Aims. The aims of this study were to identify and evaluate the current literature examining the prognostic factors which are associated with failure of total elbow arthroplasty (TEA). Methods. Electronic literature searches were conducted using MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Cochrane. All studies reporting prognostic estimates for factors associated with the revision of a primary TEA were included. The risk of bias was assessed using the Quality In Prognosis Studies (QUIPS) tool, and the quality of evidence was assessed using the modified Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluations (GRADE) framework. Due to low quality of the evidence and the heterogeneous nature of the studies, a narrative synthesis was used. Results. A total of 19 studies met the inclusion criteria, investigating 28 possible prognostic factors. Most QUIPS domains (84%) were rated as moderate to high risk of bias. The quality of the evidence was low or very low for all prognostic factors. In low-quality evidence, prognostic factors with consistent associations with failure of TEA in more than one study were: the sequelae of trauma leading to TEA, either independently or combined with acute trauma, and male sex. Several other studies investigating sex reported no association. The evidence for other factors was of very low quality and mostly involved exploratory studies. Conclusion. The current evidence investigating the prognostic factors associated with failure of TEA is of low or very low quality, and studies generally have a moderate to high risk of bias. Prognostic factors are subject to uncertainty, should be interpreted with caution, and are of little clinical value. Higher-quality evidence is required to determine robust prognostic factors for failure of TEA. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2024;13(5):201–213

Aims. There are concerns regarding complications and longevity of total elbow arthroplasty (TEA) in young patients, and the few previous publications are mainly limited to reports on linked elbow devices. We investigated the clinical outcome of unlinked TEA for patients aged less than 50 years with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods. We retrospectively reviewed the records of 26 elbows of 21 patients with RA who were aged less than 50 years who underwent primary TEA with an unlinked elbow prosthesis. The mean patient age was 46 years (35 to 49), and the mean follow-up period was 13.6 years (6 to 27). Outcome measures included pain, range of motion, Mayo Elbow Performance Score (MEPS), radiological evaluation for radiolucent line and loosening, complications, and revision surgery with or without implant removal. Results. The mean MEPS significantly improved from 47 (15 to 70) points preoperatively to 95 (70 to 100) points at final follow-up (p < 0.001). Complications were noted in six elbows (23%) in six patients, and of these, four with an ulnar neuropathy and one elbow with postoperative traumatic fracture required additional surgeries. There was no revision with implant removal, and there was no radiological evidence of loosening around the components. With any revision surgery as the endpoint, the survival rates up to 25 years were 78.1% (95% confidence interval 52.8 to 90.6) as determined by Kaplan-Meier analysis. Conclusion. The clinical outcome of primary unlinked TEA for young patients with RA was satisfactory and comparable with that for elderly patients. A favourable survival rate without implant removal might support the use of unlinked devices for young patients with this disease entity, with a caution of a relatively high complication rate regarding ulnar neuropathy. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic Level IV. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2023;4(1):19–26

Aims. The aim of this study was to review the provision of total elbow arthroplasties (TEAs) in England, including the incidence, the characteristics of the patients and the service providers, the types of implant, and the outcomes. Methods. We analyzed the primary TEAs recorded in the National Joint Registry (NJR) between April 2012 and December 2022, with mortality data from the Civil Registration of Deaths dataset. Linkage with Hospital Episode Statistics-Admitted Patient Care (HES-APC) data provided further information not collected by the NJR. The incidences were calculated using estimations of the populations from the Office for National Statistics. The annual number of TEAs performed by surgeons and hospitals was analyzed on a national and regional basis. Results. A total of 3,891 primary TEAs were included. The annual incidence of TEA was between 0.72 and 0.82 per 100,000 persons before 2020 and declined to 0.4 due to a decrease in elective TEAs during the COVID-19 pandemic, with a slight recovery in 2022. Older patients, those of white ethnicity and females, were more likely to undergo TEA. Those who underwent elective TEA had a median wait of between 89 (IQR 41 to 221) and 122 days (IQR 74 to 189) in the years before 2021, and this increased to 183 days (IQR 66 to 350) in 2021. The number of TEAs performed by surgeons per annum remained unchanged, with a median of two (IQR 1 to 3). The median annual number of TEAs per region was three to six times higher than the median annual case load of the highest volume hospital in a region. Patients in the lowest socioeconomic group had a higher rate of serious adverse events and mortality (11%) when undergoing TEA for acute trauma. Conclusion. In England, TEA is more common in older age groups, those of white ethnicity, and females. The COVID-19 pandemic affected the incidence of elective TEA and waiting times, and the provision of TEA has not yet recovered. The Getting it Right First Time recommendation of centralizing services to one centre per region could result in up to a six-fold increase in the number of TEAs being performed in some centres. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2024;106-B(11):1312–1320

