Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) graft failure from rupture, attenuation, or malposition may cause recurrent subjective instability and objective laxity, and occurs in 3% to 22% of ACL reconstruction (ACLr) procedures. Revision ACLr is often indicated to restore knee stability, improve knee function, and facilitate return to cutting and pivoting activities. Prior to reconstruction, a thorough clinical and diagnostic evaluation is required to identify factors that may have predisposed an individual to recurrent ACL injury, appreciate concurrent intra-articular pathology, and select the optimal graft for revision reconstruction. Single-stage revision can be successful, although a staged approach may be used when optimal tunnel placement is not possible due to the position and/or widening of previous tunnels. Revision ACLr often involves concomitant procedures such as meniscal/chondral treatment, lateral extra-articular augmentation, and/or osteotomy. Although revision ACLr reliably restores knee stability and function, clinical outcomes and reoperation rates are worse than for primary ACLr. Cite this article:
The last five years have seen notable advancements in foot and ankle surgery as a result of technical innovations and more consistent reporting of results. Much progress has been made in improving patient-reported outcome measures, in the development of basic research in this area, and in the development of personalized approaches which optimize outcomes for specific groups of patients. This review focuses on five main areas of development within foot and ankle surgery: ankle arthroplasty, osteomyelitis and the diabetic foot, sports injuries, minimally invasive surgery, and orthobiologics. The aim of this annotation is to discuss the progress made in these fields during recent years and propose avenues for further development. Cite this article:
