Aims

Our aim was to estimate the total costs of all hospitalizations for treating periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) by main management strategy within 24 months post-diagnosis using activity-based costing. Additionally, we investigated the influence of individual PJI treatment pathways on hospital costs within the first 24 months.

Despite the vast quantities of published artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms that target trauma and orthopaedic applications, very few progress to inform clinical practice. One key reason for this is the lack of a clear pathway from development to deployment. In order to assist with this process, we have developed the Clinical Practice Integration of Artificial Intelligence (CPI-AI) framework – a five-stage approach to the clinical practice adoption of AI in the setting of trauma and orthopaedics, based on the IDEAL principles (https://www.ideal-collaboration.net/). Adherence to the framework would provide a robust evidence-based mechanism for developing trust in AI applications, where the underlying algorithms are unlikely to be fully understood by clinical teams.

Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2024;13(9):507–512.

Aims

We investigated the efficacy and safety profile of commonly used venous thromboembolism (VTE) prophylaxis agents following hip and knee arthroplasty.

Aims

The aim of this study was to establish consensus statements on the diagnosis, nonoperative management, and indications, if any, for medial patellofemoral complex (MPFC) repair in patients with patellar instability, using the modified Delphi approach.

Aims

Scoliosis is a lateral curvature of the spine with associated rotation, often causing distress due to appearance. For some curves, there is good evidence to support the use of a spinal brace, worn for 20 to 24 hours a day to minimize the curve, making it as straight as possible during growth, preventing progression. Compliance can be poor due to appearance and comfort. A night-time brace, worn for eight to 12 hours, can achieve higher levels of curve correction while patients are supine, and could be preferable for patients, but evidence of efficacy is limited. This is the protocol for a randomized controlled trial of ‘full-time bracing’ versus ‘night-time bracing’ in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS).

Aims

Radiostereometric analysis (RSA) is the most accurate radiological method to measure in vivo wear of highly cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) acetabular components. We have previously reported very low wear rates for a sequentially irradiated and annealed X3 XLPE liner (Stryker Orthopaedics, USA) when used in conjunction with a 32 mm femoral heads at ten-year follow-up. Only two studies have reported the long-term wear rate of X3 liners used in conjunction with larger heads using plain radiographs which have poor sensitivity. The aim of this study was to measure the ten-year wear of thin X3 XLPE liners against larger 36 or 40 mm articulations with RSA.

Aims

Rates of reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (rTSA) continue to grow. Glenoid bone loss and deformity remains a technical challenge to the surgeon and may reduce improvements in patients’ outcomes. However, there is no consensus as to the optimal surgical technique to best reconstruct these patients’ anatomy. This review aims to compare the outcomes of glenoid bone grafting versus augmented glenoid prostheses in the management of glenoid bone loss in primary reverse total shoulder arthroplasty.

Aims

The purpose of this systematic review was to determine the rates of union for vascularized versus non-vascularized grafting techniques in the operative management of scaphoid nonunion. Secondary aims were to determine the effect of the fixation techniques used, the source of grafting, as well as the influence of fracture location (proximal pole) and avascular necrosis (AVN).

Aims

In total knee arthroplasty (TKA), blood loss continues internally after surgery is complete. Typically, the total loss over 48 postoperative hours can be around 1,300 ml, with most occurring within the first 24 hours. We hypothesize that the full potential of tranexamic acid (TXA) to decrease TKA blood loss has not yet been harnessed because it is rarely used beyond the intraoperative period, and is usually withheld from ‘high-risk’ patients with a history of thromboembolic, cardiovascular, or cerebrovascular disease, a patient group who would benefit greatly from a reduced blood loss.

Aims

A typical pattern of blood loss associated with total hip arthroplasty (THA) is 200 ml intraoperatively and 1.3 l in the first 48 postoperative hours. Tranexamic acid (TXA) is most commonly given as a single preoperative dose only and is often withheld from patients with a history of thromboembolic disease as they are perceived to be “high-risk” with respect to postoperative venous thromboembolism (VTE). The TRanexamic ACid for 24 hours trial (TRAC-24) aimed to identify if an additional 24-hour postoperative TXA regime could further reduce blood loss beyond a once-only dose at the time of surgery, without excluding these high-risk patients.