Open debridement and Outerbridge and Kashiwagi debridement arthroplasty (OK procedure) are common surgical treatments for elbow arthritis. However, the literature contains little information on the long-term survivorship of these procedures. The purpose of this study was to determine the survivorship after elbow debridement techniques until conversion to total elbow arthroplasty and revision surgery. We performed a retrospective chart review of patients who underwent open elbow surgical debridement (open debridement, OK procedure) between 2000 and 2015. Patients were diagnosed with primary elbow osteoarthritis, post-traumatic arthritis, or inflammatory arthritis. A total of 320 patients had primary surgery including open debridement (n=142) and OK procedure (n=178), and of these 33 patients required a secondary revision surgery (open debridement, n=14 and OK procedure, n=19). The average follow-up time was 11.5 years (5.5 - 21.5 years). Survivorship was analyzed with Kaplan-Meier curves and Log Rank test. A Cox proportional hazards model was used assess the likelihood of conversion to total elbow arthroplasty or revision surgery while adjusting for covariates (age, gender, diagnosis). Significance was set p<0.05. Kaplan-Meier survival curves showed open debridement was 100.00% at 1 year, 99.25% at 5 years, and 98.49% at 10 years and for OK procedure 100.00% at 1 year, 98.80% at 5 years, 97.97% at 10 years (p=0.87) for conversion to total elbow arthroplasty. There was no difference in survivorship between procedures after adjusting for significant covariates with the cox proportional hazard model. The rate of revision for open debridement and OK procedure was similar at 11.31% rand 11.48% after 10 years respectively. There were higher rates of revision surgery in patients with open debridement (hazard ratio, 4.84 CI 1.29 – 18.17, p = 0.019) compared to OK procedure after adjusting for covariates. We also performed a stratified analysis with radiographic severity as an effect modifier and showed grade 3 arthritis did better with the OK procedure compared to open debridement for survivorship until revision surgery (p=0.05). However, this difference was not found for grade 1 or grade 2 arthritis. This may suggest that performing the OK procedure for more severe grade 3 arthritis could decrease reoperation rates. Further investigations are needed to better understand the indications for each surgical technique. This study is the largest cohort of open debridement and OK procedure with long term follow-up. We showed that open elbow debridement and the OK procedure have excellent survivorship until conversion to total elbow arthroplasty and are viable options in the treatment of primary elbow osteoarthritis and post traumatic cases. The OK procedure also has lower rates of revision surgery than open debridement, especially with more severe radiographic arthritis

