1. Five cases of avulsion fracture of the calcaneus are reported. 2. The "beak" fracture of the calcaneus is thought to be a variant of the avulsion fracture and not a separate entity. 3. The variable attachment of the calcaneal tendon to the calcaneus is described, and its relationship to the different forms of avulsion fractures discussed. 4. Operative reduction and fixation are appropriate for young and active patients in order to restore full heel-cord function. 5. Attention is drawn to the risk of pressure necrosis of skin overlying a displaced fragment. Early operative correction may be required to prevent skin damage

Aims

Mechanical stimulation is a key factor in the development and healing of tendon-bone insertion. Treadmill training is an important rehabilitation treatment. This study aims to investigate the benefits of treadmill training initiated on postoperative day 7 for tendon-bone insertion healing.

In 12 infants aged under 16 months with unilateral club foot we used MRI in association with multiplanar reconstruction to calculate the volume and principal axes of inertia of the bone and cartilaginous structures of the hindfoot. The volume of these structures in the club foot is about 20% smaller than that in the normal foot. The reduction in volume of the ossification centre of the talus (40%) is greater than that of the calcaneus (20%). The long axes of both the ossification centre and the cartilaginous anlage of the calcaneus are identical in normal and club feet. The long axis of the osseous nucleus of the talus of normal and club feet is medially rotated relative to the cartilaginous anlage, but the angle is greater in club feet (10° v 14°). The cartilaginous structure of the calcaneus is significantly medially rotated in club feet (15°) relative to the bimalleolar axis. The cartilaginous anlage of the talus is medially rotated in both normal and club feet, but with a smaller angle for club feet (28° v 38°). This objective technique of measurement of the deformity may be of value preoperatively

The August 2023 Foot & Ankle Roundup³⁶⁰ looks at: Achilles tendon rupture: surgery or conservative treatment for the high-demand patient?; First ray amputation in diabetic patients; Survival of ankle arthroplasty in the UK; First metatarsophalangeal joint fusion and flat foot correction; Intra-articular corticosteroid injections with or without hyaluronic acid in the management of subtalar osteoarthritis; Factors associated with nonunion of post-traumatic subtalar arthrodesis; The Mayo Prosthetic Joint Infection Risk Score for total ankle arthroplasty.

The December 2022 Foot & Ankle Roundup³⁶⁰ looks at: Evans calcaneal osteotomy and multiplanar correction in flat foot deformity; Inflammatory biomarkers in tibialis posterior tendon dysfunction; Takedown of ankle fusions and conversion to total ankle arthroplasty; Surgical incision closure with three different materials; Absorbable sutures are not inferior to nonabsorbable sutures for tendo Achilles repair; Zadek’s osteotomy is a reliable technique for treating Haglund’s syndrome; How to best assess patient limitations after acute Achilles tendon injury; Advances in the management of infected nonunion of the foot and ankle.

Objectives. The surgical challenge with severe hindfoot injuries is one of technical feasibility, and whether the limb can be salvaged. There is an additional question of whether these injuries should be managed with limb salvage, or whether patients would achieve a greater quality of life with a transtibial amputation. This study aims to measure functional outcomes in military patients sustaining hindfoot fractures, and identify injury features associated with poor function. Methods. Follow-up was attempted in all United Kingdom military casualties sustaining hindfoot fractures. All respondents underwent short-form (SF)-12 scoring; those retaining their limb also completed the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons Foot and Ankle (AAOS F&A) outcomes questionnaire. A multivariate regression analysis identified injury features associated with poor functional recovery. Results. In 12 years of conflict, 114 patients sustained 134 fractures. Follow-up consisted of 90 fractures (90/134, 67%), at a median of five years (interquartile range (IQR) 52 to 80 months). The median Short-Form 12 physical component score (PCS) of 62 individuals retaining their limb was 45 (IQR 36 to 53), significantly lower than the median of 51 (IQR 46 to 54) in patients who underwent delayed amputation after attempted reconstruction (p = 0.0351). Regression analysis identified three variables associated with a poor F&A score: negative Bohler’s angle on initial radiograph; coexisting talus and calcaneus fracture; and tibial plafond fracture in addition to a hindfoot fracture. The presence of two out of three variables was associated with a significantly lower PCS compared with amputees (medians 29, IQR 27 to 43 vs 51, IQR 46 to 54; p < 0.0001). Conclusions. At five years, patients with reconstructed hindfoot fractures have inferior outcomes to those who have delayed amputation. It is possible to identify injuries which will go on to have particularly poor outcomes. Cite this article: P. M. Bennett, T. Stevenson, I. D. Sargeant, A. Mountain, J. G. Penn-Barwell. Outcomes following limb salvage after combat hindfoot injury are inferior to delayed amputation at five years. Bone Joint Res 2018;7:131–138. DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.72.BJR-2017-0217.R2

