Aims. The aim of this study was to describe temporal trends and survivorship of total hip arthroplasty (THA) in very young patients, aged ≤ 20 years. Patients and Methods. A descriptive observational study was undertaken using data from the National Joint Registry (NJR) for England, Wales, Northern Ireland and the Isle of Man between April 2003 and March 2017. All patients aged ≤ 20 years at the time of THA were included and the primary outcome was revision surgery. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the data and Kaplan–Meier estimates calculated for the cumulative implant survival. Results. A total of 769 THAs were performed in 703 patients. The median follow-up was 5.1 years (interquartile range (IQR) 2.6 to 7.8). Eight patients died and 35 THAs were revised. The use of metal-on-metal (MoM) bearings and resurfacing procedures declined after 2008. The most frequently recorded indications for revision were loosening (20%) and infection (20%), although the absolute risk of these events occurring was low (0.9%). Factors associated with lower implant survival were MoM and metal-on-polyethylene (MoP) bearings and resurfacing arthroplasty (vs ceramic-on-polyethylene (CoP) and ceramic-on-ceramic (CoC) bearings, p = 0.002), and operations performed by surgeons who undertook few THAs in this age group as recorded in the NJR (vs those with five or more recorded operations, p = 0.030). Kaplan–Meier estimates showed 96% (95% confidence interval (CI) 94% to 98%) survivorship of implants at five years. Conclusion. Within the NJR, the overall survival for very young patients undergoing THA exceeded 96% during the first five postoperative years. In the absence of studies that can better account for differences in the characteristics of the patients, surgeons should consider the association between early revision and the type of implant, the number of THAs performed in these patients, and the bearing surface when performing THA in very young patients. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2018;100-B:1320–9

We studied prospectively the long-term results of the Charnley Elite-Plus femoral stem in 184 consecutive young patients (194 hips). There were 130 men and 54 women with a mean age of 49.1 years (21 to 60). The predominant diagnosis was osteonecrosis of the femoral head (63.6%, 117 patients). Clinical and radiological evaluation was undertaken at each follow-up. The mean follow-up was 11.2 years (10 to 12). The mean pre-operative Harris hip score was 43.4 (12 to 49) which improved to 91 (59 to 100) at the final follow-up. The survival of the femoral stem at 12 years was 99% with revision as the end-point. The mean annual linear wear of the polyethylene liner was 0.17 mm (0.13 to 0.22). The prevalence of acetabular osteolysis was 10.8% (21 hips) and osteolysis of the calcar femorale 12.9% (25 hips). A third-generation cementing technique, accurate alignment of the stem and the use of a 22 mm zirconia head were important factors in the prevention of aseptic loosening of the Elite Plus femoral stem in these high-risk young patients

Aims. We present the ten-year data of a cohort of patients, aged between 18 and 65 years (mean age 52.7 years; 19 to 64), who underwent total hip arthroplasty. Patients were randomised to be treated with a cobalt-chrome (CoCr) femoral head with an ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE), highly cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) or ceramic-on-ceramic (CoC) bearing surface. Patients and Methods. A total of 102 hips (91 patients) were randomised into the three groups. At ten years, 97 hips were available for radiological and functional follow-up. Two hips (two patients) had been revised (one with deep infection and one for periprosthetic fracture) and three were lost to follow-up. Radiological analysis was performed using a validated digital assessment programme to give linear, directional and volumetric wear of the two polyethylene groups. Results. There was a significantly reduced rate of steady-state linear wear with XLPE (0.07 mm/yr) compared with UHMWPE (0.37 mm/yr) (p = 0.001). Volumetric wear was also significantly reduced in the XLPE group (29.29 mm. 3. /yr) compared with the UHMWPE group (100.75mm. 3. /yr) (p = 0.0001). There were six patients with UHMWPE who had non-progressive osteolysis and none in the XLPE group. All three bearing groups had significant improvements in 12-item short form health survey scores, Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index score and Harris Hip Score. However, the improvement in HSS was significantly less in the UHMWPE group (p = 0.0188) than in the other two groups. At ten years, the rates of volumetric and linear wear in the XLPE group remain low and predominantly below the estimated threshold for osteolysis (1 mm/yr). The rate of linear wear in the XLPE group was three times less than in the UHMWPE group at five-year follow-up and five times less at ten years. The rate of volumetric wear was also three times less in the XLPE group at ten years. Conclusion. While CoC also performs well, XLPE at ten years remains a safe and excellent bearing option in young patients, with low rates of wear and no evidence of osteolysis. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2017;99-B:1590–5