Open debridement and Outerbridge and Kashiwagi debridement arthroplasty (OK procedure) are common surgical treatments for elbow arthritis. However, the literature contains little information on the long-term survivorship of these procedures. The purpose of this study was to determine the survivorship after elbow debridement techniques until conversion to total elbow arthroplasty and revision surgery. We performed a retrospective chart review of patients who underwent open elbow surgical debridement (open debridement, OK procedure) between 2000 and 2015. Patients were diagnosed with primary elbow osteoarthritis, post-traumatic arthritis, or inflammatory arthritis. A total of 320 patients had primary surgery including open debridement (n=142) and OK procedure (n=178), and of these 33 patients required a secondary revision surgery (open debridement, n=14 and OK procedure, n=19). The average follow-up time was 11.5 years (5.5 - 21.5 years). Survivorship was analyzed with Kaplan-Meier curves and Log Rank test. A Cox proportional hazards model was used assess the likelihood of conversion to total elbow arthroplasty or revision surgery while adjusting for covariates (age, gender, diagnosis). Significance was set p<0.05. Kaplan-Meier survival curves showed open debridement was 100.00% at 1 year, 99.25% at 5 years, and 98.49% at 10 years and for OK procedure 100.00% at 1 year, 98.80% at 5 years, 97.97% at 10 years (p=0.87) for conversion to total elbow arthroplasty. There was no difference in survivorship between procedures after adjusting for significant covariates with the cox proportional hazard model. The rate of revision for open debridement and OK procedure was similar at 11.31% rand 11.48% after 10 years respectively. There were higher rates of revision surgery in patients with open debridement (hazard ratio, 4.84 CI 1.29 - 18.17, p = 0.019) compared to OK procedure after adjusting for covariates. We also performed a stratified analysis with radiographic severity as an effect modifier and showed grade 3 arthritis did better with the OK procedure compared to open debridement for survivorship until revision surgery (p=0.05). However, this difference was not found for grade 1 or grade 2 arthritis. This may suggest that performing the OK procedure for more severe grade 3 arthritis could decrease reoperation rates. Further investigations are needed to better understand the indications for each surgical technique. This study is the largest cohort of open debridement and OK procedure with long term follow-up. We showed that open elbow debridement and the OK procedure have excellent survivorship until conversion to total elbow arthroplasty and are viable options in the treatment of primary elbow osteoarthritis and post traumatic cases. The OK procedure also has lower rates of revision surgery than open debridement, especially with more severe radiographic arthritis

Aims. The aim of this study is to report the implant survival and factors associated with revision of total elbow arthroplasty (TEA) using data from the Dutch national registry. Methods. All TEAs recorded in the Dutch national registry between 2014 and 2020 were included. The Kaplan-Meier method was used for survival analysis, and a logistic regression model was used to assess the factors associated with revision. Results. A total of 514 TEAs were included, of which 35 were revised. The five-year implant survival was 91%. Male sex, a higher BMI, and previous surgery to the same elbow showed a statistically significant association with revision (p < 0.036). Of the 35 revised implants, ten (29%) underwent a second revision. Conclusion. This study reports a five-year implant survival of TEA of 91%. Patient factors associated with revision are defined and can be used to optimize informed consent and shared decision-making. There was a high rate of secondary revisions. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2023;4(2):110–119

Aims. The aims of this study were to validate the outcome of total elbow arthroplasty (TEA) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and to identify factors that affect the outcome. Methods. We searched PubMed, MEDLINE, Cochrane Reviews, and Embase from between January 2003 and March 2019. The primary aim was to determine the implant failure rate, the mode of failure, and risk factors predisposing to failure. A secondary aim was to identify the overall complication rate, associated risk factors, and clinical performance. A meta-regression analysis was completed to identify the association between each parameter with the outcome. Results. A total of 38 studies including 2,118 TEAs were included in the study. The mean follow-up was 80.9 months (8.2 to 156). The implant failure and complication rates were 16.1% (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.128 to 0.200) and 24.5% (95% CI 0.203 to 0.293), respectively. Aseptic loosening was the most common mode of failure (9.5%; 95% CI 0.071 to 0.124). The mean postoperative ranges of motion (ROMs) were: flexion 131.5° (124.2° to 138.8°), extension 29.3° (26.8° to 31.9°), pronation 74.0° (67.8° to 80.2°), and supination 72.5° (69.5° to 75.5°), and the mean postoperative Mayo Elbow Performance Score (MEPS) was 89.3 (95% CI 86.9 to 91.6). The meta-regression analysis identified that younger patients and implants with an unlinked design correlated with higher failure rates. Younger patients were associated with increased complications, while female patients and an unlinked prosthesis were associated with aseptic loosening. Conclusion. TEA continues to provide satisfactory results for patients with RA. However, it is associated with a substantially higher implant failure and complication rates compared with hip and knee arthroplasties. The patient’s age, sex, and whether cemented fixation and unlinked prosthesis were used can influence the outcome. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic Level IV. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2020;102-B(8):967–980

