All patients referred received a standardized ultrasound scan and clinical examination by an orthopaedic consultant. Results. There were 5716 children referred to the orthopaedic hip clinic between 1 June 2014 and 26 September 2018. In all, 1754 children (30.1%) were referred due to ‘clicky hip’ with no additional risk factors or indications for ultrasound scan. A total of 123 children (7.1%) referred with ‘clicky hip’ and no additional risk factors or examination findings had an abnormal initial hip ultrasound, including 16 children (0.9%) with dysplastic hips. Of the 141 children who required treatment in a Pavlik harness during the study period, 23 (16%) had been referred with a ‘clicky hip’ and no additional risk factors or examination findings, including six children with Graf 3 or 4 hips. Conclusion. There is significant value in reviewing children with an isolated ‘clicky hip’. Many children who require treatment are referred to the orthopaedic service as ‘clicky hip’ with no additional risk factors. In a pragmatic pathway with a diverse population of clinicians performing baby checks, ‘clicky hip’ is an important indication for referral and should not be discarded. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2019;101-B:635–638

Aims. The aim of this study was to report the long-term results of rotational acetabular osteotomy (RAO) for symptomatic hip dysplasia in patients aged younger than 21 years at the time of surgery. Patients and Methods. We evaluated 31 patients (37 hips) aged younger than 21 years at the time of surgery retrospectively. There were 29 female and two male patients. Their mean age at the time of surgery was 17.4 years (12 to 21). The mean follow-up was 17.9 years (7 to 30). The RAO was combined with a varus or valgus femoral osteotomy or a greater trochanteric displacement in eight hips, as instability or congruence of the hip could not be corrected adequately using RAO alone. Results. The mean Merle d’Aubigné clinical score improved significantly from 15.4 to 17.2 (p < 0.0001). The mean centre-edge (CE) angle improved from -2.6° to 26°, the mean acetabular roof angle improved from 3.0° to 5.2°, and the mean head lateralization index improved from 0.68 to 0.62. Progression of radiological osteoarthritis (OA) was seen in seven hips, but no patient underwent total hip arthroplasty. Conclusion. RAO is an effective form of correction for a severely dysplastic hip in adolescent and young adult patients. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2019;101-B:390–395

Aims. The purpose of this study was to analyze the incidence of the different ultrasound phenotypes of developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH), and to determine their subsequent course. Patients and Methods. A consecutive series of 28 092 neonates was screened and classified according to the Graf method as part of a nationwide surveillance programme, and then followed prospectively. Abnormal hips were followed until they became normal (Graf type I). Type IIb hips and higher grades were treated by abduction in a Tübinger orthosis until normal. Dislocated hips underwent closed or open reduction. Results. Overall, 90.2% of hips were normal at birth. Type IIa hips (8.9%) became normal at a median of six weeks (interquartile range (IQR) 6 to 9). Type IIc and IId hips (0.67%) became normal after ten weeks (IQR 7 to 13). There were 19 type lll and eight type lV hips at baseline. There were 24 closed reductions and one open reduction. No late presentations of DDH were detected within the first five years of life. Conclusion. The incidence of DDH was eight per 1000 live births. The treatment rate was 1% (n = 273). The rate of first operations on the newborn hip was 0.86, and rate of open surgery was 0.04. The cumulative rate of open surgery was 0.07. The authors take the view that early identification and treatment in abduction of all dysplastic hips in early childhood reduces the rate of open reduction and secondary DDH-related surgery later in life. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2018;100-B:1399–1404

Aims. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether an innovative templating technique could predict the need for acetabular augmentation during primary total hip arthroplasty for patients with dysplastic hips. Patients and Methods. We developed a simple templating technique to estimate acetabular component coverage at total hip arthroplasty, the True Cup: False Cup (TC:FC) ratio. We reviewed all patients with dysplastic hips who underwent primary total hip arthroplasty between 2005 and 2012. Traditional radiological methods of assessing the degree of acetabular dysplasia (Sharp’s angle, Tönnis angle, centre-edge angle) as well as the TC:FC ratio were measured from the pre-operative radiographs. A comparison of augmented and non-augmented hips was undertaken to determine any difference in pre-operative radiological indices between the two cohorts. The intra- and inter-observer reliability for all radiological indices used in the study were also calculated. Results. Of the 128 cases reviewed, 33 (26%) needed acetabular augmentation. We found no difference in the median Sharp’s angle (p = 0.10), Tönnis angle (p = 0.28), or centre-edge angle (p = 0.07) between the two groups. A lower TC:FC ratio was observed in the augmented group compared with the non-augmented group (median = 0.66 versus 0.88, p <  0.001). Intra-observer reliability was found to be high for all radiological indices analysed (interclass correlation coefficient (ICC) > 0.7). However, inter-observer reliability was more variable and was only high for the TC: FC ratio (ICC > 0.7). Conclusion. The TC: FC ratio gives an accurate estimate of acetabular component coverage. It can help predict which dysplastic hips are likely to need acetabular augmentation at primary total hip arthroplasty. It has high intra- and inter-observer reliability. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2017;99-B:445–50

In a longitudinal case-control study, we followed 81 subjects with dysplasia of the hip and 136 control subjects without dysplasia for ten years assessing radiological evidence of degeneration of the hip at admission and follow-up. There were no cases of subluxation in the group with dysplasia. Neither subjects with dysplasia nor controls had radiological signs of ongoing degenerative disease at admission. The primary radiological discriminator of degeneration of the hip was a change in the minimum joint space width over time. There were no significant differences between these with dysplasia and controls in regard to age, body mass index or occupational exposure to daily repeated lifting at admission. We found no significant differences in the reduction of the joint space width at follow-up between subjects with dysplasia and the control subjects nor in self-reported pain in the hip. The association of subluxation and/or associated acetabular labral tears with dysplasia of the hip may be a conditional factor for the development of premature osteoarthritis in mildly to moderately dysplastic hips

Ideal placement of the acetabular component remains elusive both in terms of defining and achieving a target. Our aim is to help restore original anatomy by using the transverse acetabular ligament (TAL) to control the height, depth and version of the component. In the normal hip the TAL and labrum extend beyond the equator of the femoral head and therefore, if the definitive acetabular component is positioned such that it is cradled by and just deep to the plane of the TAL and labrum and is no more than 4mm larger than the original femoral head, the centre of the hip should be restored. If the face of the component is positioned parallel to the TAL and psoas groove the patient specific version should be restored. We still use the TAL for controlling version in the dysplastic hip because we believe that the TAL and labrum compensate for any underlying bony abnormality. . The TAL should not be used as an aid to inclination. Worldwide, > 75% of surgeons operate with the patient in the lateral decubitus position and we have shown that errors in post-operative radiographic inclination (RI) of > 50° are generally caused by errors in patient positioning. Consequently, great care needs to be taken when positioning the patient. We also recommend 35° of apparent operative inclination (AOI) during surgery, as opposed to the traditional 45°. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2016;98-B(1 Suppl A):37–43