This study reports the results of 38 total hip arthroplasties (THAs) in 33 patients aged <  50 years, using the JRI Furlong hydroxyapatite ceramic (HAC)-coated femoral component. This represents an update of previous reports of the same cohort at ten and 16 years, which were reported in 2004 and 2009, respectively. We describe the survival, radiological and functional outcomes at a mean follow-up of 21 years (17 to 25). Of the surviving 34 THAs, one underwent femoral revision for peri-prosthetic fracture after 21 years, and one patient (one hip) was lost to follow-up. Using aseptic loosening as the end-point, 12 hips (31.5%) needed acetabular revision but none needed femoral revision, demonstrating 100% survival (95% confidence interval 89 to 100). In young patients with high demands, the Furlong HAC–coated femoral component gives excellent long-term results. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2015;97-B:749–54

Aims. The aim of this study was to determine the outcome of all primary total hip arthroplasties (THAs) and their subsequent revision procedures in patients aged under 50 years performed at our institution. Methods. All 1,049 primary THAs which were undertaken in 860 patients aged under 50 years between 1988 and 2018 in our tertiary care institution were included. We used cemented implants in both primary and revision surgery. Impaction bone grafting was used in patients with acetabular or femoral bone defects. Kaplan-Meier analyses were used to determine the survival of primary and revision THA with the endpoint of revision for any reason, and of revision for aseptic loosening. Results. The mean age of the patients at the time of the initial THA was 38.6 years (SD 9.3). The mean follow-up of the THA was 8.7 years (2.0 to 31.5). The rate of survival for all primary THAs, acetabular components only, and femoral components only at 20 years’ follow-up with the endpoint of revision for any reason, was 66.7% (95% confidence interval (CI) 60.5 to 72.2), 69.1% (95% CI 63.0 to 74.4), and 83.2% (95% CI 78.1 to 87.3), respectively. A total of 138 revisions were performed. The mean age at the time of revision was 48.2 years (23 to 72). Survival of all subsequent revision procedures, revised acetabular, and revised femoral components at 15 years’ follow-up with the endpoint of revision for any reason was 70.3% (95% CI 56.1 to 80.7), 69.7% (95% CI 54.3 to 80.7), and 76.2% (95% CI 57.8 to 87.4), respectively. A Girdlestone excision arthroplasty was required in six of 860 patients (0.7%). Conclusion. The long-term outcome of cemented primary and subsequent revision THA is promising in these young patients. We showed that our philosophy of using impaction bone grafting in patients with acetabular and femoral defects is a very suitable option when treating young patients. Surgeons should realize that knowledge of the outcome of subsequent revision surgery, which is inevitable in young patients, must be communicated to this group of patients prior to their initial THA. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2022;104-B(3):368–375

We describe the clinical and radiological results of 38 total hip replacements (THR) using the JRI Furlong hydroxyapatite-ceramic (HAC)-coated femoral component in patients younger than 50 years. The mean age at the time of operation was 42 years (22 to 49) and the mean length of follow-up was ten years (63 to 170 months). All patients receiving a Furlong HAC THR were entered into the study regardless of the primary pathology including patients who had undergone previous hip surgery. The mean Harris hip score improved from 44 before operation to 92 at the last postoperative review. After 12 years the cumulative surivival for the stem was 100% (95% confidence interval 89 to 100). No femoral component was revised. Our results show that the Furlong HAC implant gives excellent long-term results in young patients with high demands

