Acetabular retroversion is a recognised cause of hip impingement. Pelvic tilt influences acetabular orientation and is known to change in different functional positions. While previously reported in patients with developmental dysplasia of the hip, positional changes in pelvic tilt have not been studied in patients with acetabular retroversion. We retrospectively analysed supine and standing AP pelvic radiographs in 22 patients with preoperative radiographs and 47 with post-operative radiographs treated for symptomatic acetabular retroversion. Measurements were made for acetabular index (AI), lateral centre-edge angle (LCEA), crossover index, ischial spine sign, and posterior wall sign. The change in pelvic tilt angle was measured both by the Sacro-Femoral-Pubic (SFP) angle and the Pubic Symphysis to Sacro-iliac (PS-SI) Index. In the supine position, the mean calculated pelvic tilt angle (by SFP) was 1.05° which changed on standing to a pelvic tilt of 8.64°. A significant increase in posterior pelvic tilt angle from supine to standing of 7.59° (SFP angle) and 5.89° (PS –SI index) was calculated (p<0.001;paired t-test). There was a good correlation in pelvic tilt change between measurements using SFP angle and PS-SI index (rho .901 in pre-op group, rho .815 in post-op group). Signs of retroversion were significantly reduced in standing x-rays compared to supine: Crossover index (0.16 vs 0.38; p<0.001) crossover sign (19/28 vs 28/28 hips; p<0.001), ischial spine sign (10/28 hips vs 26/28 hips; p<0.001) and posterior wall sign (12/28 vs 24/28 hips; p<0.001). Posterior pelvic tilt increased from supine to standing in patients with symptomatic acetabular retroversion, in keeping with previous studies of pelvic tilt change in patients with hip dysplasia. The features of acetabular retroversion were much less evident on standing radiographs. The low pelvic tilt angle in the supine position is implicated in the appearance of acetabular retroversion in the supine position. Patients presenting with symptoms of hip impingement should be assessed by supine and standing pelvic radiographs so as not to miss signs of retroversion and to assist with optimising acetabular correction at the time of surgery

Acetabular component positioning is commonly referenced with the pelvis in the supine position in direct anterior approach THA. Changes in pelvic tilt (PT) from the pre-operative supine to the post-operative standing positions have not been well investigated and may have relevance to optimal acetabular component targeting for reduced risk of impingement and instability. The aims of this study were therefore to determine the change in PT that occurs from pre-operative supine to post-operative standing, and whether any factors are associated with significant changes in tilt ≥13° in posterior direction. 13° in a posterior direction was chosen as that amount of posterior rotation creates an increase in functional anteversion of the acetabular component of 10°. 1097 THA patients with pre-operative supine CT and standing lateral radiographic imaging and 1 year post-operative standing lateral radiographs (interquartile range 12–13 months) were reviewed. Pre-operative supine PT was measured from CT as the angle between the anterior pelvic plane (APP) and the horizontal plane of the CT device. Standing PT was measured on standing lateral x-rays as the angle between the APP and the vertical line. Patients with ≥13° change from supine pre-op to standing post-op (corresponding to a 10° change in cup anteversion) were grouped and compared to those with a <13° change using unpaired student's t-tests. Mean pre-operative supine PT (3.8±6.0°) was significantly different from mean post-operative standing PT (−3.5±7.1°, p<0.001), ie mean change of −7.3±4.6°. 10.4% (114/1097) of patients had posterior PT changes ≥13° supine pre-op to standing post-op. A significant number of patients, ie 1 in 10, undergo a clinically significant change in PT and functional anteversion from supine pre-op to standing post-op. Surgeons should be aware of these changes when planning component placement in THA

A stiff spine leads to increased demand on the hip, creating an increased risk of total hip arthroplasty (THA) dislocation. Several authors propose that a change in sacral slope of ≤10° between the standing and relaxed-seated positions (ΔSSstanding→relaxed-seated) identifies a patient with a stiff lumbar spine and have suggested use of dual-mobility bearings for such patients. However, such assessment may not adequately test the lumbar spine to draw such conclusions. The aim of this study was to assess how accurately ΔSSstanding→relaxed-seated can identify patients with a stiff spine. This is a prospective, multi-centre, consecutive cohort series. Two-hundred and twenty-four patients, pre-THA, had standing, relaxed-seated and flexed-seated lateral radiographs. Sacral slope and lumbar lordosis were measured on each functional X-ray. ΔSSstanding→relaxed-seated seated was determined by the change in sacral slope between the standing and relaxed-seated positions. Lumbar flexion (LF) was defined as the difference in lumbar lordotic angle between standing and flexed-seated. LF≤20° was considered a stiff spine. The predictive value of ΔSSstanding→relaxed-seated for characterising a stiff spine was assessed. A weak correlation between ΔSSstanding→relaxed-seated and LF was identified (r2= 0.15). Fifty-four patients (24%) had ΔSSstanding→relaxed-seated ≤10° and 16 patients (7%) had a stiff spine. Of the 54 patients with ΔSSstanding→relaxed-seated ≤10°, 9 had a stiff spine. The positive predictive value of ΔSSstanding→relaxed-seated ≤10° for identifying a stiff spine was 17%. ΔSSstanding→relaxed-seated ≤10° was not correlated with a stiff spine in this cohort. Utilising this simplified approach could lead to a six-fold overprediction of patients with a stiff lumbar spine. This, in turn, could lead to an overprediction of patients with abnormal spinopelvic mobility, unnecessary use of dual mobility bearings and incorrect targets for component alignment. Referring to patients ΔSSstanding→relaxed-seated ≤10° as being stiff can be misleading; we thus recommend use of the flexed-seated position to effectively assess pre-operative spinopelvic mobility