Aims. Femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) has been highlighted and well documented primarily in Western countries and there are few large studies focused on FAI-related morphological assessment in Asian patients. We chose to investigate this subject. Patients and Methods. We assessed the morphology of the hip and the prevalence of radiographic FAI in Japanese patients by measuring predictors of FAI. We reviewed a total of 1178 hips in 695 men and 483 women with a mean age of 58.2 years (20 to 89) using CT images that had been obtained for reasons unrelated to symptoms from the hip. We measured the lateral centre edge angle, acetabular index, crossover sign, alpha angle and anterior femoral head-neck offset ratio. Results. A total of 441 hips (37.4%) had pincer-type deformity (41.7% men, 31.3% women) and 534 (45.3%) had cam-type deformity (54.4% men, 32.3% women). Moreover, 773 hips (65.6%) had at least one parameter that predisposes to FAI (74.0% men, 53.6% women) and 424 hips (36.0%) had two or more parameters (43.6% men, 25.0% women). Conclusion. The prevalence of radiographic FAI was common in Japanese patients who are generally considered to have dysplastic hips. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2016;98-B:1167–74

Between 1978 and 1997 all newborns in the Austrian province of Tyrol were reviewed regarding hip dysplasia and related surgery. This involved a mean of 8257 births per year (7766 to 8858). Two observation periods were determined: 1978 to 1982 (clinical examination alone) and 1993 to 1997 (clinical examination and universal ultrasound screening). A retrospective analysis compared the number and cost of interventions due to hip dysplasia in three patient age groups: A, 0 to < 1.5 years; B, ≥ 1.5 to < 15 years; and C, ≥ 15 to < 35 years. In group A, there was a decrease in hip reductions from a mean of 25.2 (. sd. 2.8) to 7.0 (. sd. 1.4) cases per year. In group B, operative procedures decreased from a mean of 17.8 (. sd. 3.5) to 2.6 (. sd. 1.3) per year. There was a 75.9% decrease in the total number of interventions for groups A and B. An increase of €57 000 in the overall cost per year for the second period (1993 to 1997) was seen, mainly due to the screening programme. However, there was a marked reduction in costs of all surgical and non-surgical treatments for dysplastic hips from €410 000 (1978 to 1982) to €117 000 (1993 to 1997). We believe the small proportional increase in costs of the universal ultrasound screening programme is justifiable as it was associated with a reduction in the number of non-surgical and surgical interventions. We therefore recommend universal hip ultrasound screening for neonates

We have divided Severin group-V severely dysplastic hips with a false into three subtypes, based on the height and shape of the socket. We performed rotational acetabular osteotomy (RAO) in 19 hips in 17 young adults with a type-1 ‘low’ false acetabulum which had direct contact with the true acetabulum. This is a periacetabular osteotomy which gives acetabular coverage with articular cartilage and produces a nearly normal position of the head. Concomitant osteotomies of the proximal femur were carried out in 11 hips. We reviewed the patients clinically and radiologically at a mean of ten years (6 to 18) after operation. Of the 19 hips, 15 showed very good or good results. This operation is indicated in young adults with a dysplastic hip and a type-1 low false acetabulum. Subclassification of Severin group V is a convenient way of defining those patients who would benefit from the procedure

We evaluated 31 patients with bilateral dysplastic hips who had undergone periacetabular osteotomy for early (Tönnis grade 0 or 1) or moderate (Tönnis grade 2) osteoarthritis in one hip and total hip replacement for advanced (Tönnis grade 3) osteoarthritis in the other. At a mean follow-up of 5.5 years (2 to 9) after periacetabular osteotomy and 6.7 years (3 to 10) after total hip replacement, there was no difference in the functional outcome in hips undergoing osteotomy for early or moderate osteoarthritis and those with a total hip replacement, as determined by the Merle d’Aubigné and Postel score and the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities osteoarthritis index. More patients preferred the spherical periacetabular osteotomy to total hip replacement (53% vs 23%; p = 0.029). Osteoarthritis secondary to hip dysplasia is often progressive. Given the results, timely correction of dysplasia by periacetabular osteotomy should be considered whenever possible in young patients since this could produce a favourable outcome which is comparable with that of total hip replacement

Using radiography and computer tomography (CT) we studied the morphology of 83 hips in 69 Caucasian adults with osteoarthritis secondary to developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH). A previously published series of 310 hips with primary osteoarthritis was used as a control group. According to the Crowe classification, 33 of the dysplastic hips were graded as class I, 27 as class II and 23 as class III or class IV. The intramedullary femoral canal had reduced mediolateral and anteroposterior dimensions in all groups compared with the control group. Only in Crowe class II hips was the femoral neck-shaft angle increased. The proximal femur had more anteversion in all the developmental dysplasia of the hip groups, ranging from 2° to 80°. Templated measurement of acetabular dimensions for plain radiography closely matched measurements taken by CT. The results of our study confirm the observations previously confined to the Japanese population

Between June 1988 and December 1997, we treated 332 babies with 546 dysplastic hips in a Pavlik harness for primary developmental dysplasia of the hip as detected by the selective screening programme in Southampton. Each was managed by a strict protocol including ultrasonic monitoring of treatment in the harness. The group was prospectively studied during a mean period of 6.5 ± 2.7 years with follow-up of 89.9%. The acetabular index (AI) and centre-edge angle of Wiberg (CEA) were measured on annual radiographs to determine the development of the hip after treatment and were compared with published normal values. The harness failed to reduce 18 hips in 16 patients (15.2% of dislocations, 3.3% of DDH). These required surgical treatment. The development of those hips which were successfully treated in the harness showed no significant difference from the normal values of the AI for the left hips of girls after 18 months of age. Of those dysplastic hips which were successfully reduced in the harness, 2.4% showed persistent significant late dysplasia (CEA < 20°) and 0.2% persistent severe late dysplasia (CEA < 15°). All could be identified by an abnormal CEA (< 20°) at five years of age, and many from the progression of the AI by 18 months. Dysplasia was considered to be sufficient to require innominate osteotomy in five (0.9%). Avascular necrosis was noted in 1% of hips treated in the harness. We conclude that, using our protocol, successful initial treatment of DDH with the Pavlik harness appears to restore the natural development of the hip to normal. We suggest that regular radiological surveillance up to five years of age is a safe and effective practice

Aims

Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) describes a pathological relationship between the femoral head and acetabulum. Periacetabular osteotomy (PAO) may be used to treat this condition. The aim of this study was to evaluate the results of PAO in adolescents and adults with persistent DDH.

Aims

Brace treatment is the cornerstone of managing developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH), yet there is a lack of evidence-based treatment protocols, which results in wide variations in practice. To resolve this, we have developed a comprehensive nonoperative treatment protocol conforming to published consensus principles, with well-defined a priori criteria for inclusion and successful treatment.

Aims

There is no consensus regarding optimum timing and frequency of ultrasound (US) for monitoring response to Pavlik harness (PH) treatment in developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH). The purpose of our study was to determine if a limited-frequency hip US assessment had an adverse effect on treatment outcomes compared to traditional comprehensive US monitoring.

Aims

The aim of this study was to investigate whether anterior pelvic plane-pelvic tilt (APP-PT) is associated with distinct hip pathomorphologies. We asked: is there a difference in APP-PT between young symptomatic patients being evaluated for joint preservation surgery and an asymptomatic control group? Does APP-PT vary among distinct acetabular and femoral pathomorphologies? And does APP-PT differ in symptomatic hips based on demographic factors?

Aims

Radiological residual acetabular dysplasia (RAD) has been reported in up to 30% of children who had successful brace treatment of infant developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH). Predicting those who will resolve and those who may need corrective surgery is important to optimize follow-up protocols. In this study we have aimed to identify the prevalence and predictors of RAD at two years and five years post-bracing.

Aims

This study reports mid-term outcomes after periacetabular osteotomy (PAO) exclusively in a borderline hip dysplasia (BHD) population to provide a contrast to published outcomes for arthroscopic surgery of the hip in BHD.