Aims

The appropriate management for patients with a degenerative tear of the rotator cuff remains controversial, but operative treatment, particularly arthroscopic surgery, is increasingly being used. Our aim in this paper was to compare the effectiveness of arthroscopic with open repair of the rotator cuff.

Aims

The increased in vivo resistance to wear of highly crosslinked polyethylene (HXLPE) in total hip arthroplasty (THA) has led to an increased use of larger articulations which have been shown to reduce the incidence of early dislocation. To date, there are few reports of the wear of larger articulations using second generation HXLPE liners. Our prospective cohort study measured the bedding-in and early wear of large (36 mm and 40 mm diameter) articulations involving a second generation X3 HXLPE liner and compared our findings with previous clinical and in vitro studies of the same material.

This protocol describes a pragmatic multicentre randomised controlled trial (RCT) to assess the clinical and cost effectiveness of arthroscopic and open surgery in the management of rotator cuff tears. This trial began in 2007 and was modified in 2010, with the removal of a non-operative arm due to high rates of early crossover to surgery.

Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2014;3:155–60.

Objective

Mortality rates reported by the National Joint Registry for England and Wales (NJR) were higher following cemented total knee replacement (TKR) compared with uncemented procedures. The aim of this study is to examine and compare the effects of cemented and uncemented TKR on the activation of selected markers of inflammation, endothelium, and coagulation, and on the activation of selected cytokines involved in the various aspects of the systemic response following surgery.

Objectives

To investigate psychosocial and biomedical outcomes following total hip replacement (THR) and to identify predictors of recovery from THR.

Objectives

We aimed to determine the effect of surgical approach on the histology of the femoral head following resurfacing of the hip.

There is conflicting evidence about the merits of mobile bearings in total knee replacement, partly because most randomised controlled trials (RCTs) have not been adequately powered. We report the results of a multicentre RCT of mobile versus fixed bearings. This was part of the knee arthroplasty trial (KAT), where 539 patients were randomly allocated to mobile or fixed bearings and analysed on an intention-to-treat basis. The primary outcome measure was the Oxford Knee Score (OKS) plus secondary measures including Short Form-12, EuroQol EQ-5D, costs, cost-effectiveness and need for further surgery.

There was no significant difference between the groups pre-operatively: mean OKS was 17.18 (sd 7.60) in the mobile-bearing group and 16.49 (sd 7.40) in the fixed-bearing group. At five years mean OKS was 33.19 (sd 16.68) and 33.65 (sd 9.68), respectively. There was no significant difference between trial groups in OKS at five years (-1.12 (95% confidence interval -2.77 to 0.52) or any of the other outcome measures. Furthermore, there was no significant difference in the proportion of patients with knee-related re-operations or in total costs.

In this appropriately powered RCT, over the first five years after total knee replacement functional outcomes, re-operation rates and healthcare costs appear to be the same irrespective of whether a mobile or fixed bearing is used.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2013;95-B:486–92.

We report a case of a male patient presenting with bilateral painful but apparently well-positioned and -fixed large-diameter metal-on-metal hip replacements four years post-operatively. Multiple imaging modes revealed a thick-walled, cystic expansile mass in communication with the hip joint (a pseudotumour). Implant retrieval analysis and tissue culture eliminated high bearing wear or infection as causes for the soft-tissue reaction, but noted marked corrosion of the modular neck taper adaptor and corrosion products in the tissues. Therefore, we believe corrosion products from the taper caused by mismatch of the implant components led to pseudotumour formation requiring revision.

We report the consensus of surgical opinions of an international faculty of expert metal-on-metal hip resurfacing surgeons, with a combined experience of over 18 000 cases, covering required experience, indications, surgical technique, rehabilitation and the management of problematic cases.

We examined the relationships between the serum levels of chromium and cobalt ions and the inclination angle of the acetabular component and the level of activity in 214 patients implanted with a metal-on-metal resurfacing hip replacement. Each patient had a single resurfacing and no other metal in their body. All serum measurements were performed at a minimum of one year after operation. The inclination of the acetabular component was considered to be steep if the abduction angle was greater than 55°.