Acetabular retroversion is a recognised cause of hip impingement. Pelvic tilt influences acetabular orientation and is known to change in different functional positions. While previously reported in patients with developmental dysplasia of the hip, positional changes in pelvic tilt have not been studied in patients with acetabular retroversion. We retrospectively analysed supine and standing AP pelvic radiographs in 22 patients with preoperative radiographs and 47 with post-operative radiographs treated for symptomatic acetabular retroversion. Measurements were made for acetabular index (AI), lateral centre-edge angle (LCEA), crossover index, ischial spine sign, and posterior wall sign. The change in pelvic tilt angle was measured both by the Sacro-Femoral-Pubic (SFP) angle and the Pubic Symphysis to Sacro-iliac (PS-SI) Index. In the supine position, the mean calculated pelvic tilt angle (by SFP) was 1.05° which changed on standing to a pelvic tilt of 8.64°. A significant increase in posterior pelvic tilt angle from supine to standing of 7.59° (SFP angle) and 5.89° (PS –SI index) was calculated (p<0.001;paired t-test). The mean pelvic tilt change of 6.51° measured on post-operative Xrays was not significantly different (p=.650). There was a good correlation in pelvic tilt change between measurements using SFP angle and PS-SI index (rho .901 in pre-op group, rho .815 in post-op group). Signs of retroversion were significantly reduced in standing x-rays compared to supine: Crossover index (0.16 vs 0.38; p<0.001) crossover sign (19/28 vs 28/28 hips; p<0.001), ischial spine sign (10/28 hips vs 26/28 hips; p<0.001) and posterior wall sign (12/28 vs 24/28 hips; p<0.001). Posterior pelvic tilt increased from supine to standing in patients with symptomatic acetabular retroversion, in keeping with previous studies of pelvic tilt change in patients with hip dysplasia. The features of acetabular retroversion were much less evident on standing radiographs. The low pelvic tilt angle in the supine position is implicated in the appearance of acetabular retroversion in the supine position. Patients presenting with symptoms of hip impingement should be assessed by supine and standing pelvic radiographs so as not to miss signs of retroversion and to assist with optimising acetabular correction at the time of surgery

Background. Recent literature points out the potential interest of standing and sitting X-rays for the evaluation of THA patients. The accuracy of the anterior pelvic plane measures is questionable due to the variations in the quality of lateral standing and sitting X-rays. The EOS® (EOS imaging, Paris, France) is an innovative slot-scanning radiograph system allowing the acquisition of radiograph images while the patient is in weightbearing position with less irradiation than standard imagers. This study reports the “functionnal” positions of a 150 THA cohort, including the lateral orientation of the cups. Methods. The following parameters were measured: sacral slope (SS), pelvic tilt (PT), pelvic incidence (PI) and anterior pelvic plane (APP) sagittal inclination (ASI), frontal inclination (AFI) and planar anteversion (ANT). Irradiation doses were calculated in standing and sitting acquisitions. Variations of sagittal orientation of the cup were measured on lateral standing and sitting images. Descriptive and multivariate analysis were performed for the different parameters studied. Results. The mean doses for full body were 0,80 mGy ± 0,13 for standing position and 0,94 mGy ± 0,25 for sitting position. The mean value for PI was 55,8° ± 11,4. The mean values standing position were 39,01° ± 9,9 for SS, 17,23° ± 10,2 for PT, and 0,74° ± 8,4 for APP. The mean values were 46,36° ± 9,8 for AFI, 39,49° ± 15,1 for ASI and 22,09° ± 11,1 for ANT. In sitting position, the mean values were 20,87° ± 10,2 for SS, 35,37° ± 13,1 for PT and 21,13° ± 11,2 for APP. The mean values were 56,41° ± 12,3 for AFI, 51,71° ± 14,7 for ASI and 33,45° ± 12,9 for ANT. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance. Unexpected variations of the anterior pelvic plane can be observed as well as the influence of pelvic incidence on pelvic orientation. The EOS® imaging system provides new informations regarding the pelvis functionnal anatomy in THA patients with potential applications for the study of unstable cases and wear phenomenons