Total Elbow Replacements are indicated for pain and disability in patients with rheumatoid and osteoarthritis of the elbow. The quality of the cementation has been specifically studied and shown to be directly related to the clinical outcome and implant survival. Aim. The aim of our study is to radiologically assess and grade the cementation around the components following total elbow replacement (GSB 3 or Coonrad Morrey) in two groups of patients. Materials and methods. Group I underwent total elbow replacement using Heraeus cement gun with medium palacos viscosity cement and group 2 using Zimmer cement gun with simplex medium viscosity cement. Average age in Group 1 was 72.3 (range 67–88 yrs) and group 2 was 69 years (range 52–87 yrs). 3 Coonrad Morrey and 13 GSB 3 total elbow replacement were used in Group 1 and 2 Coonrad Morrey and 14 GSB 3 in group 2. The primary indication for surgery was osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, post traumatic arthritis and seronegative arthritis in both groups. The cementation was assessed radiologically using three grading system (Morrey, Gerber & Bristol). Results. In Group I (Heraeus) 14 had adequete cementation in both AP and lateral radiographs, 1 humeral and 1 ulna components on AP radiograph revealed marginal cementing. In Group 2 (Zimmer) 11 had adequete cementation in both AP and lateral radiographs, 1 humeral and 1 ulna on AP and 1 humerus and 3 ulna on lateral radiograph were 4 marginal. Conclusion. Precise application of cement during total elbow arthroplasty is an important factor in achieving good implant fixation. To achieve this, a proper ergonomic design of the cement gun is mandatory. From our study we conclude that there was a difference in quality of cementation between the two groups

Aim. Infections after total elbow arthroplasty are more frequent than after other joint arthroplasties. Therapeutic management varies depending of the patient status, the time of diagnosis of the infection, the status of the implant as well as the remaining bone stock around the implants. Method. Between 1997 and 2017, 180 total elbow arthroplasties were performed in our department. Eleven (6%) sustained a deep infection and were revised. Infection occurred after prosthesis of first intention in 4 and after a revision procedure in 7. Etiologies were: rheumatoid arthritis in 6, trauma sequela in 4 and osteosarcoma in 1. There were 7 women and 4 men of 59 years on average (22–87). Delay between the prosthesis and the diagnosis of infection was 66 months (0.5–300). The infection was stated as acute (<3week) in one, subacute (between 3 week and 3 months) in 1, and chronic (>3 months) in 9. Isolated bacteria were: Staphylococcus (10), Streptococcus (1), P. acnes (1), and Proteus mirabilis (1). Infection were poly microbial in 2 cases. A simple lavage with debridement was performed in 3 cases (Group 1), a 2-stage revision in 4 (Group 2), and a definitive removal of the prosthesis in 4 (Group 3). Adapted antibiotics were prescribed for all patients during at least 6 weeks. Results. All patients were reviewed with 59 months average follow-up. Eight patients were cured of their infection thanks to the initial therapeutic strategy. For 2 patients of Group 2, infection reccurrency required a new surgical procedure with one simple lavage/debridement for one, and 3 lavage/debridement for the other making it possible to cure the infection. For one patient of Group 1, a failure of lavage/debridement required removal of the implants. The MEPS reached 72 points: 67 points for patients of Group 1, 76 points for patients of Group 2, and 74 points for patients of Group 3. Complication rate was 36% (4): 2 ulnar nerve impairment with dysesthesia, one radial nerve palsy, and one humeral stem loosening. Conclusions. An adapted therapeutic strategy can allow suppression of the responsible bacteria after infection of total elbow arthroplasty. Sometimes, several procedures are necessary to obtain the cure. Better functional results were obtained when the prosthesis could be retained or replaced, but satisfactory results could also be obtained after resection arthroplasty when the humeral columns have been preserved to stabilize the joint