Aims

Hip arthroscopy has gained prominence as a primary surgical intervention for symptomatic femoroacetabular impingement (FAI). This study aimed to identify radiological features, and their combinations, that predict the outcome of hip arthroscopy for FAI.

Aims

The objective of this study was to present the outcomes of rotational acetabular osteotomy (RAO) over a 30-year period for osteoarthritis (OA) secondary to dysplasia of the hip in pre- or early-stage OA.

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The aim of this study was to determine the clinical outcomes and factors contributing to failure of transposition osteotomy of the acetabulum (TOA), a type of spherical periacetabular osteotomy, for advanced osteoarthritis secondary to hip dysplasia.

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Eccentric reductions may become concentric through femoral head ‘docking’ (FHD) following closed reduction (CR) for developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH). However, changes regarding position and morphology through FHD are not well understood. We aimed to assess these changes using serial MRI.

Over a 15-year prospective period, 201 infants with a clinically unstable hip at neonatal screening were subsequently reviewed in a ‘one stop’ clinic where they were assessed clinically and sonographically. Their mean age was 1.62 weeks (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.35 to 1.89). Clinical neonatal hip screening revealed a sensitivity of 62% (mean, 62.6 95%CI 50.9 to 74.3), specificity of 99.8% (mean, 99.8, 95% CI 99.7 to 99.8) and positive predictive value (PPV) of 24% (mean, 26.2, 95% CI 19.3 to 33.0). Static and dynamic sonography for Graf type IV dysplastic hips had a 15-year sensitivity of 77% (mean, 75.8 95% CI 66.9 to 84.6), specificity of 99.8% (mean, 99.8, 95% CI 99.8 to 99.8) and a PPV of 49% (mean, 55.1, 95% CI 41.6 to 68.5). There were 36 infants with an irreducible dislocation of the hip (0.57 per 1000 live births), including six that failed to resolve with neonatal splintage. Most clinically unstable hips referred to a specialist clinic are female and stabilise spontaneously. Most irreducible dislocations are not identified from this neonatal instability group. There may be a small subgroup of females with instability of the hip which may be at risk of progression to irreducibility despite early treatment in a Pavlik harness. A controlled study is required to assess the value of neonatal clinical screening programmes. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2015;97-B:265-9

Developmental dysplasia of the hip predisposes to premature degenerative hip disease. A number of operations have been described to improve acetabular cover and have achieved varying degrees of success. We present the case of an 84-year-old woman, who underwent a shelf procedure to reconstruct a dysplastic hip 75 years ago. To date, the shelf remains intact and the hip is asymptomatic. We believe this represents the longest documented outcome of any procedure to stabilise the hip

Proximal femoral varus osteotomy improves the biomechanics of the hip and can stimulate normal acetabular development in a dysplastic hip. Medial closing wedge osteotomy remains the most popular technique, but is associated with shortening of the ipsilateral femur. We produced a trigonometric formula which may be used pre-operatively to predict the resultant leg length discrepancy (LLD). We retrospectively examined the influence of the choice of angle in a closing wedge femoral osteotomy on LLD in 120 patients (135 osteotomies, 53% male, mean age six years, (3 to 21), 96% caucasian) over a 15-year period (1998 to 2013). A total of 16 of these patients were excluded due to under or over varus correction. The patients were divided into three age groups: paediatric (< 10 years), adolescent (10 to 16 years) and adult (> 16 years). When using the same saw blades as in this series, the results indicated that for each 10° of angle of resection the resultant LLD equates approximately to multiples of 4 mm, 8 mm and 12 mm in the three age groups, respectively. Statistical testing of the 59 patients who had a complete set of pre- and post-operative standing long leg radiographs, revealed a Pearson’s correlation coefficient for predicted versus radiologically observed shortening when using a wedge of either 10° or 20° of 0.93 (p <  0.001). The 95% limits of agreement from the Bland–Altman analysis for this subgroup were –3.5 mm to +3.3 mm. It has been accepted that a 10 mm discrepancy is clinically acceptable. This study identified a geometric model that provided satisfactory accuracy when using specific saw blades of known thicknesses for this formula to be used in clinical practice. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2014;96-B:1124–9

1. Eighty infants with congenital dysplasia of the hip, diagnosed before walking began, are reviewed. 2. The clinical and radiographic features of congenital dysplasia are described. 3. A dysplastic hip may either become normal spontaneously, or it may deteriorate to the state of true dislocation. 4. Treatment is discussed

The exact measurement of femoral head cover is essential for an assessment of reduction of congenital dislocation of the hip. We have compared standard anteroposterior radiographs with computerised tomograms and thereby classified the shape of the acetabular roof into four types. We found that the CE angle of Wiberg is a more reliable measure of head cover when the lateral point of bony condensation of the roof is chosen as the reference point rather than the edge of the bone, where these two points do not overlap. We conclude that head cover can be more accurately determined in younger children with dysplastic hips by our 'refined' CE angle, than by the original method of Wiberg

We have investigated the changes in the interposed capsule after a Chiari pelvic osteotomy, in an experimental study on dysplastic hips in 20 adolescent rabbits. Radiographic, macroscopic and microscopic observations were made up to 12 months after operation. The new acetabular roof had incorporated the interposed capsule and remodelled completely by six months. By 12 months there was a new, stable hip with continuity between the capsule and the original acetabular cartilage. Histologically, the capsule underwent metaplastic change to fibrocartilaginous tissue after six months, with some hyaline-like cartilage near the joint surface. These changes in the interposed capsule play an important role in the formation of a new joint after a Chiari pelvic osteotomy

Thirty-two dysplastic hips with secondary osteoarthritis, in 28 patients aged 18 to 42 years, were treated by combined intertrochanteric and Chiari osteotomy. They were followed up for 2.5 to 10 years. Pain was the main presenting symptom in all the patients. The indication for surgery was based on the severity of disease with respect to congruency, secondary degenerative change and degree of dysplasia. The average pre-operative Harris hip score was 47.7 and the majority had severe dysplasia with degenerative changes. On final review the average score was 88. The radiographic appearances of degenerative arthritis regressed in 72% of hips and dysplasia was improved in all cases. The results of this conservative form of surgery are better in hips with less severe dysplasia and mild secondary degenerative change

Of 142 Chiari pelvic osteotomies for osteoarthritis in dysplastic hips, most performed by Chiari himself, we were able to review 82 and obtain information about 18 by questionnaire. All patients were over 30 years of age at operation; follow-up averaged 15.5 years. Twenty hips had undergone secondary total hip replacement. The outcome was good in 75%, fair in 9% and poor in 16%. High osteotomies all gave good results, and the result also depended on adequate medialisation. Statistics were worse for patients over 44 years of age at the time of operation. For osteoarthritis secondary to hip dysplasia, the Chiari pelvic osteotomy is an alternative procedure to early hip replacement. In contrast to intertrochanteric osteotomy, it has the advantage of facilitating the implantation of an acetabular prosthesis should arthroplasty become necessary at a later stage

The results obtained in a consecutive series of thirty-seven Pemberton operations for congenital dislocation or subluxation of the hip are reported. Over the period under review, 1967 to 1973, it was the only type of acetabuloplasty employed at Winford. Unless the mandatory concentric reduction could be obtained with ease, preliminary open reduction was favoured, especially in cases of primary care. Femoral rotation osteotomy was added for marked anteversion. The programme was designed to be complete inside fourteen weeks, and was so for eighteen hips. Secondary acetabuloplasty was performed on hips with instability or dislocation persisting despite previous treatment. The operations were performed from eighteen months to thirteen years of age. One initial failure required a repeat operation which was successful, but one severely dysplastic hip remained so. The average follow-up was six years