It has been recently being investigated how the pressure distribution beneath the foot points to the active usage of the foot in standing adults. Nevertheless, it offers new perspectives in postural research by introducing foot-triggered sensory-motor control strategies in quiet standing dynamics. Furthermore, the spatiotemporal evolution of physiological postural control strategies has not clearly been identified yet. Thus, we have chosen developmental aspects of the infant's postural adjustments as a media to explore learning of biped standing. This study investigates developmental changes in active usage of a contact surface and pressure distribution beneath infants’ foot during learning of upright posture. We started studying longitudinally on 22 female and 22 male infants at their 12.5. th. months (1. st. trimester, T1) and kept on screening the same subjects at every three months (19 females and 12 males at 15.5. th. months (T2), 17 females and 7 males at 18.4. th. months (T3)), during their normal checkup appointments in Gazi University Hospital, Social Pediatrics Department-Ankara/Turkey. Each trial was fulfilled by an infant standing on a pressure pad placed on top of a force plate to collect the pressure distribution data beneath the feet for 15 sec at T1, and 25-sec long duration at T2 and T3 and was repeated at least three times. During the data collection, infants’ parents were beside them trying to get infants’ attention towards themselves preventing them from being distracted and/or moving and walking around. The data collection setup additionally contained one camera for videotaping the infants’ reactions. Our main research interest in this study was to explore the spatiotemporal evolution of the behavioral characteristics of human postural sway. We expected to monitor the developmental changes at an infant's standing experience during their 2. nd. -year epoch through time-frequency domain analyses and explorative/exploitative informatics’ metrics. We computed Center of Pressure (CoP) time signal from the data collected by the force plate and the pressure pad. In time domain, mean and the variance at the CoP time signal were estimated in both antero-posterior (CoPx) and medio-lateral (CoPy) directions. In the frequency domain, 50% and 95% power frequency, centroidal frequency (CF), and frequency dispersion were calculated. We observed substantial developmental changes in every trimester, each being comparable with the previous one, which points to infants experiencing a major developmental milestone that can be noticed considerably even in the shorter time intervals. The phase plane analysis performed through the time signals and their time derivatives (estimated velocity of CoPx and CoPy) revealed a shrinkage in the characteristic pattern observed through the following epochs. One-Way ANOVA analysis demonstrated significant differences in 50% and 95% power and centroidal frequency of CoPx (p=0.001, p=0.000, p=0.000) and CoPy (p=0.002, p=0.000, p=0.000) respectively. Further, post hoc analyses demonstrated a significant difference at T1 compared against T2 and T3 for all three frequency domain metrics. Particularly speaking, CF dropped from 2.39 to 1.65 Hz, and from 2.86 to 1.70 Hz for CoPx and CoPy respectively, while passing from T1 to T2. The current status of this research managed to grasp the developmental aspects of infant standing through frequency domain metrics and reconstructed phase space analysis up to their 18 months old

Introduction. Although weight-bearing CT of the foot definitely reflects the morphology and deformity of joint, it is hard to obtain the standing CT due to difficulty of availability. Although 3D imaging reconstruction using radiographs has been reported in other joints, there is no study about foot joint. The purpose of this study is to develop a semi-automatic method based on a deformable surface fitting for achieving the weight-bearing 3D model reconstruction from standing radiographs for foot. Methods. Our method is based on a Laplacian surface deformation framework using a template model of foot. As pre- processing step, we obtained template surface meshes having the average shapes of foot bones (talus, calcaneus) from standing CT images (Planmed Verity) in 10 normal volunteers. In the reconstruction step, the surface meshes are deformed following guided user inputs with geometric constraints to recover the target shapes of 30 patients while preserving average bone shape and smoothness. Finally, we compared reconstructed 3D model to original standing CT images. Analysis was performed using Dice coefficients, average shape distance, maximal shape distance. Results. The obtained reconstruction model is close to the actual standing foot geometry (Dice coefficients 0.89, average shape distance 0.88 mm, maximum shape distance 6.33 mm). We present the accuracy and robustness of our method via comparison between the reconstructed 3D models and the original bone surfaces. Conclusions. Weight-bearing 3D foot model reconstruction from standing radiographs is concise and the effective method for analysis of foot joint alignment and deformity

Introduction. The influences of posterior tibial slope on the knee kinematics have been reported in both TKA and UKA. We hypothesized the posterior tibial slope (PTS) would affect the sagittal knee alignment after UKA. The influences of PTS on postoperative knee extension angle were investigated with routine lateral radiographies of the knee after UKA. Materials & Methods. Twenty-four patients (26 knees; 19 females, 7 males) underwent medial UKA were involved in this study. Average age was 74.8 ± 7.2 years. The mean preoperative active range of motion were − 4.1° ± 6.3°in extension and 123.2° ± 15.5° in flexion. All UKAs were performed using fixed bearing type UKA (Zimmer Biomet, ZUK), with adjusting the posterior slope of the proximal tibial bone cut according to the original geometry of the tibia. Routine lateral radiographies of the knee were examined preoperatively, 6 months after the surgery. PTS and knee extension angles with maximal active knee extension (mEXT) and one-leg standing (sEXT) were radiographically measured. We used the fibular shaft axis (FSA) for the sagittal mechanical axis of the tibia. PTS was defined as the angle between the medial tibial plateau and the perpendicular axis of FSA. Extension angles (mEXT and sEXT) were defined as the angles between FSA and distal femoral shaft axis (positive value for hyperextension). The changes of PTS and the influences of PTS on sEXT at each time period were analyzed using simple linear regression analysis (p<0.05). Results. The mean PTSs were 10.0° ± 3.0° and 9.9° ± 2.7° preoperatively, 6m after surgery respectively. The mean mEXTs were −4.1° ± 6.3° and −2.0° ± 5.4°, and sEXTs were −9.4° ± 7.6° and −7.3° ± 6.7° at each time period. Preoperative and postoperative PTS had positive correlation (r = −0.65). PTS significantly negatively correlated to sEXT at 6 months after the surgery (r = −0.63). Discussions. We found patient tended to stand with slight knee flexion (sEXT) which was smaller than the flexion contracture measured by mEXT. Interestingly, postoperative PTS significantly correlated to the knee flexion angle during one-leg standing. Patients with the higher PTS after UKA were more likely to stand with the higher knee flexion. The higher PTS had been reported to increase tibial anterior translation and strain or tear of the anterior cruciate ligament with load bearing in the normal knee. Slight knee flexion during one-leg standing would be beneficial to keep the joint surface parallel to the ground depending on PTS and reduce the anterior shearing force on the tibia after UKA. Conclusion. Postoperative posterior tibial slope reduced knee extension angle during one-leg standing after UKA. For any figures or tables, please contact authors directly