Aims. The aim of this meta-analysis was to compare the outcome of total elbow arthroplasty (TEA) undertaken for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) with TEA performed for post-traumatic conditions with regard to implant failure, functional outcome, and perioperative complications. Materials and Methods. We completed a comprehensive literature search on PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and the Cochrane Library and conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nine cohort studies investigated the outcome of TEA between RA and post-traumatic conditions. The preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA)) guidelines and Newcastle-Ottawa scale were applied to assess the quality of the included studies. We assessed three major outcome domains: implant failures (including aseptic loosening, septic loosening, bushing wear, axle failure, component disassembly, or component fracture); functional outcomes (including arc of range of movement, Mayo Elbow Performance Score (MEPS), and the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) questionnaire), and perioperative complications (including deep infection, intraoperative fracture, postoperative fracture, and ulnar neuropathy). Results. This study included a total of 679 TEAs for RA (n = 482) or post-traumatic conditions (n = 197). After exclusion, all of the TEAs included in this meta-analysis were cemented with linked components. Our analysis demonstrated that the RA group was associated with a higher risk of septic loosening after TEA (odds ratio (OR) 3.96, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.11 to 14.12), while there was an increased risk of bushing wear, axle failure, component disassembly, or component fracture in the post-traumatic group (OR 4.72, 95% CI 2.37 to 9.35). A higher MEPS (standardized mean difference 0.634, 95% CI 0.379 to 0.890) was found in the RA group. There were no significant differences in arc of range of movement, DASH questionnaire, and risk of aseptic loosening, deep infection, perioperative fracture, or ulnar neuropathy. Conclusion. The aetiology of TEA surgery appears to have an impact on the outcome in terms of specific modes of implant failures. RA patients might have a better functional outcome after TEA surgery. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2019;101-B:1489–1497

Reconstruction of deficient bone stock during total elbow arthroplasty in rheumatoid arthritis represents a challenge for the surgeon. Fracture and osteolysis of the olecranon process is a very rare condition in rheumatoid arthritis. The consequence of a deficient olecranon is an instable and painful elbow. We report a case of successful olecranon reconstruction with bone graft associated to total elbow arthroplasty with a 8 years follow up and discuss surgical aspects. This case concerns a 44 years old woman with a very severe rheumatoid arthritis. She complains of pain and instability of her right elbow. X-rays show fracture and major osteolysis of the olecranon process with only some persistent bone at the insertion of the triceps tendon. The humeral condyles were subluxated posteriorly. We performed a total elbow replacement with a GSB3 implant and reconstruction of the olecranon with two cancellous iliac bone strut fixed by 2.7 diameter screws to the proximal ulna. The triceps tendon with remnant olecranon bone chips was secured to the bone graft by tension band wiring. Postoperatively, the elbow was immobilized for 3 weeks. With a follow up of more than 8 years the elbow is pain free with excellent function. The active range of motion of flexion – extension is 140° / −20°. The elbow is stable and triceps function is very satisfying authorizing the use of crutches. X-rays show good bony integration of the reconstructed olecranon process and no signs of loosening of the GSB3 implant. The literature concerning olecranon reconstruction during total elbow arthroplasty in rheumatoid patients is very poor. Kamineni and Morrey reported on one case of olecranon reconstruction with strut allograft in revision total elbow arthroplasty with an unsatisfying result. Their fixation technique was different. We prefer an autograft whenever it is possible and we recommend our fixation technique using screws and tension band wiring

Aims: To review the results from a series of GSB III total elbow arthroplasties performed at an independent centre. Between 1996 and 2004 the senior author performed 58 total elbow arthroplasties in 44 patients (10 males, 34 females) using the GSB III implant. These were reviewed and the outcome assessed through the use of a patient-answered questionnaire and clinical and radiological review. Mean age was 65 (49 to 84 years). Indications for surgery included rheumatoid arthritis (46 elbows) and post-traumatic osteoarthritis (11 elbows). Mean F/up was 4.1 years (0.8 to 8.5 years). 4 patients had died (6 elbows) and 4 patients (4 elbows) were unavailable for review. 2 of the implants had been revised (1x aseptic loosening, 1x deep infection), leaving a total of 46 elbows available for review. The survival rate at a mean of 4 years was 98% with aseptic loosening as the endpoint. Complications included 1 case of intraoperative fracture and 1 persistent ulnar neuritis. Overall patient satisfaction was high. The mean Mayo Elbow Performance Score was 83 out of 100 (range, 34 to 100) and mean Liverpool Elbow Score was 8 out of 10 (range, 1 to 10). Conclusion: Previous studies of outcome following total elbow arthroplasty using the GSB III elbow prosthesis at independent centres have shown satisfactory results, but have looked at small groups of patients. Our results offer more robust data to show that the medium term outcome following total elbow arthroplasty using the GSB III prosthesis is satisfactory