The December 2023 Foot & Ankle Roundup³⁶⁰ looks at: Subchondral bone cysts remodel after correction of varus deformity in ankle arthritis; 3D-printed modular endoprosthesis reconstruction following total calcanectomy; Percutaneous partial bone excision in the management of diabetic toe osteomyelitis; Hemiepiphysiodesis is a viable surgical option for Juvenile hallux valgus; Ankle arthroplasty vs arthrodesis: which comes out on top?; Patient-related risk factors for poorer outcome following total ankle arthroplasty; The Outcomes in Ankle Replacement Study.

Aims

Posterior malleolar (PM) fractures are commonly associated with ankle fractures, pilon fractures, and to a lesser extent tibial shaft fractures. The tibialis posterior (TP) tendon entrapment is a rare complication associated with PM fractures. If undiagnosed, TP entrapment is associated with complications, ranging from reduced range of ankle movement to instability and pes planus deformities, which require further surgeries including radical treatments such as arthrodesis.

Aims

The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to gather epidemiological information on selected musculoskeletal injuries and to provide pooled injury-specific incidence rates.

Aims

This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the induced membrane technique for treating infected bone defects, and to explore the factors that might affect patient outcomes.

Aims

To systematically review the efficacy of split tendon transfer surgery on gait-related outcomes for children and adolescents with cerebral palsy (CP) and spastic equinovarus foot deformity.

In a consecutive series of 124 children with spina bifida we found that 220 (89%) of the 248 feet were deformed: 70 had a calcaneus deformity; 126 were in equinus; 16 were in valgus; 3 were in varus; and 5 had convex pes valgus. Operations were performed on 171 (78%) of the deformed feet. Spasticity of the muscles controlling the foot was detected in 36 (51%) of the 70 calcaneus feet and in 22 (17%) of the 126 equinus feet. The deformities were symmetrical in 94 children. There is a high incidence of foot deformity in patients with spina bifida who have no voluntary activity in the motors of the feet

1. Correction of equinus deformity in cerebral palsy either by elongation of the tendo calcaneus or by gastrocnemius recession gives satisfactory results without splintage or bracing after operation. 2. Gastrocnemius recession is the operation of choice in paraplegic spastic cerebral palsy, and wherever possible in tetraplegic cerebral palsy. In hemiplegia the whole of the triceps surae is usually involved, and elongation of the tendo calcaneus is almost always needed. 3. Correction at operation should aim to result in a mild degree of equinus deformity at the end of the growth period in hemiplegic spastic cerebral palsy. Over-enthusiastic gastrocnemius recession can lead to excessive weakness of the calf in some patients

1. The results of thirty-nine operations for correction of drop-foot in thirty-three patients with leprosy are discussed. 2. The procedure used was circumtibial, subcutaneous, two-tailed, tendon-to-tendon transfer of the tibialis posterior to extensor hallucis longus and to extensor digitorum longus and peroneus tertius. The motor slips were inserted into the recipient tendons on the dorsum of the foot. 3. Analysis of the results showed some correlation between the angle of active dorsiflexion and the range ofactive movement ofthe ankle. The angle ofdorsiflexion seemed to determine the range of movement. 4. When contracture of the tendo calcaneus was present, simultaneous lengthening improved the angle of dorsiflexion more than the range of active movement. 5. The causes of failure were sepsis, failure of re-education and unrecognised tightness of the tendo calcaneus. 6. The advantages of the present procedure are mentioned