We treated 31 hips in 30 patients with advanced osteoarthritis of the hip secondary to acetabular dysplasia, by valgus-extension femoral osteotomy. The mean follow-up was 12.7 years (10 to 17). Acetabuloplasty was added in ten severely dysplastic hips. In 28 hips, radiological widening of the joint space was seen three years after operation, but in 12 had narrowed again by ten years. Survivorship analysis showed that the rate of survival was 82% using the pain score as the index of failure, and 72% based on radiological findings at ten years. Better long-term results were obtained in hips which had an acetabular head index greater than 70% or a roof osteophyte more than 5 mm in length three years after operation. Acetabuloplasty should be added for the hip which is severely dysplastic and with a poorly developed roof osteophyte

We studied the reproducibility of ultrasonographic screening examination of the hip when read by diagnostic radiographers. In order to determine interobserver variability, 200 ultrasonograms were classified according to Graf’s method by five observers (four radiographers and one radiologist). The kappa values for interobserver variability indicated moderate agreement (kappa 0.47) for the exact Graf classification and substantial agreement (kappa 0.65) for the classification of normal (type I) versus abnormal (type IIa-IV). Agreement was significantly different for normal, immature and abnormal hips. Comparison of the findings in our interobserver study with existing information based on other examinations and treatment revealed that only a small number of infants with mildly dysplastic hips would have been typed as normal by some observers as a result of observer variability. In conclusion, the interobserver agreement on the ultrasound assessment of the hip was good enough for screening purposes. Observer variability did not result in any severe cases being missed

We have investigated the factors which affect the progression of osteoarthritis after rotational acetabular osteotomy (RAO). Between 1984 and 1998, we treated 60 dysplastic hips by RAO. The mean age at surgery was 31.6 years (13 to 51) and the mean period of follow-up was 4.6 years (2 to 9.5). The thickness of the articular cartilage on the weight-bearing area, pre- and postoperative acetabular cover, and the sphericity of the femoral head were used for radiological assessment. The osteoarthritis did not progress in 39 hips. Significant factors which affected the radiological grade included sphericity of the femoral head and the postoperative acetabular cover. The surgical approach and preoperative acetabular cover did not affect the progression of osteoarthritis. Patients were divided into two groups according to the surgical approach used, either conventional (23 hips) or modified (37 hips). Significant factors included the postoperative acetabular cover in the modified approach, and the sphericity of the femoral head in the conventional approach. It is critical that the postoperative cover is sufficient, especially when RAO is carried out using our modified technique

We present the mid- to long-term results of the Chiari pelvic osteotomy for dysplastic hips. We followed 135 hips in 129 patients, with a mean age at the time of surgery of 24 years, for a mean of 16.2 years. We used the anterior iliofemoral approach without trochanteric osteotomy in the initial 31 hips. Thereafter, we used transtrochanteric approaches in an attempt to ensure that the osteotomy was at the most appropriate level, and to advance the high-riding greater trochanter distally. The next 79 hips therefore underwent a posterolateral approach and the most recent 25 hips an Ollier lateral U approach. The clinical result was excellent or good in 103 hips (77%). The outcome in 104 hips in which we used a transtrochanteric approach was superior, the osteotomy level was more appropriate and a Trendelenburg gait less common than in 31 hips in which we used an anterior approach. We therefore recommend the use of a transtrochanteric approach in order to ensure that the osteotomy is at an appropriate level and in order to achieve effective distal advancement of the high-riding greater trochanter

We performed Charnley total hip arthroplasties on 64 patients (71 hips) between 1976 and 1984 for moderate congenital acetabular dysplasia in which a superolateral cement thickness of less than 20 mm was expected when the cup was placed in the true acetabulum at an angle of 45°. Of these, 59 hips were examined 10 to 17 years after operation; 37 (group A) had been operated on between 1976 and 1982 using Charnley’s original technique of cementing the acetabulum and 22 (group B) between 1983 and 1984 using more modern techniques. In group A, aseptic loosening of the socket was observed in ten hips (27.0%) and the 17-year survival rate was 81.5%. In group B, loosening was noted in only one socket (4.5%) and the 13-year survival rate was 100%. The improved techniques produced significantly better long-term results in fixation of the cup in dysplastic hips without bone grafting

Between 1992 and 1997, we undertook a prospective, targeted clinical and ultrasonographic hip screening programme to assess the relationship between ultrasonographic abnormalities of the hip and clinical limitation of hip abduction. A total of 5.9% (2 of 34) of neonatal dislocatable hips and 87.5% (7 of 8) of ‘late’ dislocated hips seen after the age of six months, presented with unilateral limitation of hip abduction. All major (Graf type III) and 44.5% of minor (Graf type II) dysplastic hips presented with this sign. Statistically, bilateral limitation of hip abduction was not a useful clinical indicator of underlying hip abnormality because of its poor sensitivity, but unilateral limitation of abduction of the hip was a highly specific (90%) and reasonably sensitive sign (70%). It was more sensitive than the neonatal Ortolani manoeuvre, which has been considered to be the method of choice. It was, however, not sensitive enough to be of value as a routine screening test in developmental dysplasia of the hip. We consider unilateral limitation of hip abduction to be an important clinical sign and its presence in an infant over the age of three to four months makes further investigation essential

We implanted 51 Metal-Cancellous Cementless Lübeck (MCCL) prostheses into 45 patients with dysplastic hips and followed 49 hips (96.1%) for five to nine years. One had needed revision for stem fracture and one for infection; the clinical outcome of the other 47 hips was assessed using the Merle d’Aubigné and Postel hip score. All hips were either excellent (63%) or good (37%). Three patients (6%) had mild thigh pain at six months, but this had settled within two years. Serial radiographs showed stable fixation with bone ingrowth in all hips, with increased density of the cancellous bone in contact with the implant and some trabecular ingrowth. There was early varus shift of the stem in one hip, but this stabilised in three months. Osteolysis of the femoral cortex was seen in one hip at seven years after surgery, and mild bone resorption due to stress shielding in 31 (63%). Acetabular bone grafting with autogenous bone from the femoral head gave successful support to the socket in 13 hips. The MCCL prosthesis gave satisfactory mid-term results in patients with osteoarthritis secondary to hip dysplasia

We studied the morphometry of 35 femora from 31 female patients with developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) and another 15 from 15 age- and sex-matched control patients using CT and three-dimensional computer reconstruction models. According to the classification of Crowe et al 15 of the dysplastic hips were graded as class I (less than 50% subluxation), ten as class II/III (50% to 100% subluxation) and ten as class IV (more than 100% subluxation). The femora with DDH had 10 to 14° more anteversion than the control group independent of the degree of subluxation of the hip. In even the most mildly dysplastic joints, the femur had a smaller and more anteverted canal than the normal control. With increased subluxation, additional abnormalities were observed in the size and position of the femoral head. Femora from dislocated joints had a short, anteverted neck associated with a smaller, narrower, and straighter canal than femora of classes I and II/III or the normal control group. We suggest that when total hip replacement is performed in the patient with DDH, the femoral prosthesis should be chosen on the basis of the severity of the subluxation and the degree of anteversion of each individual femur