Aims: To review the results from a series of GSB III total elbow arthroplasties performed at an independent centre. Between 1996 and 2004, the senior author performed 58 total elbow arthroplasties in 44 patients (10 males, 34 females) using the GSB III implant. These were reviewed and the outcome assessed through the use of a patient-answered questionnaire and clinical and radiological review. Mean age was 65 (49 to 84 years). Indications for surgery included rheumatoid arthritis (46 elbows) and post-traumatic osteoarthritis (11 elbows). Mean F/up was 4.1 years (0.8 to 8.5 years). Four patients had died (six elbows) and four patients (four elbows) were unavailable for review. Two of the implants had been revised (1x aseptic loosening, 1x deep infection), leaving a total of 46 elbows available for review. The survival rate at a mean of four years was 98% with aseptic loosening as the endpoint. Complications included one case of intraoperative fracture and one persistent ulnar neuritis. Overall patient satisfaction was high. The mean Mayo Elbow Performance Score was 83 out of 100 (range, 34 to 100) and mean Liverpool Elbow Score was 8 out of 10 (range, 1 to 10). Conclusion: Previous studies of outcome following total elbow arthroplasty using the GSB III elbow prosthesis at independent centres have shown satisfactory results, but have looked at small groups of patients. Our results offer more robust data to show that the medium term outcome following total elbow arthroplasty using the GSB III prosthesis is satisfactory

The purpose of this study is to report our experience with revision of total elbow arthroplasty by exchange cementation. Between 1982 and 2004 at our institution, forty six elbows were treated with exchange cementation of a total elbow arthroplasty into the existing cement mantle or debrided bone interface, without the use of an osteotomy, bone graft or prosthetic augmentation. Indications for the procedure were aseptic loosening (17), second stage after septic loosening (14), instability (7), prosthetic fracture (4), periprosthetic fracture (2), failed hemiarthroplasty (1) and ulnar component wear (1). Both components were exchanged in 18 elbows, the humerus alone in 25 and the ulna in 3. Mean follow up was 90.5 months (10 to 266 months);18 patients had died with the prosthesis in situ. Complications were noted in 22 elbows; periprosthetic fracture of ulna (6) and humerus (2), humeral component fracture (1), aseptic loosening (4), non-union (1), heterotrophic ossification (2), soft tissue contracture (2) and soft tissue failure (2), delayed wound healing (1) and bushing failure (1). Reoperation was required in 10 elbows for revision of both components (2), ulna (3), humerus (1), bushing revision (2), soft tissue debridement (1) and soft tissue repair (1). There were no septic recurrences in previously infected elbows; however the reoperation rate in this group was 29% versus 19% after re-cementation for other causes. Revision of total elbow arthroplasty by exchange cementation is a reasonable treatment for those elbows with adequate bone stock for secure prosthetic fixation; however careful consideration should be given to augmentation of the ulna due to the high rate of periprosthetic fracture in this series. Re-cementation following débridement for infection is effective despite having a higher rate of revision operation compared to re-cementation in the aseptic elbow

We present the early results of 36 primary total elbow arthroplasties using the Acclaim prosthesis. The Acclaim prosthesis was used in 46 primary total elbow arthroplasties between July 2000 and August 2002. All operations were performed or directly supervised by the two senior authors (IAT and JKS). There were 32 females and 14 males. The mean age at surgery was 64 years (range, 34–93). The underlying pathology was rheumatoid arthritis in 39, osteoarthritis in five and post-traumatic arthritis in two. The early results of 36 cases are presented at a minimum follow-up of two years. Patients were assessed using the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons patient self assessment form and the range of movement of the elbow measured. The Wrightington method was used for radiographic analysis of lucencies. There was good relief of pain and range of movement improved. The mean preoperative pain score was 8.1 and decreased to 2.1 at latest follow up. The mean disability score increased from 34.2 to 66.1. The mean overall satisfaction rating following surgery was 9.3 on a visual analogue scale from zero to ten. The mean range of flexion increased from 83. o. to105. o. The mean flexion gain was just over 10. o. and the mean extension gain was just over 12. o. There were 11 cases of intraoperative fracture of the humeral condyle. One of these fractures failed to unite and required revision to a linked prosthesis because of persistent instability. There was one case of deep infection. There were three cases of ulnar neuropathy, one of which resolved. There was no evidence of loosening. The Acclaim total elbow arthroplasty gives good symptomatic relief and improvement in function according to the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons patient self assessment form. These early results are encouraging but the frequency of intra-operative fractures is of some concern

