Aims

Few risk factors for rotator cuff disease (RCD) and corresponding treatment have been firmly established. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between numerous risk factors and the incidence of surgery for RCD in a large cohort.

Aims

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the in vitro effects of apocynin, an inhibitor of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NOX) and a downregulator of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), on high glucose-induced oxidative stress on tenocytes.

Cadaveric knees replaced with the Geomedic, ICLH, Marmor and Total Condylar prostheses were tested in axial compression, in rotation and in hyperextension in order to observe the strength of fixation of the tibial components. In axial compression the strengths at failure varied widely, both with any one prosthesis and between prostheses. This is attributed largely to the strength of the cancellous bone of the tibia, which was measured in each case and also varied widely. Three natural knees failed at loads of 7300, 7600 and 8300 newtons respectively, whereas the strengths of replaced knees ranged from 3000 to 15750 newtons. At least one example of each design failed at less than 7300 newtons, suggesting little or no reserve of strength. The strength of fixation was greater when the tibial prosthesis was large enough to rest on the whole cross-section of the tibia. In rotation the three prostheses embodying rollers in troughs were stiffer than the Marmor which had a nearly flat tibial-bearing surface. The presence or absence of the cruciate ligaments had a negligible effect on torsional stiffness. In hyperextension, knees replaced with the ICLH, Marmor and Total Condylar prostheses failed by rupture of the posterior capsule at moments of about 60 newton-metres, compared with about 100 for natural knees. With the Marmor prosthesis the anterior cruciate ligament was avulsed at about 20 newton-metres compared with about 75 in natural knees, suggesting that in this respect the retention of the cruciate ligaments contributes little. None of the four knees tested after inserting a Geomedic prosthesis showed strengths as high as those replaced with the other three designs

Abstract

The medial malleolus, once believed to be the primary stabilizer of the ankle, has been the topic of conflicting clinical and biomechanical data for many decades. Despite the relevant surgical anatomy being understood for almost 40 years, the optimal treatment of medial malleolar fractures remains unclear, whether the injury occurs in isolation or as part of an unstable bi- or trimalleolar fracture configuration. Traditional teaching recommends open reduction and fixation of medial malleolar fractures that are part of an unstable injury. However, there is recent evidence to suggest that nonoperative management of well-reduced fractures may result in equivalent outcomes, but without the morbidity associated with surgery. This review gives an update on the relevant anatomy and classification systems for medial malleolar fractures and an overview of the current literature regarding their management, including surgical approaches and the choice of implants.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2019;101-B:512–521.

Between June 1993 and December 1994, we performed total knee arthroplasty (TKA) on 27 knees in 24 patients with spontaneous bony ankylosis in severe flexion. The mean age at operation was 43.5 years (30 to 60). No patient had preoperative pain. Three were unable to walk and 21 could manage less than five blocks. The mean duration of the ankylosis was 18.7 years (13 to 25) and its mean position was 105° flexion (75 to 135). The preoperative Hospital for Special Surgery Knee Score of 60 points was improved to 87 at the final follow-up three to five years later. All knees were free from pain. The mean range of active flexion in 24 knees was 97° (78 to 115) and the mean arc of movement 91° (78 to 98). The mean fixed flexion deformity was 6° (0 to 25) and the extension lag 8° (0 to 25). Angular deformity was corrected to between 0° and 10° of valgus. Four patients were able to walk one block and 20 five to seven blocks. Thirteen knees (48%) showed some necrosis at the skin edge; one knee required arthrodesis and another resection arthroplasty. One had a recurrence of tuberculous infection requiring arthrodesis. One patient had a rupture of the quadriceps tendon. To date no prosthesis has required revision for loosening. Radiolucency of 1 mm or less about the tibial prosthesis was observed at follow-up in four of the 24 knees. Our results have shown that one-stage TKA and skeletal traction after operation can achieve correction of severe flexion deformity of the knee with marked improvement in the function and quality of life