We carried out the Bernese periacetabular osteotomy for the treatment of 13 dysplastic hips in 11 skeletally mature patients with an underlying neurological diagnosis. Seven hips had flaccid paralysis and six were spastic. The mean age at the time of surgery was 23 years and the mean length of follow-up was 6.4 years. Preoperatively, 11 hips had pain and two had progressive subluxation. Before operation the mean Tönnis angle was 33°, the mean centre-edge angle was −10°, and the mean extrusion index was 53%. Postoperatively, they were 8°, 25° and 15%, respectively. Pain was eliminated in 7 patients and reduced in four in those who had preoperative pain. One patient developed pain secondary to anterior impingement from excessive retroversion of the acetabulum. Four required a varus proximal femoral osteotomy at the time of the pelvic procedure and one a late varus proximal femoral osteotomy for progressive subluxation. Before operation no patient had arthritis. At the most recent follow-up one had early arthritis of the hip (Tönnis grade I) and one had advanced arthritis (Tönnis grade III). Our results suggest that the Bernese periacetabular osteotomy can be used successfully to treat neurogenic acetabular dysplasia in skeletally mature patients

We treated 31 consecutive patients of mean age 43 years (22 to 59) with severe osteoarthritis of the hip secondary to dysplasia by valgus-extension osteotomy. The clinical results were analysed for factors which may have affected the outcome. The procedure was carried out only on one side and was combined with a Chiari pelvic osteotomy in four patients. The angle of valgus was between 30 and 40° with 10 to 20° of extension. The mean follow-up was 15 years (12 to 18). Clinical evaluation using Charnley’s modification of the system of Merle d’Aubigné and Postel showed that the mean score for pain had improved from 2.3 before operation to 4.2 at 15 years, and function from 2.3 to 4.2. Range of movement had decreased from 4.2 to 3.5. Fifteen patients (48.4%) had a pain score of 5 or 6 and were evaluated as satisfactory. Kaplan-Meier survivorship analysis showed a survival rate of 51% at 15 years after operation. Two preoperative factors had a significant positive correlation with the radiological results, namely the thickness of the capital drop osteophyte and the length of the roof osteophyte. We suggest that this procedure is effective for advanced osteoarthritis in the dysplastic hip in young and active patients if these factors are satisfactory on the preoperative radiographs

Aims

The most important complication of treatment of developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is avascular necrosis (AVN) of the femoral head, which can result in proximal femoral growth disturbances leading to pain, dysfunction, and eventually to early onset osteoarthritis. In this study, we aimed to identify morphological variants in hip joint development that are predictive of a poor outcome.

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We aimed to evaluate the long-term outcome of highly cross-linked polyethylene (HXLPE) cemented acetabular components and assess whether any radiolucent lines (RLLs) which arose were progressive.

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Rotational acetabular osteotomy (RAO) has been reported to be effective in improving symptoms and preventing osteoarthritis (OA) progression in patients with mild to severe develomental dysplasia of the hip (DDH). However, some patients develop secondary OA even when the preoperative joint space is normal; determining who will progress to OA is difficult. We evaluated whether the preoperative cartilage condition may predict OA progression following surgery using T2 mapping MRI.

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To monitor the performance of services for developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) in Northern Ireland and identify potential improvements to enhance quality of service and plan for the future.

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The aim of this study was to examine whether hips with unilateral osteoarthritis (OA) secondary to developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) have significant asymmetry in femoral length, and to determine potential related factors.

Tectoplasty is a new acetabuloplasty which aims to provide an extra-articular weight-bearing surface in cases of dysplastic acetabulum, hip subluxation or dislocation with a false acetabulum. The lateral wall of the iliac bone at the lateral edge of the affected acetabulum is raised as a proximally-based flap and massive bone grafts are inserted to provide a congruous, non-absorbable roof for the capsule and femoral head. An advantage is that the weight-bearing surface can be formed away from the original acetabulum, wherever the dislocated or subluxated femoral head may lie. Of 34 hips with congenital dislocation or severe subluxation treated by this method, 27 were evaluated after an average follow-up of 12 years. At review the patients averaged 35 years of age and satisfactory results with good relief of pain had been obtained in 78%. The results were unsatisfactory when degenerative changes had already developed before operation. Tectoplasty is indicated for pain due to congenital subluxation or dislocation of the hip under the age of thirty, in the absence of advanced osteoarthritis

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What represents clinically significant acetabular undercoverage in patients with symptomatic cam-type femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) remains controversial. The aim of this study was to examine the influence of the degree of acetabular coverage on the functional outcome of patients treated arthroscopically for cam-type FAI.

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We analyzed the acetabular morphology of Crowe type IV hips using CT data to identify a landmark for the ideal placement of the centre of the acetabular component, as assessed by morphometric geometrical analysis, and its reliability.

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Short-stemmed femoral implants have been used for total hip arthroplasty (THA) in young and active patients to conserve bone, provide physiological loading, and reduce the incidence of thigh pain. Only short- to mid-term results have been presented and there have been concerns regarding component malalignment, incorrect sizing, and subsidence. This systematic review reports clinical and radiological outcomes, complications, revision rates, and implant survival in THA using short-stemmed femoral components.

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This study presents the long-term survivorship, risk factors for prosthesis survival, and an assessment of the long-term effects of changes in surgical technique in a large series of patients treated by metal-on-metal (MoM) hip resurfacing arthroplasty (HRA).

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To determine the effect of a change in design of a cementless ceramic acetabular component in fixation and clinical outcome after total hip arthroplasty

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The aim of this study was to investigate the changes in femoral trochlear morphology following surgical correction of recurrent patellar dislocation associated with trochlear dysplasia in children.

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We present the ten-year data of a cohort of patients, aged between 18 and 65 years (mean age 52.7 years; 19 to 64), who underwent total hip arthroplasty. Patients were randomised to be treated with a cobalt-chrome (CoCr) femoral head with an ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE), highly cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) or ceramic-on-ceramic (CoC) bearing surface.

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Despite the presence of screening programmes, infants continue to present with late developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH), the impact of which is significant. The aim of this study was to assess infants with late presenting dislocation of the hip despite universal clinical neonatal and selective ultrasound screening.

The mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) are a group of inherited lysosomal storage disorders with clinical manifestations relevant to the orthopaedic surgeon. Our aim was to review the recent advances in their management and the implications for surgical practice.

The current literature about MPSs is summarised, emphasising orthopaedic complications and their management.

Recent advances in the diagnosis and management of MPSs include the recognition of slowly progressive, late presenting subtypes, developments in life-prolonging systemic treatment and potentially new indications for surgical treatment. The outcomes of surgery in these patients are not yet validated and some procedures have a high rate of complications which differ from those in patients who do not have a MPS.

The diagnosis of a MPS should be considered in adolescents or young adults with a previously unrecognised dysplasia of the hip. Surgeons treating patients with a MPS should report their experience and studies should include the assessment of function and quality of life to guide treatment.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2017;99-B:1132–9

Aims

Recently, several synovial biomarkers have been introduced into the algorithm for the diagnosis of a prosthetic joint infection (PJI). Alpha defensin is a promising biomarker, with a high sensitivity and specificity, but it is expensive. Calprotectin is a protein that is present in the cytoplasm of neutrophils, is released upon neutrophil activation and exhibits anti-microbial activity. Our aim, in this study, was to determine the diagnostic potential of synovial calprotectin in the diagnosis of a PJI.

