Aims

Malignancy and surgery are risk factors for venous thromboembolism (VTE). We undertook a systematic review of the literature concerning the prophylactic management of VTE in orthopaedic oncology patients.

An anteroposterior radiograph of the leg to include the hip and ankle, taken with the patient standing, provides an estimate of the line of load-bearing at the knee. Gait analysis may be used to determine the way in which the load in the knee is shared between the medial and lateral compartments during normal walking. A comparison of the results from the two methods, carried out on a group of 47 patients, led to the conclusion that both calculations are required for the successful outcome of a tibial osteotomy or a total arthroplasty

We report the results of acetabular reconstruction using a bipolar prosthesis bearing on cancellous bone graft in 37 patients after a minimum of five years. There was a satisfactory clinical outcome in 58% when assessed by pain, range of movement and stability, with greater improvement in the pain score than of the other parameters. Radiological migration of the prosthesis was a frequent finding although this did not always correlate with symptoms. Better results were obtained in cases of primary or secondary protrusio acetabuli than after the revision of previous total arthroplasties

When aseptic failure of the bond between the cement and the prosthesis of a total joint replacement occurs, complete removal of the cement has been advocated before the insertion of a new prosthesis. The present study questions this practice. Both laboratory tests on variously prepared specimens of cement and clinical experiences demonstrate that recementing over old cement is a practical alternative if the technique employed includes the removal of blood from the old cement surface, rasping of this surface and the early application of fresh cement

We performed routine venography after operation in a consecutive series of 252 patients with total joint arthroplasties in whom no form of routine chemical or mechanical prophylaxis had been used. The prevalence of deep-vein thrombosis (DVT) was 32% (16% distal, 16% proximal) after total hip replacement and 66% (50% distal, 16% proximal) after total knee replacement (p < 0.001). We did not treat distal DVT. There were only two readmissions within three months of surgery because of thromboembolic disease. There were two deaths within this period, neither of which was due to pulmonary embolism

Aims

Previous research has demonstrated increased early complication rates following total hip arthroplasty (THA) in obese patients, as defined by body mass index (BMI). Subcutaneous fat depth (FD) has been shown to be an independent risk factor for wound infection in cervical and lumbar spine surgery, as well as after abdominal laparotomy. The aim of this study was to investigate whether increased peritrochanteric FD was associated with an increased risk of complications in the first year following THA.

We report two cases in which arthrodesed knees were revised to total arthroplasties after the use of soft-tissue expanders. Case 1 had had multiple operations on her knee and had been arthrodesed for septic arthritis two years earlier. Case 2 had had knee arthrodesis for severe osteoarthritis 18 years before revision. In both patients, tissue expanders were used to increase the soft tissues available for cover and to help to mobilise the extensor mechanism. The operations were made much easier, and in both patients a range of motion from 0 degrees to 90 degrees was achieved at operation

Although the incidence of infection associated with hip and knee prostheses is low, with the increasing number of arthroplasties being carried out, the total number of such cases is increasing. The pattern of infecting organisms after total joint arthroplasty has changed and gentamicin-resistant organisms are becoming increasingly common. In conjunction with surgical debridement, vancomycin added to a bone-cement carrier can be very effective in the treatment of infection caused by such organisms. We report the results of its use in proven deep infection in 26 hip and seven knee arthroplasties. After a mean follow-up of 67 months, 32 patients remained clinically and radiologically free from infection. There was one recurrence and positive second-stage cultures of uncertain significance in three other patients. Vancomycin is potentially very useful in the management of deep infection after arthroplasty

The production of particulate wear debris is a recognised complication of joint arthroplasty, but interest has concentrated on local tissue reactions and a possible association with implant loosening. The fate of wear products in the body remains unknown, although some of the metals used in the construction of orthopaedic implants are known to have toxic and oncogenic properties. We report histological and electron-microscopic evidence from two cases which shows that metallic debris can be identified in the lymphoreticular tissues of the body distant from the hip some years after joint replacement. The increase in the use of total arthroplasty in younger patients, the development of new alloys and the use of porous coatings must raise concern for the long-term effects of the accumulation of wear debris in the body