We compared the medium-term clinical and radiological results of hybrid total hip replacement (THR) with metal-on-metal Birmingham hip resurfacing (BHR) in two groups of 54 young patients matched for age, gender, body mass index and pre-operative levels of activity. The clinical outcome was assessed by the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) activity score, the Oxford Hip Score (OHS) and the EuroQol scores. Radiologically, all hips were assessed for migration and osteolysis, the hybrid THRs for polyethylene wear and the BHRs for a pedestal sign. The mean follow-up of the patients with a hybrid THR was ten years and for those with a BHR, nine years. Four patients with a hybrid THR and one with a BHR had died. In each group five were lost to follow-up. The revision rate of the hybrid THRs was 16.7% (9 of 54) and of the BHRs 9.3% (5 of 54) (p = 0.195). Radiographs of a further eight hybrid THRs demonstrated wear and osteolysis, and they await revision (p = 0.008). Of the unrevised BHRs 90% had radiological changes, of which approximately 50% had progressed over the previous four years. All hybrid THRs demonstrated linear polyethylene wear with a mean of 1.24 mm (0.06 to 3.03). The BHRs recorded superior OHS (p = 0.013), UCLA (p = 0.008), and EuroQol visual analogue scores (p = 0.009). After nine years, patients with BHRs remained more active and had a lower rate of revision than those with hybrid THRs. Both groups demonstrated progressive radiological changes at medium-term follow-up

Intertrochanteric osteotomy may postpone the need for total hip replacement (THR). In young patients with an acquired deformity of the femoral head and secondary osteoarthritis, a valgus intertrochanteric osteotomy may allow better congruency but the acetabular cover may become insufficient because of subluxation of the femoral head. In patients with a spherical femoral head and acetabular dysplasia, cover can still remain insufficient after varus displacement osteotomy. We present the long-term results of intertrochanteric osteotomy combined with an acetabular shelfplasty in both these circumstances. Sixteen hips (15 patients) with a deformed femoral head, and ten (seven patients) with a spherical femoral head, underwent an intertrochanteric osteotomy and acetabular shelfplasty. The mean age at the time of surgery was 30 and 37 years and the mean final follow-up was 15 and 19 years, respectively. Six patients in the deformed group, but only one in the spherical group, had required a THR by the time of their final follow-up. In both groups, those who had not undergone a THR had a good result. Acetabular shelfplasty is an excellent addition to an intertrochanteric osteotomy and gives full cover of the femoral head in patients with a deformity of the head and secondary osteoarthritis

We report the clinical and radiological outcomes of a series of contemporary cementless ceramic-on-ceramic total hip replacements (THRs) at ten years in patients aged ≤ 55 years of age. Pre- and post-operative activity levels are described. A total of 120 consecutive ceramic cementless THRs were performed at a single centre in 110 patients from 1997 to 1999. The mean age of the patients at operation was 45 years (20 to 55). At ten years, four patients had died and six were lost to follow-up, comprising ten hips. The mean post-operative Harris hip score was 94.7 (55 to 100). Radiological analysis was undertaken in 90 available THRs of the surviving 106 hips at final review: all had evidence of stable bony ingrowth, with no cases of osteolysis. Wear was undetectable. There were four revisions. The survival for both components with revision for any cause as an endpoint was 96.5% (95% confidence interval 94.5 to 98.7). The mean modified University of California, Los Angeles activity level rose from a mean of 6.4 (4 to 10) pre-operatively to 9.0 (6 to 10) at the ten-year post-operative period.

Alumina ceramic-on-ceramic bearings in cementless primary THR in this series have resulted in good clinical and radiological outcomes with undetectable rates of wear and excellent function in the demanding younger patient group at ten years.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2013;95-B:1603–9.

Aims. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of a lateral rim mesh on the survival of primary total hip arthroplasty (THA) in young patients, aged 50 years or younger. Patients and Methods. We compared a study group of 235 patients (257 hips) who received a primary THA with the use of impaction bone grafting (IBG) with an additional lateral rim mesh with a group of 306 patients (343 hips) who received IBG in the absence of a lateral rim mesh during the same period from 1988 to 2015. In the mesh group, there were 74 male and 183 female patients, with a mean age of 35 years (13 to 50). In the no-mesh group, there were 173 male and 170 female patients, with a mean age of 38 years (12.6 to 50). Cox regression analyses were performed to study the effect of a lateral rim mesh on acetabular component survival. Kaplan–Meier analyses with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were performed to estimate the survival of the acetabular implant. Results. The hazard ratio for the use of lateral rim mesh, adjusted for potential confounders, for acetabular revision for any reason was 0.50 (95% CI 0.13 to 1.93; p = 0.31) and for acetabular revision for aseptic loosening was 0.29 (95% CI 0.020 to 4.04; p = 0.35). The Kaplan–Meier analysis showed a ten-year survival for aseptic loosening of the acetabular of 98% (95% CI 95 to 100, n = 65 at risk) in the mesh group and 94% (89 to 98, n = 76 at risk) in the no-mesh group. The 15-year survival for aseptic acetabular loosening was 90% (81 to 100, n = 35 at risk) in the mesh group and 85% (77 to 94, n = 45 at risk) in the no-mesh group (p = 0.23). Conclusion. This study shows that the use of a lateral rim mesh in primary THA in young patients is not associated with a higher risk of revision of the acetabular component. Therefore, we consider a lateral rim mesh combined with IBG to be effective in reconstructing segmental acetabular defects in primary THA