Introduction. The pelvis is not a static structure. It rotates in the sagittal plane depending upon the activity being performed. These dynamic changes in pelvic tilt have a substantial effect on the functional orientation of the acetabulum. The aim of this study was to quantify the changes in sagittal pelvic position between three functional postures. Methodology. Pre-operatively, 90 total hip replacement patients had their pelvic tilt measured in 3 functional positions – standing, supine and flexed seated (posture at “seat-off” from a standard chair), Fig 1. Lateral radiographs were used to define the pelvic tilt in the standing and flexed seated positions. Pelvic tilt was defined as the angle between a vertical reference line and the anterior pelvic plane (defined by the line joining both anterior superior iliac spines and the pubic symphysis). In the supine position pelvic tilt was defined as the angle between a horizontal reference line and the anterior pelvic plane. Supine pelvic tilt was measured from computed tomography, Fig 2. Results. The mean standing pelvic tilt was −2.1° ± 7.4°, with a range of −15.2° – 15.3°. Mean supine pelvic tilt was 4.1° ± 5.5°, with a range of −9.7° – 17.9°. Mean pelvic tilt in the flexed seated position was −1.8° ± 14.1°, with a range of −31.8° – 29.1°, Fig 3. The mean absolute change from supine to stand, and stand to flexed seated was 6.9° ± 4.1° and 11.9° ± 7.9° respectively. 86.6% of patients had a more anteriorly tilted pelvis when supine than standing. 52.2% of patients had a more anteriorly tilted pelvis when seated than standing. Conclusions. The position of the pelvis in the sagittal plane changes significantly between functional activities. The extent of change is specific to each patient. Planning and measurement of cup placement in the supine position can lead to large discrepancies in orientation during more functionally relevant postures. As a result of the functional changes in pelvic position, cup orientations during dislocation and edge-loading events are likely to be significantly different to that measured from standard CT and radiographs. Optimal cup orientation is likely patient-specific and requires an evaluation of functional pelvic dynamics to pre-operatively determine the target angles

Introduction. It has been reported that the tibial articular surface of coronal aligment is parallel to the floor in the whole-leg standing radiographs of the normal knee. The purposes of this study are to investigate the relationship between the tibial articular surface and the ground on the whole-leg standing radiographs after total knee arthroplasty(TKA). Sturdy Design and Methods. 20 knees after TKA were studied retrospectively. The 20 participants were mean age at 76.7 years; and 3 male and 17 female. Using whole-leg standing radiographs, we mesuared the pre- and postoperative hip-knee- ankle angle(HKA), the tibial joint line angle(TJLA), and the tibial component Coronal tibial angle(CTA). The difference in each parameter was compared and examined. Results. HKA improved from 11.3 ° (varus) to 2.2 ° (varus). TJLA was preoperative − 0.63 ° (varus) to postoperative − 0.17 (varus), and the tibial component was almost parallel to the ground. The CTA was 90.0 ° and it was a good installation position. Conclusions. In the past kinetic analysis, it is reported that the tibial articular surface tilts outward during walking. By tilting outwardly, load stress may concentrate on the medial compartment. Therefore, the horizontal plane of the joint surface may be advantageous for load distribution at the knee joint. In the result of this study the components were installed horizontally in whole-leg standing position

This pilot study aims to investigate the utility and feasibility of a unique upright MR scan for imaging hips affected by Legg-Calve-Perthes Disease (LCPD) with patient standing up, in comparison to the standard supine scans. Protocol development using this unique upright MRI included healthy adult and child volunteers. Optimum patient positioning in a comparable way between supine to standing was assessed. The balance between shorter scan time (to what a child can tolerate) and longer scan time (for better image acquisition). The study protocol has begun in 2 children with LCPD. Patient recruitment continues. Early results indicate a dynamic deformity of the femoral head in early stage LCP disease. Femoral epiphysis height decreased on standing (7.8 to 6.8mm), width increased on standing (16.6 to 20.9mm) and lateral extrusion increased (3.5 to 4.1mm). Overall epiphyseal shape changed from trapezoidal (LCP femoral head when supine) to flattened triangular (LCP femoral head when standing). Differences were thus demonstrated in all parameters of bony epiphyseal height, width, extrusion and shape of a femoral head with LCP Disease when the child stood and loaded the affected hip. Satisfactory image acquisition was possible with Coronal T1 GFE sequences, with both hips in the Field of View. 2.5min scans were performed with the child standing first, then supine. Hip position was comparable when standing and supine. Longer scans were not tolerated by younger children, more so those with LCP disease. To our knowledge this is the first reported use of standing MRI in LCPD. A dynamic deformity has been demonstrated, with flattening, widening and worsened lateral extrusion when the child is standing compared to supine. This proof of concept investigation demonstrates the feasibility of upright MRI scanning and may demonstrate previously undetected deformity