The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence of dysplasia in the ‘normal’ contralateral hip in patients with unilateral developmental dislocation of the hip (DDH) and to evaluate the long-term prognosis of such hips. A total of 48 patients (40 girls and eight boys) were treated for late-detected unilateral DDH between 1958 and 1962. After preliminary skin traction, closed reduction was achieved at a mean age of 17.8 months (4 to 65) in all except one patient who needed open reduction. In 25 patients early derotation femoral osteotomy of the contralateral hip had been undertaken within three years of reduction, and later surgery in ten patients. Radiographs taken during childhood and adulthood were reviewed. The mean age of the patients was 50.9 years (43 to 55) at the time of the latest radiological review.

In all, eight patients (17%) developed dysplasia of the contralateral hip, defined as a centre-edge (CE) angle < 20° during childhood or at skeletal maturity. Six of these patients underwent surgery to improve cover of the femoral head; the dysplasia improved in two after varus femoral osteotomy and in two after an acetabular shelf operation. During long-term follow-up the dysplasia deteriorated to subluxation in two patients (CE angles 4° and 5°, respectively) who both developed osteoarthritis (OA), and one of these underwent total hip replacement at the age of 49 years.

In conclusion, the long-term prognosis for the contralateral hip was relatively good, as OA occurred in only two hips (4%) at a mean follow-up of 50 years. Regular review of the ‘normal’ side is indicated, and corrective surgery should be undertaken in those who develop subluxation.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2014; 96-B:1161–6.

The epidemiological data and intra-operative findings from 260 consecutive arthroscopically-diagnosed acetabular labral tears seen over a ten-year period were analysed. Radiographs of 128 of these patients were assessed for dysplasia using established radiological parameters. Patients with acetabular dysplasia were then compared against those without in order to identify any differences in gender, age, the side of the tear, the pattern of the tear, the number of quadrants involved, the quadrant preference and the prevalence of intra-articular comorbidity. Dysplasia was found in 46% (59 of 128) of the hips. No significant differences existed between the dysplastic and non-dysplastic subgroups as regards gender distribution, the side of the lesion, the number of quadrants involved or the distribution of tears among the quadrants. However, tears associated with dysplasia were diagnosed in an older age group, had a different pattern and were associated with a much higher prevalence of osteoarthritis.

We report our experience of revision total hip replacement (THR) using the Revitan curved modular titanium fluted revision stem in patients with a full spectrum of proximal femoral defects. A total of 112 patients (116 revisions) with a mean age of 73.4 years (39 to 90) were included in the study. The mean follow-up was 7.5 years (5.3 to 9.1). A total of 12 patients (12 hips) died but their data were included in the survival analysis, and four patients (4 hips) were lost to follow-up. The clinical outcome, proximal bone regeneration and subsidence were assessed for 101 hips.

The mean Harris Hip Score was 88.2 (45.8 to 100) after five years and there was an increase of the mean Barnett and Nordin-Score, a measure of the proximal bone regeneration, of 20.8 (-3.1 to 52.7). Five stems had to be revised (4.3%), three (2.9%) showed subsidence, five (4.3%) a dislocation and two of 85 aseptic revisions (2.3%) a periprosthetic infection.

At the latest follow-up, the survival with revision of the stem as the endpoint was 95.7% (95% confidence interval 91.9% to 99.4%) and with aseptic loosening as the endpoint, was 100%. Peri-prosthetic fractures were not observed.

We report excellent results with respect to subsidence, the risk of fracture, and loosening after femoral revision using a modular curved revision stem with distal cone-in-cone fixation. A successful outcome depends on careful pre-operative planning and the use of a transfemoral approach when the anatomy is distorted or a fracture is imminent, or residual cement or a partially-secured existing stem cannot be removed. The shortest appropriate stem should, in our opinion, be used and secured with > 3 cm fixation at the femoral isthmus, and distal interlocking screws should be used for additional stability when this goal cannot be realised.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2014;96-B:889–95.

We studied the effect of trochanteric osteotomy in 192 total hip replacements in 140 patients with congenital hip disease. There was bony union in 158 hips (82%), fibrous union in 29 (15%) and nonunion in five (3%). The rate of union had a statistically significant relationship with the position of reattachment of the trochanter, which depended greatly on the pre-operative diagnosis. The pre-operative Trendelenburg gait substantially improved in all three disease types (dysplasia, low and high dislocation) and all four categories of reattachment position. A persistent Trendelenburg gait post-operatively was noticed mostly in patients with defective union (fibrous or nonunion). Acetabular and femoral loosening had a statistically significant relationship with defective union and the position of reattachment of the trochanter.

These results suggest that the complications of trochanteric osteotomy in total hip replacement for patients with congenital hip disease are less important than the benefits of this surgical approach.

The dysplasia cup, which was devised as an adjunct to the Birmingham Hip Resurfacing system, has a hydroxyapatite-coated porous surface and two supplementary neutralisation screws to provide stable primary fixation, permit early weight-bearing, and allow incorporation of morcellised autograft without the need for structural bone grafting.

A total of 110 consecutive dysplasia resurfacing arthroplasties in 103 patients (55 men and 48 women) performed between 1997 and 2000 was reviewed with a minimum follow-up of six years. The mean age at operation was 47.2 years (21 to 62) and 104 hips (94%) were Crowe grade II or III.

During the mean follow-up of 7.8 years (6 to 9.6), three hips (2.7%) were converted to a total hip replacement at a mean of 3.9 years (2 months to 8.1 years), giving a cumulative survival of 95.2% at nine years (95% confidence interval 89 to 100). The revisions were due to a fracture of the femoral neck, a collapse of the femoral head and a deep infection. There was no aseptic loosening or osteolysis of the acetabular component associated with either of the revisions performed for failure of the femoral component. No patient is awaiting a revision.

The median Oxford hip score in 98 patients with surviving hips at the final review was 13 and the 10th and the 90th percentiles were 12 and 23, respectively.

Deformity of the proximal femur in fibrous dysplasia leads to deviation of the mechanical axis of the hip, which may lead to the development of secondary osteoarthritis (OA). This study investigated the prevalence and predisposing factors for the development of OA in patients with fibrous dysplasia of the proximal femur. We reviewed the records of 209 patients from our institutional database with fibrous dysplasia of the proximal femur, investigating possible predisposing factors including patient demographics, the extent of the coxa vara deformity, the presence of peri-articular disease, and the overall burden of skeletal disease. Of the 209 patients, 24 (12%) had radiological evidence of OA in the ipsilateral hip. The prevalence was significantly higher in patients with polyostotic fibrous dysplasia compared with those with monostotic disease (p < 0.001). In a subgroup analysis of patients with polyostotic disease, the extent of deformity (quantified using the neck–shaft angle), and the presence of peri-articular disease (whether in the head of the femur or the acetabulum) were significant predictors of osteoarthritis (neck–shaft angle likelihood ratio (LR) = 0.847 per 1° increase, p = 0.004; presence of lesion in the head of the femur LR = 9.947, p = 0.027; presence of lesion in the acetabulum LR = 11.231, p = 0.014).

Our data suggest that patients with polyostotic fibrous dysplasia have a high risk of developing secondary OA of the hips. This risk is higher in patients with peri-articular disease, and those with a more severe deformity of proximal femur.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2015;97-B:1007–11.

We report 17 patients (20 hips) in whom metal-on-metal resurfacing had been performed and who presented with various symptoms and a soft-tissue mass which we termed a pseudotumour. Each patient underwent plain radiography and in some, CT, MRI and ultrasonography were also performed. In addition, histological examination of available samples was undertaken.