There were significantly higher levels of metal ions in patients with steeply-inclined components (p = 0.002 for chromium, p = 0.003 for cobalt), but no correlation was found between the level of activity and the concentration of metal ions. A highly significant (p < 0.001) correlation with the arc of cover was found. Arcs of cover of less than 10 mm were correlated with a greater risk of high concentrations of serum metal ions. The arc of coverage was also related to the design of the component and to size as well as to the abduction angle of the acetabular component. Steeply-inclined acetabular components, with abduction angles greater than 55°, combined with a small size of component are likely to give rise to higher serum levels of cobalt and chromium ions. This is probably due to a greater risk of edge-loading.

We have reviewed 42 patients who had revision of metal-on-metal resurfacing procedures, mostly because of problems with the acetabular component. The revisions were carried out a mean of 26.2 months (1 to 76) after the initial operation and most of the patients (30) were female.

Malpositioning of the acetabular component resulted in 27 revisions, mostly because of excessive abduction (mean 69.9°; 56° to 98°) or insufficient or excessive anteversion. Seven patients had more than one reason for revision. The mean increase in the diameter of the component was 1.8 mm (0 to 4) when exchange was needed.

Malpositioning of the components was associated with metallosis and a high level of serum ions. The results of revision of the femoral component to a component with a modular head were excellent, but four patients had dislocation after revision and four required a further revision.

The Unispacer knee system is a cobalt-chrome self-centring tibial hemiarthroplasty device for use in the treatment of isolated medial compartment osteoarthritis of the knee. The indications for use are similar to those for high tibial osteotomy, but insertion does not require bone cuts or component fixation, and does not compromise future knee replacement surgery. A prospective study of a consecutive series of 18 patients treated with the Unispacer between June 2003 and August 2004 was carried out to determine the early clinical results of this device. The mean age of the patients was 49 years (40 to 57). A total of eight patients (44%) required revision within two years. In two patients revision to a larger spacer was required, and in six conversion to either a unicompartmental or total knee replacement was needed. At the most recent review 12 patients (66.7%) had a Unispacer remaining in situ. The mean modified visual analogue score for these patients at a mean follow-up of 19 months (12 to 26) was 3.0 (0 to 11.5). The mean pain level was 30% that of the mean pre-operative level of 10. The early clinical results using this device have been disappointing.

This study demonstrates that use of the Unispacer in isolated medial compartment osteoarthritis is associated with a high rate of revision surgery and provides unpredictable relief of pain.

A prospective study of serum and urinary ion levels was undertaken in a triathlete who had undergone a metal-on-metal resurfacing arthroplasty of the hip four years previously. The one month study period included the final two weeks of training, the day of the triathlon, and the two weeks immediately post-race. Serum cobalt and chromium levels did not vary significantly throughout this period, including levels recorded on the day after the 11-hour triathlon. Urinary excretion of chromium increased immediately after the race and had returned to pre-race levels six days later. The clinical implications are discussed.

Resurfacing arthroplasty of the hip is being used increasingly as an alternative to total hip replacement, especially for young active patients. There is concern about necrosis of the femoral head after resurfacing which can result in fracture and loosening. Most systems use a cemented femoral component, with the potential for thermal necrosis of the cancellous bone of the reamed femoral head. We used thermal probes to record temperatures close to the cement-bone interface during resurfacing arthroplasty.

The maximum temperature recorded at the cement-bone interface in four cases was approximately 68°C which was higher than that reported to kill osteocytes. A modified surgical technique using insertion of a suction cannula into the lesser trochanter, generous pulsed lavage and early reduction of the joint significantly reduced the maximum recorded cancellous bone temperature to approximately 36°C in five cases (p = 0.014).

We recommend the modified technique since it significantly reduces temperatures at the cement-bone interface.