Introduction. Most of studies on Total Hip Arthroplasty (THA) are focused on acetabular cup orientation. Even though the literature suggests that femoral anteversion and combined anteversion have a clinical impact on THA stability, there are not many reports on these parameters. Combined anteversion can be considered morphologically as the addition of anatomical acetabular and femoral anteversions (Anatomical Combined Anatomical Anteversion ACA). It is also possible to evaluate the Combined Functional Anteversion (CFA) generated by the relative functional position of femoral and acetabular implants while standing. This preliminary study is focused on the comparison of the anatomical and functional data in asymptomatic THA patients. Material and methods. 50 asymptomatic unilateral THA patients (21 short stems and 29 standard stems) have been enrolled. All patients underwent an EOS low dose evaluation in standing position. SterEOS software was used for the 3D measurements of cup and femur orientation. Cup anatomical anteversion (CAA) was computed as the cup anteversion in axial plane perpendicular to the Anterior Pelvic Plane. Femoral anatomical anteversion (FAA) was computed as the angle between the femoral neck axis and the posterior femoral condyles in a plane perpendicular to femoral mechanical axis. Functional anteversions for the cup (CFA) and femur (FFA) were measured in the horizontal axial patient plane in standing position. Both anatomical and functional cumulative anteversions were calculated as a sum. All 3D measures were evaluated and compared for the repeatability and reproducibility. Statistical analysis used Mann-Whitney U-test considering the non-normal distribution of data and the short number of patients (<30 for each group). Results. Functional cumulative anteversion was significantly higher than anatomical cumulative anteversion for all groups (p<0.05). No significant difference could be noted between the cases according to the use of short or standard stems. Conclusion. This study shows the difference of functional implant orientation as compared to the anatomical measurements. This preliminary study has limitations. First the limited sample of patients. Then this series only includes asymptomatic subjects. Nevertheless, this work focused on the feasibility of the measurements shows the potential interest of a functional analysis of cumulated anteversion. Standing position influences the relative position of THA implants according to the frontal and sagittal orientation of the pelvis. The relevance of these functional measurements in instability cases must be demonstrated, especially in patients with anterior subluxation in standing position which is potentially associated with pelvic adaptative extension. Further studies are needed for the feasibility of measurements on EOS images in sitting position and their analysis in case of instability. For any figures or tables, please contact authors directly

Identifying and restoring alignment is a primary aim of total knee arthroplasty (TKA). In the coronal plane, the pre-pathological hip knee angle can be predicted using an arithmetic method (aHKA) by measuring the medial proximal tibial angle (MPTA) and lateral distal femoral angle (aHKA=MPTA - LDFA). The aHKA is shown to be predictive of coronal alignment prior to the onset of osteoarthritis; a useful guide when considering a non-mechanically aligned TKA. The aim of this study is to investigate the intra- and inter-observer accuracy of aHKA measurements on long leg standing radiographs (LLR) and preoperative Mako CT planning scans (CTs). Sixty-eight patients who underwent TKA from 2020–2021 with pre-operative LLR and CTs were included. Three observers (Surgeon, Fellow, Registrar) measured the LDFA and MPTA on LLR and CT independently on three separate occasions, to determine aHKA. Statistical analysis was undertaken with Bland-Altman test and coefficient of repeatability. An average intra-observer measurement error of 3.5° on LLR and 1.73° on CTs for MPTA was detected. Inter-observer errors were 2.74° on LLR and 1.28° on CTs. For LDFA, average intra-observer measurement error was 2.93° on LLR and 2.3° on CTs, with inter-observer errors of 2.31° on LLR and 1.92° on CTs. Average aHKA intra-observer error was 4.8° on LLR and 2.82° on CTs. Inter-observer error of 3.56° for LLR and 2.0° on CTs was measured. The aHKA is reproducible on both LLR and CT. CT measurements are more reproducible both between and within observers. The difference between measurements using LLR and CT is small and hence these two can be considered interchangeable. CT may obviate the need for LLRs and may overcome difficulties associated with positioning, rotation, body habitus and flexion contractures when assessing coronal alignment

The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of weight-bearing on the measurement of in vivo wear of total knee replacements using model-based RSA at 1 and 2 years following surgery. Model-based RSA radiographs were collected for 106 patients who underwent primary TKR at a single institution. Supine RSA radiographs were obtained post-operatively and at 6-, 12-, and 24-months. Standing (weight-bearing) RSA radiographs were obtained at 12-months (n=45) and 24-months (n=48). All patients received the same knee design with a fixed, conventional PE insert of either a cruciate retaining or posterior stabilized design. Ethics approval for this study was obtained. In order to assess in vivo wear, a highly accurate 3-dimensional virtual model of each in vivo TKA was developed. Coordinate data from RSA radiographs (mbRSA v3.41, RSACore) were applied to digital implant models to reconstruct each patient's replaced knee joint in a virtual environment (Geomagic Studio, 3D Systems). Wear was assessed volumetrically (digital model overlap) on medial and lateral condyles separately, across each follow-up. Annual rate of wear was calculated for each patient as the slope of the linear best fit between wear and time-point. The influence of weight-bearing was assessed as the difference in annual wear rate between standing and supine exams. Age, BMI, and Oxford-12 knee improvement were measured against wear rates to determine correlations. Weight bearing wear measurement was most consistent and prevalent in the medial condyle with 35% negative wear rates for the lateral condyle. For the medial condyle, standing exams revealed higher mean wear rates at 1 and 2 years, supine, 16.3 mm3/yr (SD: 27.8) and 11.2 mm3/yr (SD: 18.5) versus standing, 51.3 mm3/yr (SD: 55.9) and 32.7 mm3/yr (SD: 31.7). The addition of weight-bearing increased the measured volume of wear for 78% of patients at 1 year (Avg: 32.4 mm3/yr) and 71% of patients at 2 years (Avg: 48.9 mm3/yr). There were no significant (95% CI) correlations between patient demographics and wear rates. Volumetric, weight-bearing wear measurement of TKR using model-based RSA determined an average of 33 mm3/yr at 2 years post-surgery for a modern, non-cross-linked polyethylene bearing. This value is comparable to wear rates obtained from retrieved TKRs. Weight-bearing exams produced better wear data with fewer negative wear rates and reduced variance. Limitations of this study include: supine patient imaging performed at post-op, no knee flexion performed, unknown patient activity level, and inability to distinguish wear from plastic creep or deformation under load. Strengths of this study include: large sample size of a single TKR system, linear regression of wear measurements and no requirement for implanted RSA beads with this method. Based on these results, in vivo volumetric wear of total knee replacement polyethylene can be reliably measured using model-based RSA and weight-bearing examinations in the short- to mid–term. Further work is needed to validate the accuracy of the measurements in vivo

Purpose. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of weight-bearing on the measurement of in vivo wear of total knee replacements using model-based RSA at 1 and 2 years following surgery. Methods. Model-based RSA radiographs were collected for 106 patients who underwent primary TKR at a single institution. Supine RSA radiographs were obtained post-operatively and at 6-, 12-, and 24-months. Standing (weight-bearing) RSA radiographs were obtained at 12-months (n=45) and 24-months (n=48). All patients received the same knee design with a fixed, conventional PE insert of either a cruciate retaining or posterior stabilized design. Ethics approval for this study was obtained. In order to assess in vivo wear, a highly accurate 3-dimensional virtual model of each in vivoTKA was developed. Coordinate data from RSA radiographs (mbRSA v3.41, RSACore) were applied to digital implant models to reconstruct each patient's replaced knee joint in a virtual environment (Geomagic Studio, 3D Systems). Wear was assessed volumetrically (digital model overlap) on medial and lateral condyles separately, across each follow-up. Annual rate of wear was calculated for each patient as the slope of the linear best fit between wear and time-point. The influence of weight-bearing was assessed as the difference in annual wear rate between standing and supine exams. Age, BMI, and Oxford-12 knee improvement were measured against wear rates to determine correlations. Results. Weight bearing wear measurement was most consistent and prevalent in the medial condyle with 0–4% of calculated wear rates being negative compared to 29–39% negative wear rates for the lateral condyle. For the medial condyle, standing exams revealed higher mean wear rates at 1 and 2 years; supine, 16.3 mm. 3. /yr (SD: 27.8) and 11.2 mm. 3. /yr (SD: 18.5) versus standing, 51.3 mm. 3. /yr (SD: 55.9) and 32.7 mm. 3. /yr (SD: 31.7). The addition of weight-bearing increased the measured volume of wear for 78% of patients at 1 year (Avg: 32.4 mm. 3. /yr) and 71% of patients at 2 years (Avg: 48.9 mm. 3. /yr). There were no significant (95% CI) correlations between patient demographics and wear rates. Discussion and Conclusion. This study demonstrated TKA wear to occur at a rate of approximately 10 mm. 3. /year and 39 mm. 3. /year in patients imaged supine versus standing, respectively, averaged over 2 years of clinical follow-up. In an effort to eliminate the effect of PE creep and deformation, wear was also calculated between 12 and 24 months as 9.3 mm. 3. (standing examinations), This value is comparable to wear rates obtained from retrieved TKRs. Weight-bearing exams produced better wear data with fewer negative wear rates and reduced variance. Limitations of this study include: supine patient imaging performed at post-op, no knee flexion performed, and unknown patient activity level. Strengths of this study include: large sample size of a single TKR system, linear regression of wear measurements and no requirement for implanted RSA beads with this method. Based on these results, in vivo volumetric wear of total knee replacement polyethylene can be reliably measured using model-based RSA and weight-bearing examinations in the short- to mid–term. For any figures or tables, please contact authors directly

Background. Cup anteversion and inclination are important to avoid implant impingement and dislocation in total hip arthroplasty (THA). However, it is well known that functional cup anteversion and cup inclination also change as the pelvic sagittal inclination (PSI) changes, and many reports have been made to investigate the PSI in supine and standing positions. However, the maximum numbers of subjects studied are around 150 due to the requirement of considerable manual input in measuring the PSIs. Therefore, PSI in supine and standing positions were measured fully automatically with a computational method in a large cohort, and the factors which relate to the PSI change from supine to standing were analyzed in this study. Methods. A total of 422 patients who underwent THA from 2011 to 2015 were the subjects of this study. There were 83 patients with primary OA, 274 patients with DDH derived secondary OA (DDH-OA), 48 patients with osteonecrosis, and 17 patients with rapidly destructive coxopathy (RDC). The median age of the patient was 61 (range; 15–87). Preoperative PSI in supine and standing positions were measured and the number of cases in which PSI changed more than 10° posteriorly were calculated. PSI in supine was measured as the angle between the anterior pelvic plane (APP) and the horizontal line of the body on the sagittal plane of APP, and PSI in standing was measured as the angle between the APP and the line perpendicular to the horizontal surface on the sagittal plane of APP (Fig. 1). The value was set positive if the pelvis was tilted anteriorly and was set negative if the pelvis tilted posteriorly. Type of hip disease, sex, and age were analyzed with multiple logistic regression analysis if they were related to PSI change of more than 10°. For accuracy verification, PSI in supine and standing were measured manually with the previous manual method in 100 cases and were compared with the automated system used in this study. Results. The median PSI in the supine position was 5.1° (interquartile range [IQR]: 0.4 to 9.4°), and the median PSI in the standing position was −1.3° (IQR: −6.5 to 4.2°). There were 79 cases (19%) in which the PSI changed more than 10° posteriorly from supine to standing with a maximum change of 36.9° (Fig. 2). In the analysis of the factors, type of hip disease (p = 0.015) and age (p = 0.006, Odds Ratio [OR] = 1.035) were the significant factors. The OR of primary OA (p = 0.005, OR: 2.365) and RDC (p = 0.03, OR: 3.146) were significantly higher than DDH-OA. In accuracy verification, the automated PSI measurement showed ICC of 0.992 (95% CI: 0.988 to 0.955) for supine measurement and 0.978 (95% CI: 0.952 to 0.988) for standing measurement. Conclusions. PSI changed more than 10° posteriorly from supine to standing in 19% of the cases. Age and diagnosis of primary OA and RDC were related to having their pelvis recline more than 10° posteriorly. For any figures or tables, please contact authors directly (see Info & Metrics tab above).

Introduction. Spatial orientation of the pelvis in the sagittal plane is a key parameter for hip function. Pelvic extension (or retroversion) and pelvic flexion(or anteversion) are currently assessed using Sacral Slope (SS) evaluation (respectively SS decrease and SS increase). Pelvic retroversion may be a risk situation for THA patients. But the magnitude of SS is dependant on the magnitude of pelvic incidence (PI) and may fail to discriminate pelvic position due to patient's anatomy and the potential adaptation mechanisms: a high PI patient has a higher SS but this situation can hide an associated pelvic extension due to compensatory mechanisms of the pelvic area. A low PI patient has a lower SS with less adaptation possibilities in case of THA especially in aging patients. The individual relative pelvic version (RPV) is defined as the difference between « measured SS » (SSm) minus the « normal SS »(SSn) described for the standard population. The aim of the study was to evaluate RPV in standing and sitting position with a special interest for high and low PI patients. Materials and Methods. 96 patients without THA (reference group) and 96 THA patients were included. Pelvic parameters (SS and PI) were measured on standing and sitting EOS images. RPV standing (SSm-SSn) was calculated using the formula SSm – (9 + 0.59 × PI) according to previous publications. SSn in sitting position was calculated according to PI using linear regression: RPV sitting was calculated using the formula RPV = SS – (3,54+ 0,38 × PI). Three subgroups were defined according to pelvic incidence (PI): low PI <45°, 45°<normal PI<65° or high PI>65°. Results. For THA patients, pelvic parameters were:. SSm standing 41° (SD 11°; 8°.73°). SSm sitting 25° (SD 12°;−3°.54°). SSm variation 16°(SD 11°; 9°.46°). RPV standing −2°(SD 9°; −27°.21°). RPV sitting 7° (SD 10; −15°.29°). For non THA patients, pelvic parameters were:. SSm standing39° (SD 10°; 13°.63°). SSm sitting 17° (SD 11°;−5°.48°). SSm variation 27°(SD 13°; −27°.46°). RPV standing −1°(SD 7°; −29°.12°). RPV sitting 0° (SD 10,5; −29.35). Standing-sitting SS variations and RPV were not correlated with PI. Low PI incidence patients had very low RPV standing and sitting. In non THA patients RPV standing and sitting were very low. In THA patients standing-sitting SS variations and RPV were higher than for non THA patients. Sitting RPV was higher than in standing position. Discussion, Conclusion. The overall analysis of SS has limitations: higher or lower SS may be linked to 2 factors: pelvic morphology (PI) and sagittal orientation of the pelvis. RPV and PI were not correlated: a higher or lower value of RPV directly represents the sagittal orientation of the pelvis. Low PI patients have a specific postural pattern with low pelvic adaptability. THA patients specificity for RPV needs further studies for understanding the impact on postoperative rebalancing and instability problems

Introduction. Accurate and reproducible cup positioning is one the most important technical factors that affects outcomes of total hip arthroplasty (THA). Although Lewinnek's safe zone is the most accepted range for anteversion and abduction angles socket orientation, the effect of fixed lumbosacral spine on pelvic tilt and obliquity is not yet established. Questions:. What is the change in anteversion and abduction angle from standing to sitting in a consecutive cohort of patients undergoing THA?. What is the effect of fixed and flexible spinal deformities on acetabular cup orientation after THA?. Material and Methods. Between July 2011 and October 2011, 68 consecutive unilateral THAs were implanted in 68 patients with a mean age of 71 ± 6 years old. Radiographic evaluation included standing anteroposterior (AP) and lateral pelvic radiographs, and sitting lateral pelvic radiograph, measuring lumbosacral angle (LSA), sacral angle (SA), and sagittal pelvic tilt angle (SPTA). Computer generated 3D pelvis models were used to analyze the correlation between different pelvic tilts and acetabular cup orientation in abduction and anteversion. Results. The mean standing STPA was 3.7º of anterior tilt (range: −9º of anterior tilt to 25º of posterior tilt). The mean SPTA in sitting was −17.7º of posterior tilt (range: −38º of posterior tilt to 7º of anterior tilt). In a fixed spinal deformity (54%) the SPTA was significantly smaller compared to the flexible pelvis group (10º versus 30.9º, p=0.0001). Flexible pelvises (46%) had a posterior tilt from standing to sitting resulting in increased anteversion. Overall, mean change in LSA and SA from standing to sitting was 22.5º and 20.2º, respectively. The mean post-operative functional anteversion and abduction angles were 19.2º and 42.1º, respectively. In the virtual 3D pelvic models, when the abduction angle was between 40 and 45 degrees, anteversion changed of 0.75 degrees for 1 degree of change of pelvic tilt. Discussion. There is a significant change in pelvic tilt from standing to sitting, especially in patients with flexible spines, where the functional anteversion increases with sitting. Patients with a fixed pelvis have significantly less change in sagittal tilt and therefore less change in anteversion from standing to sitting position. Care should be taken to adjust cup positioning in fixed spinal deformity

The sagittal orientation of the pelvis commonly called pelvic tilt has an effect on the orientation of the cup in total hip arthroplasty (THA). Pelvic tilt is different between individuals and changes during activities of daily living. In particular the pelvic tilt in standing position should be considered during the planning of THA to adapt the target angles of the cup patient-specifically to minimise wear and the risk of dislocation. Methods to measure pelvic tilt require an additional step in the planning process, may be time consuming and require additional devices or x-ray imaging. In this study the relationship between three functional parameters describing the sagittal pelvic orientation in standing position and seven morphological parameters of the pelvis was investigated. Correlations might be used to estimate the pelvic tilt in standing position by the morphology of the pelvis in order to avoid additional measuring techniques of pelvic tilt in the planning process of THA. For 18 subjects a semi-automatic process was established to match a 3D-reconstruction of the pelvis from CT scans to orthogonal EOS imaging in standing position and to calculate the morphological and functional parameters of the pelvis subsequently. The two strongest correlations of the linear correlation analysis were observed between morphological pelvic incidence and functional sacral slope (r = 0.78; p = 0.0001) and between morphological pubic symphysis-posterior superior iliac spines-ratio and functional tilt of anterior pelvic plane (r = −0.59; p = 0.0098). The results of this study suggest that patient-specific adjustments to the orientation of the cup in planning of THA without additional measurement of the sagittal pelvic orientation in standing position should be based on the correlation between morphological pelvic incidence and functional sacral slope

Background. A principle of Total Knee Arthroplasty (TKA) is to achieve a neutral standing coronal alignment of the limb (Hip Knee Ankle (HKA) angle) to reduce risks of implant loosening, reduce polyethylene wear, and optimise patella tracking. Several long-term studies have questioned this because the relationship between alignment and implant survivorship is weaker than previously reported. We hypothesize standing HKA poorly predicts implant failure because it does not predict dynamic HKA, dynamic adduction moment, and loading of the knee during gait. Therefore, the aim of our study is to assess the relationship between the standing (or static) and the dynamic (gait activity) HKAs. Methods. We performed a prospective study on a cohort of 35 patients (35 knees) who were treated with a posterior-stabilized TKA for primary osteoarthritis between November 2012 and January 2013. Three months after surgery each patient had standardized digital full-leg coronal radiographs and was classified as neutrally aligned TKA (17 patients), varus aligned (9 patients), and valgus aligned (4 patients) (figure 1). Patients then performed a gait analysis for level walking and dynamic HKA and adduction moment during the stance phase of gait were measured. Results. We found standing HKA having a moderate correlation with the peak dynamic varus (r=0.318, p=0.001) and the mean and peak adduction moments (r=0.31 and r=−0.352 respectively). In contrast we did not find a significant correlation between standing HKA and the mean dynamic coronal alignment (r=0.14, p=0.449) (figure 2 and 3). No significant differences were found for dynamic frontal parameters (dynamic HKA and adduction moment) between patients defined as neutrally aligned or varus aligned. Conclusion. In our practice, the standing HKA after TKA was of little value to predict dynamic behaviour of the limb during gait. These results may explain why standing coronal alignment after TKA may have limited influence on long term implant fixation and wear