Since wear and loosening of the ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene cup are factors which limit the life of an arthroplasty we have attempted to identify factors associated with either low wear (0.02 mm/year or less) or high wear (0.2 mm/year or more). In a series of 1434 Charnley low-friction arthroplasties (1092 patients) 190 (13.2%) showed low wear while 149 (10.4%) showed high wear. We used chi-squared test to assess the significance of various factors.

The significant factors of the low-wear group were female gender (p = 0.042), rheumatoid arthritis (p = 0.014), Charnley grade C (p = 0.03) and varus position of the stem (p = 0.003). The use of acetabular cement pressurisation (p = 0.07) and medialisation of the cup (p = 0.07) approached significance.

In the high-wear group there was a predominance of men (p = 0.042) with osteoarthritis (p = 0.006) as the underlying hip pathology, and the stem in a valgus position (p = 0.023). Support of the cup by the rim of the acetabulum approached significance (p = 0.07). There was no statistical significance between the two groups for revision for aseptic loosening of the stem or fracture of the stem (p = 0.49). There was a highly significant difference (p < 0.0001) between the two groups for revision for wear and aseptic loosening of the cup, 5.3% compared with 39%.

Changes in the cup geometry are probably sufficient to explain the increasing incidence of loosening and revisions with the increasing depth of penetration of the cup. There is much to be gained from the use of a low-wearing ceramic-ultra-high-molecular-weight combination. Tissue reaction to the polyethylene particles cannot be the cause of aseptic loosening of the stem.

In 2004 we described the ten-year prospective results of 38 total hip replacements using the Furlong hydroxyapatite-ceramic-coated femoral component in 35 patients < 50 years old. We have now reviewed the surviving 35 arthroplasties in 33 patients at a mean of 16 years (10.3 to 19.9). The mean age of the surviving patients at the time of operation was 41.3 years (26.0 to 49.0). Of these, eight have undergone revision of their acetabular component for aseptic loosening. None of the femoral components has had revision for aseptic loosening giving a survival rate of 100% at 16 years (95% confidence interval 89% to 100%).

The Furlong hydroxyapatite-ceramic-coated femoral component gives excellent long-term survival in young and active patients.

Aims. Dual mobility (DM) implants have been shown to reduce the dislocation rate after total hip arthroplasty (THA), but there remain concerns about the use of cobalt chrome liners inserted into titanium shells. The aim of this study was to assess the clinical outcomes, metal ion levels, and periprosthetic femoral bone mineral density (BMD) at mid-term follow-up in young, active patients receiving a modular DM THA. Methods. This was a prospective study involving patients aged < 65 years, with a BMI of < 35 kg/m. 2. , and University of California, Los Angeles activity score of > 6 who underwent primary THA with a modular cobalt chrome acetabular liner, highly cross-linked polyethylene mobile bearing, and a cementless titanium femoral stem. Patient-reported outcome measures, whole blood metal ion levels (μg/l), and periprosthetic femoral BMD were measured at baseline and at one, two, and five years postoperatively. The results two years postoperatively for this cohort have been previously reported. Results. A total of 43 patients were enrolled. At minimum follow-up of five years, 23 (53.4%) returned for clinical and radiological review, 25 (58.1%) had metal ion analysis performed, 19 (44.2%) underwent dual energy x-ray absorptiometry scans, and 25 (58%) completed a pain-drawing questionnaire. The mean modified Harris Hip Scores improved significantly from 54.8 (SD 19) preoperatively to 93.08 (SD 10.5) five years postoperatively (p < 0.001). One patient was revised for aseptic acetabular loosening. The mean cobalt levels increased from 0.065 μg/l (SD 0.03) to 0.08 (SD 0.05) and the mean titanium levels increased from 0.35 (SD 0.13) to 0.78 (SD 0.29). The femoral BMD ratio decreased in Gruen Zone 1 (91.9%) at five years postoperatively compared with the baseline scores at six weeks potoperatively. The femoral BMD ratio was maintained in Gruen zones 2 to 7. Conclusion. The use of a modular DM component and a cementless, tapered femoral stem shows excellent mid-term survivorship with minimal concerns for corrosion and metal ion release in a cohort of young, active patients undergoing primary THA. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2021;103-B(7 Supple B):73–77