A series of 100 consecutive osteoarthritic patients was randomised to undergo total knee replacement using a Miller-Galante II prosthesis, with or without a cemented polyethylene patellar component. Knee function was evaluated using the American Knee Society score, Western Ontario and McMaster University Osteoarthritis index, specific patellofemoral-related questions and radiographic evaluation until the fourth post-operative year, then via questionnaire until ten years post-operatively. A ten-point difference in the American Knee Society score between the two groups was considered a significant change in knee performance, with α and β levels of 0.05.

The mean age of the patients in the resurfaced group was 71 years (53 to 88) and in the non-resurfaced group was 73 years (54 to 86).

After ten years 22 patients had died, seven were suffering from dementia, three declined further participation and ten were lost to follow-up. Two patients in the non-resurfaced group subsequently had their patellae resurfaced. In the resurfaced group one patient had an arthroscopic lateral release. There was no significant difference between the two treatment groups: both had a similar deterioration of scores with time, and no further patellofemoral complications were observed in either group.

We are unable to recommend routine patellar resurfacing in osteoarthritic patients undergoing total knee replacement on the basis of our findings.

During hip resurfacing arthroplasty, excessive valgus positioning or surgical technique can result in notching of the femoral neck. Although mechanical weakening and subsequent fracture of the femoral neck are well described, the potential damage to the retinacular vessels leading to an ischaemic event is relatively unknown. Using laser Doppler flowmetry, we measured the blood flow in 14 osteoarthritic femoral heads during routine total hip replacement surgery, before and after notching of the femoral neck. In ten hips there was a reduction in blood flow of more than 50% from the baseline value after simulated notching of the femoral neck. Our results suggest that femoral head vascularity in the osteoarthritic state is similar to the non-arthritic state, where damage to the extraosseous vessels can predispose to avascular necrosis. Surgeons who perform resurfacing arthroplasty of the hip should pay careful attention to these vessels by avoiding excessive dissection around the femoral neck and/or notching.

Clostridium septicum gas gangrene (myonecrosis) is an acutely painful and rapidly fatal infection occurring in the absence of trauma. Urgent surgery is essential both to control pain and to ensure survival. Most patients who develop this infection have an underlying malignancy and clinicians should be aware of this association. We present a case of bifocal myonecrosis which to our knowledge has not been reported previously.

The PROSTALAC functional spacer is made of antibiotic-loaded acrylic cement but has a small metal-on-polythene articular surface. We have used it as an interim spacer in two-stage exchange arthroplasty for infected total knee replacement. PROSTALAC allows continuous rehabilitation between stages as it maintains good alignment and stability of the knee and a reasonable range of movement. It also helps to maintain the soft-tissue planes, which facilitates the second-stage procedure.

We reviewed 45 consecutive patients, treated over a period of nine years. The mean follow-up was for 48 months (20 to 112). At final review, there was no evidence of infection in 41 patients (91%); only one had a recurrent infection with the same organism. There was improvement in the Hospital for Special Surgery knee score between stages and at final review. The range of movement was maintained between stages. Complications were primarily related to the extensor mechanism and stability of the knee between stages. Both of these problems decreased with refinement of the design of the implant.

The rate of cure of the infection in our patients was similar to that using other methods. Movement of the knee does not appear to hinder control of infection.

We describe three prostheses with cemented titanium-alloy stems and Al₂O₃ ceramic femoral heads which had to be revised after a mean period of implantation of 78 months. In each case, the neck of the prosthesis had been so severely worn that the profile was elliptical rather than circular. There was severe metallosis of the periprosthetic tissues. Metal particles isolated from the tissues were approximately one nanometre in size and the ratios of titanium, aluminium and vanadium in the particles were the same as in the original alloy. Histologically, the high concentration of metal particles masked the presence of high-density polyethylene (HDP) debris, but again particles about one nanometre in size were isolated from the tissues. The severe necrobiosis and necrosis noted were consistent with other reports of the presence of extensive wear particles in periprosthetic tissues. Wear is presumed to have occurred as a result of mismatch between the shape or size of the taper cone and the femoral head, or to changes in the geometry of loading due to migration of the cup. To facilitate early intervention, patients with this design of prosthesis should be monitored radiologically.

Infection of human cartilage with HIV in vivo has not previously been reported. Specimens of articular cartilage taken at postmortem from ten patients who were HIV-positive were examined. Two had AIDS and eight were believed to have stage-2 disease.