Displaced extension supracondylar fractures of the elbow 1. One hundred and ten children were treated by reduction and stabilisation by two pins inserted laterally at an angle of 30 degrees to one another. 2. The complications before and after treatment included fifteen nerve lesions in thirteen patients. The ulnar nerve was involved on one occasion only. Solitary radial nerve injuries occurred with postero-medial displacement of the distal fragment, while median nerve and brachial artery injuries were associated with postero-lateral displacement. All the lesions recovered spontaneously. 3. There were no ischaemic complications after treatment, despite the ligation of one ruptured brachial artery. 4. The average stay in hospital was four days, compared with twenty days for thirty-two other patients treated in traction because of gross oedema. 5. Of eighty patients seen six months to five years after the fracture, seventy (or 87·5 per cent) had excellent or good results, seven patients with marked varus deformities had fair results, and two patients had poor results with very stiff elbows. Displaced flexion fractures 1. The clinical features, complications and treatment of seventeen cases are described. 2. There were no complications involving the median or radial nerves or the brachial artery, but three patients had a lesion of the ulnar nerve. 3. Nine children had closed reduction and fixation by two lateral percutaneous pins. 4. Reduction was difficult and the results poor compared with extension fractures. Closed reduction failed in one-third of the children, and the functional and cosmetic results were unsatisfactory in over half the patients reviewed

Aims

Reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA) reliably improves shoulder pain and function for a variety of indications. However, the safety and efficacy of RSA in elderly patients is largely unknown. The purpose of this study was to report the mortality, morbidity, complications, reoperations, and outcomes of primary RSA in patients aged > 80 years.

Dr J. Robert Close has been good enough to point out a misquotation from his article, "Some Applications of the Functional Anatomy of the Ankle Joint"(Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, 1956, 38-A, 761) in a later contribution by Mr M. G. H. Smith entitled "Inferior Tibio-fibular Diastasis Treated by Cross-screwing (Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, 1963, 45-B, 737). Dr Close, in referring to tibio-fibular diastasis and deltoid ligament rupture with low fractures of the fibula, wrote (p. 780), "Treating diastasis therefore frequently means treatment for the deltoid lesion. When one realises that a certain amount of spreading apart of the malleoli and a certain amount of rotation of the fibula about the tibia are anatomical requirements for normal ankle motion the necessity for later removal of such internal fixation becomes obvious. Screws thus placed have been known to break during normal walking after the fractures have healed." In his paper Mr M. G. H. Smith, making mention of tibio-fibular movement, wrote, "This small range of movement of the fibula at the inferior tibio-fibular joint caused Close (1956) to recommend that screws placed across the joint to maintain reduction of diastasis be removed before weight bearing and movement were commenced. He stated that screws had broken when left in position." Further abbreviation by editorial staff led to the statement actually printed p. (737): "Close (1956) recommended the removal of screws that had been placed across the joint to maintain reduction of diastasis before movement was allowed, because the screws broke when left in position." The inadvertent change in sense unfortunately escaped attention, and we very much regret that Mr Close was thus misquoted

Objectives

The aim of this study was to investigate the biomechanical effect of the anterolateral ligament (ALL), anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), or both ALL and ACL on kinematics under dynamic loading conditions using dynamic simulation subject-specific knee models.

Abstract

Nerve transfer has become a common and often effective reconstructive strategy for proximal and complex peripheral nerve injuries of the upper limb. This case-based discussion explores the principles and potential benefits of nerve transfer surgery and offers in-depth discussion of several established and valuable techniques including: motor transfer for elbow flexion after musculocutaneous nerve injury, deltoid reanimation for axillary nerve palsy, intrinsic re-innervation following proximal ulnar nerve repair, and critical sensory recovery despite non-reconstructable median nerve lesions.

Objectives

The Attune total knee arthroplasty (TKA) has been used in over 600 000 patients worldwide. Registry data show good clinical outcome; however, concerns over the cement-tibial interface have been reported. We used retrieval analysis to give further insight into this controversial topic.

Objectives

The long head of the biceps (LHB) is often resected in shoulder surgery and could therefore serve as a cell source for tissue engineering approaches in the shoulder. However, whether it represents a suitable cell source for regenerative approaches, both in the inflamed and non-inflamed states, remains unclear. In the present study, inflamed and native human LHBs were comparatively characterized for features of regeneration.

Aims

Improvements in the evaluation of outcomes following peripheral nerve injury are needed. Recent studies have identified muscle fatigue as an inevitable consequence of muscle reinnervation. This study aimed to quantify and characterize muscle fatigue within a standardized surgical model of muscle reinnervation.

Objectives

The aim of this study was to review the current evidence and future application for the role of diagnostic and therapeutic ultrasound in fracture management.