We describe the findings at six years in an ongoing prospective clinicoradiological and metal ion study in a cohort of 26 consecutive male patients with unilateral Birmingham Hip Resurfacing arthroplasties with one of two femoral head sizes (50 mm and 54 mm). Their mean age was 52.9 years (29 to 67). We have previously shown an early increase in the 24-hour urinary excretion of metal ions, reaching a peak at six months (cobalt) and one year (chromium) after operation. Subsequently there is a decreasing trend in excretion of both cobalt and chromium. The levels of cobalt and chromium in whole blood also show a significant increase at one year, followed by a decreasing trend until the sixth year.

We report a prospective study of the use of intramedullary bone blocks to improve the fixation of a matt-finish femoral stem in Charnley low-friction arthroplasties. There were 379 patients (441 hips), but at a minimum follow-up of ten years there were 258 arthroplasties in 221 patients including some which had been revised. The mean age at surgery was 41 years (17 to 51) and the mean follow-up was 13.4 years (1 to 20 including the early revisions).

Nine stems (3.5%) had been revised for aseptic loosening, but there were no stem fractures. Survivorship of stems was 99.2% at ten years and 94.35% at 15 and 20 years. We found that the patient’s gender, the position of the stem and the experience of the surgeon all influenced the outcome.

Our findings suggest that using our method of stem fixation, follow-up of over 11 years was needed to reveal the effects of endosteal cavitation of the femur, and of over 13 years to assess any divergence between the clinical and the radiological outcomes of stem fixation.

Polyethylene wear debris can cause osteolysis and the failure of total hip arthroplasty. We present the five-year wear rates of a highly cross-linked polyethylene (X3) bearing surface when used in conjunction with a 36 mm ceramic femoral head.

This was a prospective study of a cohort of 100 THAs in 93 patients. Pain and activity scores were measured pre- and post-operatively. Femoral head penetration was measured at two months, one year, two years and at five years using validated edge-detecting software (PolyWare Auto).

At a mean of 5.08 years (3.93 to 6.01), 85 hips in 78 patients were available for study. The mean age of these patients was 59.08 years (42 to 73, the mean age of males (n = 34) was 59.15 years, and females (n = 44) was 59.02 years). All patients had significant improvement in their functional scores (p < 0.001). The steady state two-dimensional linear wear rate was 0.109 mm/year. The steady state volumetric wear rate was 29.61 mm³/year. No significant correlation was found between rate of wear and age (p = 0.34), acetabular component size (p = 0.12) or clinical score (p = 0.74).

Our study shows low steady state wear rates at five years in X3 highly cross-linked polyethylene in conjunction with a 36 mm ceramic femoral head. The linear wear rate was almost identical to the osteolysis threshold of 0.1 mm/year recommended in the literature.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2015;97-B:1470–4.