The standard polymerase chain reaction (PCR) protocol was modified to allow semiquantitative analysis of the samples. Oligonucleotide primers labelled with ³²P gamma-ATP were used to detect a segment of HIV DNA and a control DNA gene segment (HLA genome) to estimate the ratio of infected cells. The ³²P-labelled PCR products were separated on acrylamide gels and visualised directly by autoradiography and computer densitometry.

Infection of human cartilage in vivo was demonstrated in nine of the ten samples in which the PCR analysis was positive. The other did not react sufficiently to produce detectable radiolabelled PCR product despite repeated DNA digestion and extraction. Cartilage infected with HIV could be a potential source of HIV when used in operations.

We reviewed 33 children with tuberculosis of the knee treated during the period from 1979 to 1991. All were treated with triple chemotherapy, using rifampicin, isoniazid and pyrazinamide for nine months. No patient had a synovectomy; surgery was limited to open biopsy or salvage procedures such as posterior release and arthrodesis for late stages of the disease. The radiological appearance of the knee at presentation predicted the outcome. The 30 patients with stage-1 (normal) or stage-2 (osteomyelitic) disease had excellent or good results; the three with narrowed joint spaces in stage 3 or stage 4 (arthritic) had fair or poor results. Early active mobilisation, as against long-term immobilisation, seemed to have no effect on the outcome of stage-1 or stage-2 disease.

We have reviewed 74 tuberculous hips in 73 children treated from 1950 to 1991. From 1979 to 1991 we treated 28 patients with rifampicin, isoniazid and pyrazinamide given for nine months (series A), using active mobilisation for the more recent cases. Before this, 46 hips had been treated with streptomycin and isoniazid with or without para-aminosalicyclic acid given for a mean of 18 months (series B), and all these patients were immobilised for a mean of 2.2 years. The radiological appearances at presentation as classified by Shanmugasundaram (1983) predicted the outcome. Most hips were of the 'normal' type (50% and 59% of series A and B respectively) followed by the dislocating type (25% and 13%) and the atrophic type (8% and 9%). There were good or excellent results in 93% of the 'normal' type. All the atrophic type had poor results. The dislocating type had a poor result if the joint space was narrow after reduction of the hip. Early mobilisation had no effect on the outcome of the 'normal' type of disease. The newer drug regimens allowed for shorter courses of treatment, but did not necessarily give a better outcome.

Cemented Ti-6Al-4V components were used to resurface ten femoral heads in nine young adult patients with osteonecrosis of the femoral head (average age 32 years; range 20 to 51). There were eight hips at Ficat stage III and two at stage IV. Five hips have maintained satisfactory function for an average period of 11.2 years (10 to 12.2) with no radiographic evidence of component loosening or osteolysis; five have been revised after an average period of 7.8 years (3.3 to 10.3) for pain caused by deterioration of the acetabular cartilage. No component required revision for loosening and the specimens retrieved at revision showed no evidence of osteolysis despite burnishing of the titanium bearing surface and the presence of particulate titanium debris in the tissues.

A retrospective review of 148 consecutive porous-coated hip arthroplasties (PCA) showed an incidence of thigh pain of 13% one year after surgery, and 22% at two years. Positive correlations were made with femoral stem subsidence (greater than 2 mm) and with distal periosteal and endosteal bone formation. No positive correlations were made with parameters of bone quality or component fit. Resolution of pain occurred in one-third and an anti-inflammatory agent produced partial relief in two-thirds of the patients. We conclude that thigh pain is secondary to stem instability with distal stress transfer in the absence of stable proximal fixation.

The anterior cruciate ligament was replaced in rabbits, using implants of carbon or polyester filaments with known mechanical properties. The biocompatibility of the implants was assessed in detail using light microscopy, and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Mechanical tests were made of stability, in comparison with normal joints and controls after excision of the ligament. Some carbon fibre implants broke down in vivo, allowing instability; the fragments caused chronic inflammation. Intact carbon implants did not induce the formation of neoligaments; they were covered by tissue, but there was no ingrowth. Polyester did not degrade mechanically and supported early collagenous ingrowth within the implant, even in the mid-joint space. It was concluded that there was no justification for the use of carbon fibres as anterior cruciate replacements; polyester appeared to be suitable.