Aim: To study the role of total elbow replacement in the management of distal humeral fractures in elderly patients. Patients and methods: Between 1995 and 2003, 25 consecutive patients with fractures of the distal humerus were treated by primary total elbow replacement using the Coonrad-Morrey prosthesis. All surgeries were performed by one of the senior authors in two centers in South Wales. There were 18 females and 7 males and none of them had inflammatory or degenerative arthritis of the elbow. The mean age at the time of injury was 78 years (68–84). According to the AO classification, 16 patients had suffered a C3 injury, five type B3 and three type A3. One fracture was unclassified. The mean time to follow-up was 4 years (1–9 years). Results: At follow-up 19 patients (76%) reported no pain, five (20%) had mild pain with activity and one had mild pain at rest. The mean flexion arc was 28 degrees to 105 degrees. The mean supination was 69 degrees (50–90) and pronation 70 degrees (50–80). No elbow was unstable. Mean Mayo elbow performance score was 71.5(25–100). Four patients (16%) developed ulnar neuropraxia following surgery that improved with time, 2 patients developed superficial wound infection (staphylococcus aureus), which was treated with antibiotics only. None of the above elbows required revision to date. Radiological evaluation revealed only one patient with a radio-lucent line at the cement -bone interface. It was between 1 and 2mm in length, was present on the initial postoperative radiograph and was non-progressive at the time of follow-up. Conclusion: Primary total elbow arthroplasty is an acceptable option for the management of comminuted fractures of the distal humerus in elderly patients when the configuration of the fracture and the quality of the bone make reconstruction difficult

Although it is generally accepted that revision total elbow replacement may be necessary for loosening, instability, peri-prosthetic fracture and infection there is less agreement as to whether surgery should be performed as a one or two stage procedure. This can be of vital importance since the soft tissues around the elbow are often relatively poor making a single operation desirable. However, a one stage procedure in the presence of undetected low grade infection will result in joint failure with early loosening. In our unit we have found the use of a preliminary aspiration/drill biopsy prior to revision surgery helpful in evaluating whether a one or two stage procedure should be performed. Over an 8 year period 18 revision total elbow replacements have been undertaken. 9 patients were revised for aseptic loosening, 4 for proven infection, 3 for instability of an unlinked implant and 2 for peri-prosthetic fracture. With this experience we have devised the following management plan: Early instability of an unlinked implant is due to either poor implant positioning or soft tissue balancing and is suitable for a one stage revision without the need for aspiration/drill biopsy. Late instability is due to implant wear or low grade infection. In this situation we regard an aspiration/drill biopsy as necessary. A negative result allows a one stage revision whereas a positive aspiration indicates the need for a two stage revision. In a peri-prosthetic fracture if the bone cement mantle is intact a one stage revision without aspiration/ drill biopsy can be performed. If however, there is bone cement lucency we would advise an aspiration/ drill biopsy. We have found the aspiration/drill biopsy helpful prior to revision total elbow replacement and we have used it to guide us as to whether a one or two stage procedure should be performed

Although it is generally accepted that revision total elbow replacement may be necessary for loosening, instability, peri-prosthetic fracture and infection there is less agreement as to whether surgery should be performed as a one or two stage procedure. This can be of vital importance since the soft tissues around the elbow are often relatively poor making a single operation desirable. However, a one stage procedure in the presence of undetected low grade infection will result in joint failure with early loosening. In our unit we have found the use of a preliminary aspiration/drill biopsy prior to revision surgery helpful in evaluating whether a one or two stage procedure should be performed. Over an 8 year period 18 revision total elbow replacements have been undertaken. 9 patients were revised for aseptic loosening, 4 for proven infection, 3 for instability of an unlinked implant and 2 for peri-prosthetic fracture. With this experience we have devised the following management plan. Early instability of an unlinked implant is due to either poor implant positioning or soft tissue balancing and is suitable for a one stage revision without the need for aspiration/drill biopsy. Late instability is due to implant wear or low grade infection. In this situation we regard an aspiration/drill biopsy as necessary. A negative result allow a one stage revision whereas a positive aspiration indicates the need for a two stage revision. In a peri-prosthetic fracture if the bone cement mantle is intact a one stage revision without aspiration/ drill biopsy can be performed. If, however, there is bone cement lucency we would advise an aspiration/ drill biopsy. We have found the aspiration/drill biopsy helpful prior to revision total elbow replacement and we have used it to guide us as to whether a one or two stage procedure should be performed