We evaluated the outcome of 41 consecutive Charnley low-friction arthroplasties (LFAs) performed by a single surgeon in 28 patients aged ≤ 35 years at operation between 23 and 36 years previously. There were 20 women and eight men with a mean age of 32 years (23 to 35) at surgery. Two patients (three hips) were lost to follow-up at 12 and 17 years post-operatively, respectively, and one patient (one hip) died at 13 years post-operatively. These patients were excluded from the final evaluation. The survival rate of the acetabular components was 92.7% (95% confidence interval (CI) 88.7 to 96.7) at ten years, 67.1% (95% CI 59.75 to 74.45) at 20 years and 53.2% (95% CI 45.3 to 61.1) at 25 years. For the femoral component the survival was 95.1% (95% CI 91.8 to 98.5) at ten years, 77.1% (95% CI 73.9 to 80.3) at 20 years and 68.2% (95% CI 60.7 to 75.8) at 25 years. The results indicate that the Charnley LFA remains a reasonable choice in the treatment of young patients and can serve for comparison with newer techniques and implants. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2013;95-B:1052–6

The long-term survival of the cementless Spotorno CLS femoral component in patients aged > 50 years at the time of arthroplasty was investigated. Survivorship analysis of a consecutive series of 85 patients (100 hips; under 50 years of age at a mean follow-up of 18.4 years (16.3 to 20.8)) was performed. The clinical and radiographic outcomes were satisfactory. The overall rate of survival of the femoral component was 93.5% (95% confidence interval (CI), 90.9 to 96.1) after 19 years. Survival with revision for aseptic loosening as the end point was 95.7% (95% CI 93.6 to 97.8%) at 19 years.

This study demonstrates an excellent long-term survival of the Spotorno CLS femoral component after 16 to 20 years in young patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2015;97-B:160–3.

We compared the five- to seven-year clinical and radiological results of the metal-on-metal Birmingham hip resurfacing with a hybrid total hip arthroplasty in two groups of 54 hips, matched for gender, age, body mass index and activity level.

Function was excellent in both groups, as measured by the Oxford hip score, but the Birmingham hip resurfacings had higher University of California at Los Angeles activity scores and better EuroQol quality of life scores. The total hip arthroplasties had a revision or intention-to-revise rate of 8%, and the Birmingham hip resurfacings of 6%. Both groups demonstrated impending failure on surrogate end-points. Of the total hip arthroplasties, 12% had polyethylene wear and osteolysis under observation, and 8% of Birmingham hip resurfacings showed migration of the femoral component. Polyethylene wear was present in 48% of the hybrid hips without osteolysis. Of the femoral components in the Birmingham hip resurfacing group which had not migrated, 66% had radiological changes of unknown significance.

Aims. The Birmingham Hip Resurfacing (BHR) arthroplasty has been used as a surgical treatment of coxarthrosis since 1997. We present 20-year results of 234 consecutive BHRs performed in our unit. Methods. Between 1999 and 2001, there were 217 patients: 142 males (65.4%), mean age 52 years (18 to 68) who had 234 implants (17 bilateral). They had patient-reported outcome measures collected, imaging (radiograph and ultrasound), and serum metal ion assessment. Survivorship analysis was performed using Kaplan-Meier estimates. Revision for any cause was considered as an endpoint for the analysis. Results. Mean follow-up was 20.9 years (19.3 to 22.4). Registry data revealed that 19 hips (8.1%) had been revised and 26 patients (12%) had died from causes unrelated to the BHR. Among the remaining 189 hips, 61% were available for clinical follow-up at 20 years (n = 115) and 70% of patients had biochemical follow-up (n = 132). The cumulative implant survival rate at 20 years for male patients was 96.5% (95% confidence interval (CI) 93.5 to 99.6), and for female patients 87% (95% CI 79.7 to 94.9). The difference was statistically significant (p = 0.029). The mean Oxford Hip Score, Hip disability and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score, and Forgotten Joint Score were 45 (29 to 48), 89 (43 to 100), and 84 (19 to 100), respectively. The mean scores for each of the five domains of the EuroQol five-dimension three-level questionnaire were 1.2, 1.0, 1.2, 1.3, and 1.1, and mean overall score 82.6 (50 to 100). Ultrasound showed no pseudotumour. Mean cobalt and chromium levels were 32.1 nmol/l (1 to 374) and 45.5 nmol/l (9 to 408), respectively. Conclusion. This study shows that BHRs provide excellent survivorship and functional outcomes in young male patients. At 20 years, soft-tissue imaging and serum metal ion studies suggest that a metal-on-metal resurfacing implant can be well tolerated in a group of young patients. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2023;105-B(9):946–952