1. Certain macroscopical and microscopical features of the tendo calcaneus of the rabbit are described and illustrated, and the vascularisation as revealed by Spalteholz clearing is presented. 2. The vessels of the epitenon are chiefly derived from proximal and distal sources. 3. The vessels of the paratenon are derived from the main arteries of the leg. 4. The two vascular systems are largely independent of each other except along one edge of the tendon by way of a mesotenon. 5. The paratenon, epitenon and mesotenon and the related vessels are comparable to those found in tendons with synovial sheaths. By inference and from evidence obtained by dissection on the living human subject it is suggested that the arrangements are similar in the human tendo calcaneus. 6. Considerable friction develops on movement between the surfaces of the paratenon and epitenon. This might be significant in pathological states of the human tendon

The February 2023 Foot & Ankle Roundup³⁶⁰ looks at: Joint inflammatory response in ankle and pilon fractures; Tibiotalocalcaneal fusion with a custom cage; Topical application of tranexamic acid can reduce blood loss in calcaneal fractures; Risk factors for failure of total ankle arthroplasty; Pain catastrophizing: the same as pain forecasting?.

The December 2024 Foot & Ankle Roundup³⁶⁰ looks at: Tibiotalar sector and lateral ankle instability; Isolated subtalar fusion and correction of progressive collapsing foot deformity; Diabetic control and postoperative complications following ankle fracture fixation; Are insoles of any benefit for plantar fasciitis?; Postoperative foot shape and patient-reported outcome following surgery for progressing collapsing foot deformity; Calcaneo-stop procedure for symptomatic flexible flatfoot in children.

1. Rosette strain gauges placed on the lateral surface of the right calcaneus of eight sheep allowed recordings of bone deformation to be made during walking and trotting on a moving belt. From these recordings the changing direction and magnitude of the principal strains and the maximum shear strain could be calculated. 2. The cancellous architecture of the ovine calcaneus, when viewed in lateral radiographs, is arranged in two trabecular tracts which intersect in the form of an arch. in all cases during the main weight-bearing period the direction of the principal strains varied little, and at the time of maximum deformation coincided with the direction of the underlying trabeculae. The principal compressive strain coincided with the direction of the trabeculae in the dorsal tract, The principal tensile strain with those in the plantar tract. At the point of trabecular intersection the principal strains were more nearly equal but they maintained their alignment with their respective trabecular tracts. 3. in this particular site the trajectorial theory of bone structure has found some experimental support

Aims

Calcaneal osteomyelitis remains a difficult condition to treat with high rates of recurrence and below-knee amputation, particularly in the presence of severe soft-tissue destruction. This study assesses the outcomes of single-stage orthoplastic surgical treatment of calcaneal osteomyelitis with large soft-tissue defects.

The use of artificial intelligence (AI) is rapidly growing across many domains, of which the medical field is no exception. AI is an umbrella term defining the practical application of algorithms to generate useful output, without the need of human cognition. Owing to the expanding volume of patient information collected, known as ‘big data’, AI is showing promise as a useful tool in healthcare research and across all aspects of patient care pathways. Practical applications in orthopaedic surgery include: diagnostics, such as fracture recognition and tumour detection; predictive models of clinical and patient-reported outcome measures, such as calculating mortality rates and length of hospital stay; and real-time rehabilitation monitoring and surgical training. However, clinicians should remain cognizant of AI’s limitations, as the development of robust reporting and validation frameworks is of paramount importance to prevent avoidable errors and biases. The aim of this review article is to provide a comprehensive understanding of AI and its subfields, as well as to delineate its existing clinical applications in trauma and orthopaedic surgery. Furthermore, this narrative review expands upon the limitations of AI and future direction.

Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2023;12(7):447–454.