Heterotopic Ossification (HO) is a known complication that can arise after total elbow arthroplasty (TEA). In most cases it is asymptomatic, however, in some patients it can limit range of motion and lead to poor outcomes. The objective of this review was to assess and report incidence, risk factors, prophylaxis, and management of HO after TEA. A systematic search was conducted using MEDLINE, EMBASE, and PubMed to retrieve all relevant studies evaluating occurrence of HO after TEA. The search was performed in duplicate and a quality assessment was performed of all included studies. A total of 1907 studies were retrieved of which 45 studies were included involving 2256 TEA patients. HO was radiographically present in 10% of patients and was symptomatic in 3%. Less than 1% of patients went on to surgical excision of HO, with outcomes following surgery reported as good or excellent as assessed by range of motion and Mayo Elbow Performance Scores (MEPS). TEA due to ankylosis, primary osteoarthritis, and posttraumatic arthritis are more likely to develop symptomatic HO. HO is an uncommon complication following TEA with the majority of patients developing HO being asymptomatic and requiring no surgical management. Routine HO prophylaxis for TEA is not supported by the literature. The effectiveness of prophylaxis in high risk patients is uncertain and future studies are required to clarify its usefulness. The strength of these conclusions are limited by inconsistent reporting in the available literature

The aim of this study was to assess the long-term results of the Kudo type-5 total elbow prosthesis and compare the results of two types of cemented ulnar components. The Kudo type-5 unlinked total elbow prosthesis (Biomet UK Ltd, Bridgend Wales) was developed in 1993. The stem of humeral component is porous-coated with a plasma spray of titanium alloy for cementless use. The ulnar component may be metal-backed with a porous-coated stem or polyethylene alone; the latter designed mainly for cement use. A metal-backed type without a porous-coated stem designed for cement use also came into being after 2003. Between 1993 and 2010, the Kudo type-5 total elbow arthroplasty was performed on 364 elbows in 274 consecutive patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The mean age of the patients at the time of the operation was 60.7 (27–86) years. Twenty elbows had Larsen grade III, 224 had grade IV, and 120 had grade V changes pre-operatively. Before the operation, 346 elbows had severe or moderate pain, 95 had gross valgus-varus instability. Clinical symptoms and revision rates were assessed 4 to 20 years (mean, 9 years) postoperatively. The mean Mayo elbow performance scores were all poor except for three initially (mean overall score, 39.5 points). The overall score had improved substantially both at the early follow-up (1 to 3 years after the operation) and the latest follow-up (4 to 20 years after the operation), with 89.5 and 84.7 points, respectively. At the latest follow-up the overall result was excellent for 185 elbows, good for 103, fair for 11 and poor for 30, with almost complete relief from pain for 298. The arc of movement had increased from a mean of 85.7 °pre-operatively to 95.1 ° post-operatively, and to 98.1 °at the latest follow-up. Spot welds around the humeral stem suggesting solid osseous integration were often seen in the elbows with cementless fixation of the porous humeral stem. At the latest follow-up, implants were removed due to infection in 3 elbows. Twenty-five elbows required ulnar component revision due to loosening of the all-polyethylene component. Two elbows required ulnar component revision due to loosening of the metal-backed component. Seven elbows required humeral component revision due to loosening of the humeral components. One elbow required revision due to dislocation. A survival analysis with revision or removal of one or both components as the end point was performed according to the Kaplan and Meier method. The overall survival rate of the prosthesis was 75.2% at 19 years. The survival of 87.0% in the metal-backed group was higher than the 74.3% in the all-polyethylene group. Loosening of the all-polyethylene ulnar component was the main reason for deterioration in the long-term outcome. We conclude that the long-term results of the Kudo type-5 total elbow arthroplasty is acceptable and cemented fixation of metal-backed ulnar component had better long-term survival than the all-polyethylene component