All the patients were women and their presentation was variable. The most common symptom was discomfort in the region of the hip. Other symptoms included spontaneous dislocation, nerve palsy, a noticeable mass or a rash. The common histological features were extensive necrosis and lymphocytic infiltration. To date, 13 of the 20 hips have required revision to a conventional hip replacement. Two are awaiting revision.

We estimate that approximately 1% of patients who have a metal-on-metal resurfacing develop a pseudotumour within five years. The cause is unknown and is probably multifactorial. There may be a toxic reaction to an excess of particulate metal wear debris or a hypersensitivity reaction to a normal amount of metal debris. We are concerned that with time the incidence of these pseudotumours may increase. Further investigation is required to define their cause.

We have assessed the long-term results of 292 cemented total hip replacements which were performed for developmental dysplasia of the hip in 206 patients. The mean age of the patients at operation was 42.6 years (15.9 to 79.5) and most (202) were women. The severity of dysplasia was graded according to both the Crowe and the Hartofilakidis classifications. A 22.25-mm Charnley head was always used and the acetabular components were inserted with cement into the true acetabulum. Bone grafting of the acetabulum, using the patient’s own femoral head, was performed on 48 occasions.

At a mean follow-up of 15.7 years (2.2 to 31.2) the overall survival of the acetabular component was 78%. The main cause of revision was aseptic loosening (88.3%). The rate of survival at 20 years based on the Hartofilakidis classification was 76% in the dysplastic, 55% in the low-dislocation and 12% in the high-dislocation groups and on the Crowe classification, 72.7% for group I, 70.7% for group II, 36.7% for group III and 15.6% for group IV. There was no statistical correlation between bone grafting of the acetabulum and survival of the acetabular component. This study has shown a higher rate of failure of the acetabular component with increasing severity of hip dysplasia.

Our aim was to determine whether abnormalities noted on MRI immediately after reduction for developmental dysplasia of the hip could predict the persistance of dysplasia and aid surgical planning. Scans of 13 hips in which acetabular dysplasia had resolved by the age of four years were compared with those of five which had required pelvic osteotomy for persisting dysplasia. The scans were analysed by two consultant musculoskeletal radiologists who were blinded to the outcome in each child.

The postreduction scans highlighted a number of anatomical abnormalities secondary to developmental dysplasia of the hip, but statistical analysis showed that none were predictive of persisting acetabular dysplasia in the older child, suggesting that the factors which determine the long-term outcome were not visible on these images.

In this in vitro study of the hip joint we examined which soft tissues act as primary and secondary passive rotational restraints when the hip joint is functionally loaded. A total of nine cadaveric left hips were mounted in a testing rig that allowed the application of forces, torques and rotations in all six degrees of freedom. The hip was rotated throughout a complete range of movement (ROM) and the contributions of the iliofemoral (medial and lateral arms), pubofemoral and ischiofemoral ligaments and the ligamentum teres to rotational restraint was determined by resecting a ligament and measuring the reduced torque required to achieve the same angular position as before resection. The contribution from the acetabular labrum was also measured. Each of the capsular ligaments acted as the primary hip rotation restraint somewhere within the complete ROM, and the ligamentum teres acted as a secondary restraint in high flexion, adduction and external rotation. The iliofemoral lateral arm and the ischiofemoral ligaments were primary restraints in two-thirds of the positions tested. Appreciation of the importance of these structures in preventing excessive hip rotation and subsequent impingement/instability may be relevant for surgeons undertaking both hip joint preserving surgery and hip arthroplasty.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2015; 97-B:484–91.

We performed rotational acetabular osteotomy in order to treat dysplasia of the hip in five ambulatory adults with cerebral palsy. There was one man and four women, with a mean age of 21 years (16 to 27) who were followed up for a mean of 12 years and two months.

The mean Sharp angle improved from 52° to 43°, the mean acetabular index from 30.2° to 2.8°, the mean centre-edge angle from −5.6° to 29.2°, and the mean acetabular head index from 49.2 to 88.2. There was no progression of joint degeneration and relief from pain was maintained.

Our results suggest that rotational acetabular osteotomy is a valuable option for the treatment of acetabular dysplasia in adults with cerebral palsy who have incapacitating pain in the hip.

The treatment of hip dysplasia should be customised for patients individually based on radiographic findings, patient age, and the patient’s overall articular cartilage status. In many patients, restoration of hip anatomy as close to normal as possible with a PAO is the treatment of choice.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2013;95-B, Supple A:21–5.

To confirm whether developmental dysplasia of the hip has a risk of hip impingement, we analysed maximum ranges of movement to the point of bony impingement, and impingement location using three-dimensional (3D) surface models of the pelvis and femur in combination with 3D morphology of the hip joint using computer-assisted methods. Results of computed tomography were examined for 52 hip joints with DDH and 73 normal healthy hip joints. DDH shows larger maximum extension (p = 0.001) and internal rotation at 90° flexion (p < 0.001). Similar maximum flexion (p = 0.835) and external rotation (p = 0.713) were observed between groups, while high rates of extra-articular impingement were noticed in these directions in DDH (p < 0.001). Smaller cranial acetabular anteversion (p = 0.048), centre-edge angles (p < 0.001), a circumferentially shallower acetabulum, larger femoral neck anteversion (p < 0.001), and larger alpha angle were identified in DDH. Risk of anterior impingement in retroverted DDH hips is similar to that in retroverted normal hips in excessive adduction but minimal in less adduction. These findings might be borne in mind when considering the possibility of extra-articular posterior impingement in DDH being a source of pain, particularly for patients with a highly anteverted femoral neck.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2014;96-B:580–9.

We have tested the reliability of a recently reported classification system of hip morphology in adolescents with cerebral palsy in whom the triradiate cartilage was closed. The classification is a six-grade ordinal scale, based on the measurement of the migration percentage and an assessment of Shenton’s arch, deformity of the femoral head, acetabular deformity and pelvic obliquity.

Four paediatric orthopaedic surgeons and four physiotherapists received training in the use of the classification which they applied to the assessment of 42 hip radiographs, read on two separate occasions. The inter- and intra-observer reliability was assessed using the intraclass correlation coefficient and found to be excellent, with it ranging from 0.88 to 0.94. The classification in our study was shown to be valid (based on migration percentage), and reliable. As a result we believe that it can now be used in studies describing the natural history of hip displacement in cerebral palsy, in outcome studies and in communication between clinicians.

In developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH), a bone defect is often observed superior to the acetabulum after the reconstruction at the level of the true acetabulum during total hip replacement (THR). However, the essential amount of uncemented acetabular component coverage required for a satisfactory outcome remains controversial. The purpose of this study was to assess the stability and function of acetabular components with a lack of coverage > 30% (31% to 50%). A total of 760 DDH patients underwent THR with acetabular reconstruction at the level of the true floor. Lack of coverage above the acetabular component of > 30% occurred in 56 patients. Intra-operatively, autogenous morcellised bone grafts were used to fill the uncovered portion. Other than two screws inserted through the acetabular shell, no additional structural supports were used in these hips. In all, four patients were lost to follow-up. Therefore, 52 patients (52 hips, 41 women and 11 men) with a mean age of 60.1 years (42 to 78) were available for this study at a mean of 4.8 years (3 to 7). There were no instances of prosthesis revision or marked loosening during the follow-up. The Harris hip score improved from a mean of 40.7 points (sd 12.2) pre-operatively to 91.1 (sd 5.0) at the last follow-up. Radiological analysis with medical imaging software allowed us to calculate the extent of the uncoverage in terms of the uncovered arc of the implant as viewed on the anteroposterior pelvic radiograph. From this we propose that up to 17 mm of lateral undercoverage in the presence of a stable initial implantation in the presence of bone autografting, with an inclination angle of the acetabular component between 40° and 55°, is acceptable. This represents undercoverage of ≤ 50%.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2013;95-B:1178–83.