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) may have a role in the process of aseptic loosening. Doxycycline has been shown to inhibit MMPs. Our aim was to investigate the potential pharmacological effect of doxycycline on aseptic loosening. We used radiolabelled mouse calvariae cultured with human interface membrane cells from aseptically loosened hips. Bone resorption was confirmed in this model. The effect of doxycycline was assessed by culturing dead radiolabelled bone discs with cells from the interface membrane with doxycycline. The control group consisted of the same culture system without doxycycline. Supernatant . 45. calcium and the total . 45. calcium remaining in the bone discs at the completion of the culture were used to measure osteolysis. We found that doxycycline can inhibit osteolysis at the interface membrane of aseptically loosened hips. This may have therapeutic implications for the treatment of patients with aseptic loosening of total joint replacements

We report the results of cementless total joint replacement in 18 patients with old tuberculosis of the hip, performed, on average, 34 years after the onset of infection. Mean follow-up was 3.5 years. Only seven of the patients had antituberculous drugs during or after the operation. Using the Mayo hip score, 15 patients had excellent or good results and two had a fair rating. One patient had the prosthesis removed more than one year postoperatively for late haematogenous staphylococcal infection and had a poor rating. All the patients had relief of hip-related pain. Despite the absence of any reactivation of tuberculosis in our series, we recommend the use of specific prophylaxis

Periprosthetic bone loss after total joint arthroplasty is a major clinical problem resulting in aseptic loosening of the implant. Among many cell types, osteoblasts play a crucial role in the development of peri-implant osteolysis. In this study, we tested the effects of calcitriol (1α,25-dihydroxy-vitamin-D. 3. ) and the bisphosphonate pamidronate on titanium-particle- and TNF-α-induced release of interleukin-6 and suppression of osteoblast-specific gene expressions in bone-marrow-derived stromal cells with an osteoblastic phenotype. We monitored the expression of procollagen α1[1], osteocalcin, osteonectin and alkaline phosphatase mRNAs by Northern blots and real-time reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction analyses. The release of various cytokines was also analysed by ELISA. We found that calcitriol or pamidronate could only partially recover the altered functions of osteoblasts when added alone. Only a combination of these compounds restored all the tested functions of osteoblasts. The local delivery of these drugs may have therapeutic potential to prevent or to treat periprosthetic osteolysis and aseptic loosening of implants

A high percentage of hips in patients with rheumatoid arthritis presenting for total joint replacement have protrusio deformity with extremely thin medial acetabular walls. Biomechanical principles suggest that, to prevent inward migration of the acetabular component, the prosthesis should be positioned laterally near the acetabular rim. To reinforce the medial wall, the femoral head is fashioned into a solid graft which is anchored against the medial wall as a plug, minimising the amount of cement used and making the use of wire mesh and restraining rings about the acetabulum unnecessary. A series of nine operations on seven patients is presented. Serial radiographs, tomograms and scintigrams taken after operation suggest satisfactory incorporation of the grafts, and no complications have been encountered in a follow-up period ranging from three months to two years

Aims

The purpose of this study was to develop a personalized outcome prediction tool, to be used with knee arthroplasty patients, that predicts outcomes (lengths of stay (LOS), 90 day readmission, and one-year patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) on an individual basis and allows for dynamic modifiable risk factors.

We used the stainless steel cable grip system described by Dall and Miles in 1983 to fix trochanters in 40 hips after total arthroplasty with trochanteric osteotomy. The cable broke in 32.5% of the hips; the trochanter failed to unite in 37.5%. Significantly more cables broke when placed inside the femoral canal than when the cable was placed round the femoral shaft (58% as against 9.5%, difference p less than 0.01). The high incidence of breakage may have resulted from contact between the stainless steel cable and the titanium prosthesis, from the acute angulation, or because of the lower fatigue strength of stainless steel. Better results have been obtained using cables with a higher fatigue strength, passed outside the proximal femur