Aims

This study describes the Osseointegration Group of Australia’s Accelerated Protocol two-stage strategy (OGAAP-1) for the osseointegrated reconstruction of amputated limbs.

Intramedullary infection in long bones represents a complex clinical challenge, with an increasing incidence due to the increasing use of intramedullary fixation. We report a prospective case series using an intramedullary reaming device, the Reamer–Irrigator–Aspirator (RIA) system, in association with antibiotic cement rods for the treatment of lower limb long bone infections. A total of 24 such patients, 16 men and eight women, with a mean age of 44.5 years (17 to 75), 14 with femoral and 10 with tibial infection, were treated in a staged manner over a period of 2.5 years in a single referral centre. Of these, 21 patients had had previous surgery, usually for fixation of a fracture (seven had sustained an open fracture originally and one had undergone fasciotomies). According to the Cierny–Mader classification system, 18 patients were classified as type 1A, four as 3A (discharging sinus tract), one as type 4A and one as type 1B. Staphylococcus species were isolated in 20 patients (83.3%). Local antibiotic delivery was used in the form of impregnated cement rods in 23 patients. These were removed at a mean of 2.6 months (1 to 5). Pathogen-specific antibiotics were administered systemically for a mean of six weeks (3 to 18). At a mean follow-up of 21 months (8 to 36), 23 patients (96%) had no evidence of recurrent infection. One underwent a planned trans-tibial amputation two weeks post-operatively due to peripheral vascular disease and chronic recalcitrant osteomyelitis of the tibia and foot. The combination of RIA reaming, the administration of systemic pathogen-specific antibiotics and local delivery using impregnated cement rods proved to be a safe and efficient form of treatment in these patients.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2014; 96-B:783–8.

We investigated the fracture-free survival of long bones stabilised by a telescopic intramedullary rod (TIMR) in patients with osteogenesis imperfecta with respect to the remodelling status of fracture or osteotomy sites and TIMR regions, in order to identify risk factors for fracture. A total of 44 femora and 28 tibiae in 25 patients with a mean age of 5.0 years (1.9 to 10.5) at presentation were studied. There were six patients with Sillence type I, five with type III, 13 with type IV and one with type V osteogenesis imperfecta. All received bisphosphonate treatment at the same stage during the mean follow-up of 7.3 years (0.5 to 18.1). The fracture-free survival was estimated at 6.2 years (95% confidence interval 5.1 to 7.3) by Kaplan-Meier analysis. More than half the fracture or osteotomy sites remained in a less-remodelled state at the latest follow-up or time of fracture. Of the 33 fractures, 29 (87.9%) occurred in long bones containing a less-remodelled site, and these fractures were located at this site. The relative fracture risk at the rod tip was significantly greater than in any other TIMR region (p < 0.001), and this was higher in bone segments having a less-remodelled site.

This study shows a persistent fracture risk in TIMR-stabilised long bones, especially at less-remodelled fracture or osteotomy sites and at the rod tip.

It has been suggested that arthrodesis of the ankle leads to osteoarthritis of the joints of the ipsilateral hind- and midfoot. We believe these studies overlooked the presence of osteoarthritic changes in these joints before the arthrodesis.

We reviewed the pre-operative radiographs of 70 patients with osteoarthritis of the ankle who underwent 71 ankle arthrodeses (one was bilateral). The talonavicular, calcaneocuboid, subtalar and naviculocuneiform joints were given an osteoarthritis score according to Kellgren and Lawrence. The mean age at operation was 54.9 years and the most common indication was for post-traumatic osteoarthritis (52 cases). A total of 68 patients showed pre-existing arthritis in either the hind- or mid-foot, with the subtalar joint the most commonly affected.

Ipsilateral hind- and mid-foot arthritis is almost universally present in patients with arthritis of the ankle requiring arthrodesis. The presence of such changes may not be a consequence of this arthrodesis.

Diabetes mellitus is considered an indicator of poor prognosis for acute ankle fractures, but this risk may be specific to an identifiable subpopulation. We retrospectively reviewed 42 patients with both diabetes mellitus and an acute, closed, rotational ankle fracture. Patients were individually matched to controls by age, gender, fracture type, and surgical vs non-surgical treatment. Outcomes were major complications during the first six months of treatment. We contrasted secondarily 21 diabetic patients with and 21 without diabetic comorbidities. Diabetic patients and controls did not differ significantly in total complication rates. More diabetic patients required long-term bracing. Diabetic patients without comorbidities had complication rates equal to their controls. Diabetic patients with comorbidities had complications at a higher rate (ten patients; 47%) than matched controls (three patients; 14%, p = 0.034). A history of Charcot neuroarthropathy led to the highest rates of complication. An increased risk of complications in diabetic patients with closed rotational fractures of the ankle are specific to a subpopulation with identifiable related comorbidities.

In this retrospective study we have assessed the results of low tibial valgus osteotomy for varus-type osteoarthritis of the ankle and its indications.

We performed an opening wedge osteotomy in 25 women (26 ankles). The mean follow-up was for eight years and three months (2 years 3 months to 17 years 11 months).

Of the 26 ankles, 19 showed excellent or good clinical results. Their mean scores for pain, walking, and activities of daily living were significantly improved but there was no change in the range of movement. In the ankles which were classified radiologically as stage 2 according to our own grading system, with narrowing of the medial joint space, and in 11 as stage 3a, with obliteration of the joint space at the medial malleolus only, the joint space recovered. In contrast, such recovery was seen in only two of 12 ankles classified as stage 3b, with obliteration of the joint space advancing to the upper surface of the dome of the talus. Low tibial osteotomy is indicated for varus-type osteoarthritis of stage 2 or stage 3a.

We describe the results of arthrodesis for the treatment of recurrent acute neuropathic bone disease in 24 feet and of chronic disease with deformity in 91 feet, undertaken between January 1984 and December 2003. All were due to leprosy.

Correction of the deformity was achieved in 80 of 106 feet (76%) and fusion in 97 of 110 feet (88%). In the 24 feet in which recurrent neuropathic bone disease was the reason for surgery, 17 (71%) obtained stability while in seven (29%) symptoms recurred postoperatively. Complications were experienced following 58 of the 110 operations (53%). In patients presenting primarily with deformity with a minimum follow-up of two years (79 feet), there was a reduced frequency of ulceration in 40 (51%). Normal footwear could be worn by 32 patients (40%) after surgery, while 40 (51%) required a moulded insole. Arthrodesis of the ankle in the neuropathic foot due to leprosy has a good overall rate of success although the rate of complications is high.

In a prospective randomised study 31 patients were allocated to either arthrodesis or Mayo resection of the first metatarsophalangeal joint as part of a total reconstruction of the rheumatoid forefoot. Of these, 29 were re-examined after a mean of 72 months (57 to 80), the Foot Function Index was scored and any deformity measured. Load distribution was analysed using a Fscan mat in 14 cases, and time and distance were measured in 12 of these patients using a 3D Motion system. We found excellent patient satisfaction and a significant, lasting reduction of the Foot Function Index, with no statistically significant differences between the groups. There were no significant differences in recurrence of the deformity, the need for special shoes, gait velocity, step length, plantar moment, mean pressure or the position of the centre of force under the forefoot. The cadence was higher and the stance phase shorter in the fusion group.

These results suggest that a Mayo resection may be an equally good option for managing the first metatarsophalangeal joint in reconstruction of the rheumatoid forefoot.