Our study evaluated the reliability of the Crowe and Hartofilakidis classification systems for developmental dysplasia of the hip in adults. The anteroposterior radiographs of the pelvis of 145 patients with 209 osteoarthritic hips were examined twice by three experienced hip surgeons from three European countries and the abnormal hips were rated using both classifications. The inter- and intra-observer agreement was calculated.

Interobserver reliability was evaluated using weighted and unweighted kappa coefficients and for the Crowe classification, among the three pairs there was a minimum kappa coefficient with linear weighting of 0.90 for observers A and C and a maximum kappa coefficient of 0.92 for observers B and C. For the Hartofilakidis classification, the minimum kappa value was 0.85 for observers A and B, and the maximum value was 0.93 for observers B and C. With regard to intra-observer reliability, the kappa coefficients with linear weighting between the two evaluations of the same observer ranged between 0.86 and 0.95 for the Crowe classification and between 0.80 and 0.93 for the Hartofilakidis classification.

The reliability of both systems was substantial to almost perfect both for serial measurements by individual readers and between different readers, although the information offered was dissimilar.

Twins are often considered to be at an increased risk of developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH); we therefore investigated whether multiple births have a higher incidence of DDH, and if selective ultrasound scanning should be considered for these infants.

We reviewed our records of all live births between 1 January 2004 and 31 December 2008 and included 25 246 single and 990 multiple births.

Multiple births did not have a significantly higher incidence of DDH compared with single births (0.0030 vs 0.0023, p = 0.8939). Of the 990 multiple births, 267 had neonatal ultrasound scans and one case of DDH was diagnosed and treated successfully with a Pavlik harness. There were two late-presenting cases at eight and 14 months of age, neither of whom had risk factors for DDH and consequently had not had a neonatal scan. Whereas selective ultrasound scanning of multiple births would have led to earlier detection and treatment of the late-presenting cases, they did not have a significantly higher incidence of DDH compared with single births.

We conclude that being a twin or triplet in itself is not a risk factor for DDH and that selective ultrasound scanning is not indicated for this population.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2013;95-B:132–4.

The term developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) describes a spectrum of disorders that results in abnormal development of the hip joint. If not treated successfully in childhood, these patients may go on to develop hip symptoms and/or secondary osteoarthritis in adulthood. In this review we describe the altered anatomy encountered in adults with DDH along with the management options, and the challenges associated with hip arthroscopy, osteotomies and arthroplasty for the treatment of DDH in young adults.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2013;95-B:732–7.

A clinical and radiological study was conducted on 97 total hip replacements performed for congenital hip dislocation in 79 patients between 1989 and 1998 using a three-dimensional custom-made cementless stem. The mean age at operation was 48 years (17 to 72) and the mean follow-up was for 123 months (83 to 182).

According to the Crowe classification, there were 37 class I, 28 class II, 13 class III and 19 class IV hips. The mean leg lengthening was 25 mm (5 to 58), the mean pre-operative femoral anteversion was 38.6° (2° to 86°) and the mean correction in the prosthetic neck was −23.6° (−71° to 13°). The mean Harris hip score improved from 58 (15 to 84) to 93 (40 to 100) points. A revision was required in six hips (6.2%). The overall survival rate was 89.5% (95% confidence interval 89.2 to 89.8) at 13 years when two hips were at risk.

This custom-made cementless femoral component, which can be accommodated in the abnormal proximal femur and will correct the anteversion and frontal offset, provided good results without recourse to proximal femoral corrective osteotomy.

In a prospective study, 232 neonates were examined sonographically using the methods of Graf and Terjesen. In order to determine the reproducibility of the methods, 50 hips were evaluated by two skilled examiners. In an inter-observer study, five physicians and five medical students evaluated 24 images, which were evaluated on ten occasions at two-weekly intervals by one of the authors. Statistical evaluation used the Bland-Altman approach.

The neonates (110 females, 122 males) were less than four days old. The mean α angle was 62.4° and mean femoral head cover was 55.4%. According to Graf’s method, 1.3% of hips were pathological, compared with 4.1% according to Terjesen. Spearman’s correlation coefficient between femoral head cover and α angles was 0.552. The Bland-Altman approach shows greater variation for femoral head cover than for α, if measured by experienced examiners. The Bland-Altman approach shows almost equal reproducibility for α and femoral head cover in the inter-observer test, but better repeatability for α in the intra-observer test.

The Graf results relate better than Terjesen’s to the well-known frequency of 1% to 2% hip dysplasia in the European population. Kappa statistics indicate a fair agreement between the two methods. Inter-observer evaluation shows an equal reproducibility of both methods, whereas intra-observer tests reveal better repeatability with Graf’s method.

We have evaluated the results of total hip replacement in patients with congenital hip disease using 46 cemented all-polyethylene Charnley acetabular components implanted with the cotyloplasty technique in 34 patients (group A), and compared them with 47 metal-backed cementless acetabular components implanted without bone grafting in 33 patients (group B). Patients in group A were treated between 1988 and 1993 and those in group B between 1990 and 1995. The mean follow-up for group A was 16.6 years (12 to 18) and the mean follow-up for group B was 13.4 years (10 to 16).

Revision for aseptic loosening was undertaken in 15 hips (32.6%) in group A and in four hips (8.5%) in group B. When liner exchange was included, a total of 13 hips were revised in group B (27.7%). The mean polyethylene wear was 0.11 mm/yr (0.002 to 0.43) and 0.107 mm/yr (0 to 0.62) for groups A and B, respectively. Polyethylene wear in group A was associated with linear osteolysis, and in group B with expansile osteolysis.

In patients with congenital hip disease, when 80% cover of the implant can be obtained, a cementless acetabular component appears to be acceptable and provides durable fixation. However, because of the type of osteolysis arising with these devices, early exchange of a worn liner is recommended before extensive bone loss makes revision surgery more complicated.

This paper reviews the current knowledge relating to the management of adult patients with congenital hip disease. Orthopaedic surgeons who treat these patients with a total hip replacement should be familiar with the arguments concerning its terminology, be able to recognise the different anatomical abnormalities and to undertake thorough pre-operative planning in order to replace the hip using an appropriate surgical technique and the correct implants and be able to anticipate the clinical outcome and the complications.

We describe a new technique of reconstruction of the deficient acetabulum in cementless total hip arthroplasty. The outer iliac table just above the deficient acetabulum is osteotomised and slid downwards. We have termed this an iliac sliding graft. Between October 1997 and November 2001, cementless total hip arthroplasty with an iliac sliding graft was performed on 19 patients (19 hips) with acetabular dysplasia. The mean follow-up was 3.4 years (2 to 6).

The mean pre-operative Harris hip score was 45.1 which improved significantly to 85.3 at the time of the final follow-up. No patient had post-operative abductor dysfunction. Incorporation of the graft was seen after two to three months in all patients. Resorption of the graft and radiolucencies were infrequent. This technique is a useful alternative to femoral head autografting when the patient’s own femoral head cannot be used.