The calcaneal tendons of rabbits were excised and either replaced with a carbon or polyester fibre implant, or left as controls. The strength of the neotendons and their mode of failure under tension were examined at intervals up to six months after operation. Return to near normal strength took six months to develop, suggesting that patients having ligament or tendon reconstructions should not resume normal activity for several months. Carbon fibre-based neotendons showed progressive elongation which, unless avoided by a sufficient period of immobilisation, would affect the functional result.

We present three cases of a previously undescribed condition characterised by unilateral tibia vara associated with an area of focal fibrocartilaginous dysplasia in the medial aspect of the proximal tibia. The three children affected were aged 9, 15 and 27 months respectively. Two required tibial osteotomy, but in one the deformity resolved without treatment. The pathogenesis of the focal lesion remains conjectural; the most likely explanation is that the mesenchymal anlage of the tibial metaphysis has, for unknown reasons, developed abnormally at the insertion of the pes anserinus.

Carbon-fibre and polyester-fibre implants of comparable dimensions were used to replace the calcaneal tendon in 30 sheep. The neotendon produced in proximity to the polyester fibres was denser, more collagenous and more closely adherent than that in the carbon-based neotendon. Fragmentation of the carbon caused continuing cellular reaction which was associated with a poor collagen response.

The features of congenital elevation of the scapula are described for a group of 16 children. Fibrous bands which tether the scapula and limit its movements were discovered in most children. Vertical displacement osteotomy of the medial border of the scapula and division of the fibrous attachments have provided a reliable and safe treatment for 12 children during the past 10 years.

An elderly woman presented with a pathological fracture of the right humerus. Progressive dissolution of the shaft of this bone took place over six months. No cause could be established and the patient refused biopsy. With only simple splintage for treatment the humeral shaft gradually reformed and re-ossified over a period of two years. The patient has been under review for four and a half years and no further pathology has come to light. The cause of the osteolysis remains obscure.

An unusual case of median nerve compression within the carpal tunnel ascribed to thrombosis in a dilated artery is described.

1. A study of fifty patients with dislocations of the lunate bone or perilunar dislocations has been made. The period of observation was adequate in thirty-eight.

2. The injuries generally occur in young or middle-aged men after unusually severe trauma.

3. Associated injuries are frequent, and the most common of these is damage to the median nerve.

4. In one-third of the cases the nature of the lesion was not initially diagnosed or the initial treatment was inadequate.

5. A dislocated lunate bone may be replaced even at a late stage and even if the displacement is severe so long as there is some soft-tissue attachment. The anterior approach may safely be used for the replacement.

6. The lunate bone may be removed without involving the necessity for arthrodesis of the wrist.

7. Open reduction should be employed for trans-scaphoid dislocations whenever exact realignment and good fixation cannot be achieved by closed methods.

8. Excision of the proximal row of the carpus gives the possibility of salvage of a reasonable degree of function, and may be preferable to arthrodesis or removal of only part of the proximal row.

1. Nine cases of disturbance of the relationship between the scaphoid and the radius and between the scaphoid and the lunate bones are described.

2. Persistent dislocation of the scaphoid bone may follow reduction of perilunar dislocations or of other dislocations of the proximal row of the carpus. It may be obvious, as in waist-deep dislocation, or may be solely a rotational dislocation which may be difficult to diagnose.

3. Uncorrected rotational dislocation of the scaphoid bone caused significant disability in six of seven cases.

4. Aids to the diagnosis of this condition are described and a vigorous approach to the problem of correction is advocated.

5. The experience of other workers in this field is reviewed and discussed.

Conclusions based on forty-six osteotomies show this to be a sound pain-relieving operation for osteoarthritis of the hip. The field of operation has been widened and some of the disadvantages have been avoided by nail and plate fixation. Early results from this method are similar to those from osteotomy and immobilisation in plaster, and it seems likely that the relief of pain will be just as enduring.